国际贸易实务英文版参考答案

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1、Chapter1I.YES，Pleaserefertothe1stparagraphofthetext.II.流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货品贸易服务贸易excessliquidityself-sufficienteconomicresourcesdirectinvestmentbalanceofpaymentsbarterexporttaxrebatedumpingexport-driveneconomicgrowthhostcountrybalanceoftradefa

2、vorable/unfavorablebalanceoftradeEuropeanUnionfavorable/unfavorablebalanceofpaymentsvisibletradeinvisibletradetradeingoodstradeinservicesIIIThechartaboveshowstheU.S.importsfromChina,U.S.exportstoChinaandthetradebalance.TheU.S.hasanegativetradebalancewithChina,andithasbeengrowing.Duringtheperiodfrom1

3、997to,importsfromChinahavegrown244%whileexportstoChinahavegrown221%,indicatingthatthetradedeficitisincreasing.TherehadalreadybeenasizeabletradebalancedeficitwithChinain1996,totaling$39.5billionattheendoftheyear.IV1.Exportgoodsaretangiblegoodssentoutofcountries.2.Tradeinservicesareinternationalearnin

4、gsotherthanthosederivedfromtheexportingandimportingoftangiblegoods.3.Importgoodsaretangiblegoodsbroughtin.4.Internationaltradeisallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.5.FDIisonethatgivestheinvestoracontrollinginterestinaforeigncompany.6.Investmentisusedprimarilyasfinancialmeansforacomp

5、anytoearnmoremoneyonitsmoneywithrelativesafety.V1.Internationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.2.Intodayscomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsn

6、ornationsareself-sufficient.Nationsparticipateintheinternationaltradeformanyreasons.Astotheeconomicreasons,nonationhasalloftheeconomicresources(land,laborandcapital)thatitneedstodevelopitseconomyandculture,andnocountryenjoysaparticularitemsufficientenoughtomeetitsneeds.Asforthepreferencereasons,inte

7、rnationaltradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationofstyle.Besides,everynationcanspecializeinacertainfieldandenjoyacomparativeadvantageinsomeparticularareaintermsoftradesothattheyneedtodobusinesswitheachothertomakeuseofresourcesmoreefficientlyandeffectively.3.Inmeasuringtheeffectivenessofglobaltrade,nations

8、carefullyfollowtwokeyindicators,namely,balanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.4.FDI,theabbreviationformForeignDirectInvestment,meansbuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyistrade.ThegreatsignificanceofFDIforChinamightbethat:FDIsolveth

9、eproblemofcapitalshortageforChinasothatChinamayspendthemoneyonimportingadvancedequipmentandtechnologiesforitsinfrastructure,nationalsupportingindustry,keyprojects,etc.Chapter2I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增长内需DomesticcontentRed-tapebarriersExportsubsidiesBindingquotaAbs

10、olutequotasVERTariff-ratequotasZeroquotaBuylocalrulesTariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecificdutiesquotaprotectivetariffmarketfailureinfantindustrylicensingsystemRevenuetariffgovernmentprocurementtradeprotectionismAdValoremDutiesfloorpricebuylocalrulesraisedomesticdemand国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关

11、税配额零配额本地采购原则II1.Protectionismmeansthedeliberateuseorencouragementofrestrictionsonimportstoenablerelativelyinefficientdomesticproducerstocompetesuccessfullywithforeignproducers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。.2.IftheRussiansreleasetheirstocksoffinintotheworldmarket,thepriceofthemetalwills

12、inkthroughthefloor.一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。3.Protectivetariffmeansadutyortaximposedonimportedproductsforthepurposeofmakingthemmoreexpensiveincomparisontodomesticproducers,therebygivingthedomesticproductsapriceadvantage.保护性关税表达对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从向使得本国商品具有价格优势。4.Typesoftari

13、ffsincludeadvalorem,specific,variable,orcompound.IntheUnitedStates,theimpositionoftariffsismadeonimportedgoodsonly.Tariffsraisethepricesofimportedgoods,thusmakingthemlesscompetitivewithinthemarketoftheimportingcountry.AftersevenRounds”ofGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradetradenegotiationsthatfocusedhe

14、avilyontariffreductions,tariffsarelessimportantmeasuresofprotectionthantheyusedtobe.关税的种类涉及从价税，从量税，可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货品的价格，从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合重要有关减少税价的贸易协定之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。III1.Tariffisadutycollectedbycustomsofagovernmentonimportsand/orexports.2.Arevenuetariffcanbesomeofthei

15、ncomesofagovernment,butitmustbetakenundercontrol.3.Toexportgoodsatanunreasonablylowpriceistakenasdumpingwhichmightbefoughtagainstbygovernmentoftheimportingcountry.4.Atariffmaybeassessedonaperunitbasis,inwhichcaseitisknownasaspecificduty.Italsomaybeassessedasapercentageofthevalueoftheitem,inwhichcase

16、itisknownasanadvaloremduty.5.Importtariffsprimarilyserveasameansofraisingthepriceoftheimportgoodssothatcompetitivelyproduceddomesticgoodswillgainarelativepriceadvantage.Chapter3IAPECAsia-pacificEconomicCo-operationFTAAPFreeTradeAgreementofAsiaandthePacificEUEuropeanUnionNAFTANorthAmericanFreeTradeAg

17、reementMERCOSURMercadoComunDelConoSur/SouthernCommonMarketASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsEFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAreaAFTAASEANFreeTradeAreaPTAsPreferentialTradeagreementsIITradebloc贸易集团Tradeblock贸易禁运/封锁Openregionalism开放式区域主义Freetradearea自由贸易区Customsunion关税联盟Commonmarket共同市场Economicunion经济联盟Trad

18、eembargoes贸易禁运Boycotts抵制歧视性关税discriminatorytariffs经济制裁economicsanction贸易弹性tradeelasticity双边贸易协定bilateraltradeagreement最惠国mostfavorednationChapter4I.GATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeHODHeadsofDelegationsTRIPsTrade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsGATSGeneralAgreementonTradeinServicesTRIM

19、sTradeRelatedInvestmentMeasuresMFNMostFavoredNationsII.施惠国Patronagenations受惠国Favorednations缔约国ContractingParties市场准入marketaccess透明度transparency紧急进口措施UrgentImportingMeasures争端解决机制disputesettlementmechanism可持续发展sustainabledevelopment特许经营franchiseIII. 1.UntilnowWTOhasalreadyhad150membersanditstradevolu

20、mecovers90%ofthetotaltradevolumeinthewholeworld.2.TopmostofWTOistheMinisterialConferencewhichhastomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears.UndertheMinisterialConferenceistheGeneralCouncilthathastomeetatGenevaregularly.3.TheWTOSecretariat,whichofficesonlyinGeneva,Swizerland,hasaround550regularstuffandisheadedbya

21、Director-General.SincedecisionsaremadebyMembersonly,theSecretariathasnodecision-makingpowersastheotherinternationalinstitutions.4.TheSecretariatprovidessomeformoflegalassistanceinthedisputesettlementprocessandadvisesgovernmentswishingtobecomeMembersoftheWTO.Chapter5IFOB班轮条件清关FOB吊钩下交货平舱多式联运船舷内陆水运理舱卸货

22、费投保CFR卸至岸上(含着陆费)班轮单据买卖CFR舱底交货CFR班轮条件象征性交货FOBlinertermcustomsclearanceFOBUnderTackletrimmultimodaltransportshipboardmarinenavigationoninlandwaterwaystowdischargeexpensecoverinsuranceCFRLandedlinerdocumentarysalesCFREx-shipsHoldCFRlinertermssymbolicdeliveryII1.UnderCFR,buyersshouldeffectinsurance.2.Un

23、derCIFEx-ShipsHold,sellershouldpaythedischargecharges.3.UnderCIF,theinsuredamountshouldbeUS$22000ifthecontractedpriceisUS$0.4.UnderCIP,sellerhastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.5.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport6.TheDEQtermrequirest

24、hebuyertoproceedwiththecustomsclearanceforimportsandpaymentofallcustomsduty.7.UnderDDP,thesellermustpaythecostsofcustomsdutiesaswellasallduties,taxesandotherofficialchargespayableuponexportationandimportationofthegoods.8.UnderDDUthesellermustgivethebuyerinstantnoticeoftheshippingofthegoodsaswellasan

25、yothernoticerequiredinordertoallowshebuyertotakemeasure.III1.该报价为FOB的价格并含5的佣金。2.在CPT、CIP项下，“承运人”指在货品运送合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运送等方式完毕货品运送的人。3.在FCA项下，交货地的选择对货品的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方，卖方有装载责任。如果交货地在其他地方，卖方对卸载没有责任。4.在FOB项下，卖方必须在商定的日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货品交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货品在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货品灭失或损坏的一切风

26、险。QuestionsYYYYYYYYYYYNYYYYYYYYYYNNNNNYNYNNNNNNNYYYYYYYNYYYYYYYYYYNNNNYYYYYYYVA.1.c;2.d;3.a;4.c;5.c;6.c;7.d;8.b;9.d;l0.cB.1.a;2.ab;3.abcdf;4.abc;5.aefChapter6I1.SalesbySellers/BuyersSample2.Reference/DuplicateSample3.QualityTolerance4.CounterSample5.MoreorLessClauses6.NeutralPacking7,CustomsFormalit

27、y8.InspectionCertificateofQuality9.FDA10.MarkingofGoods凭卖方样品买卖凭买方样品买卖基准样品副样品质公差对等样品溢短装条款中性包装报关手续质量检查证书食品及药物管理局标记货品II毛重理论重量净重商定皮重公量单位重量含水量习惯皮重法定重量实际皮重从价税平均皮重货样不符grossweighttheoreticalweightnetweightcomputedtareconditionedweightunitweightwatercapacitycustomarytarelegalweightactualtareadvaloremdutyaver

28、agetaregoodsnotequaltothesample副产品国家质量监督校验检疫总局by-productsGeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaIII(B)mineraloreA.sample(C)ordinarygarmentsB.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q(E)HairwashingmachinesD.G.NLQ(G)medicalapparatusE.famousbrand(A)wheatF.specification(H

29、)calligraphicworksG.inspection(F)powerplantgeneratorH.drawingordiagramIVI.Thequalityandpriceofcommoditiesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinchoosingthepackingmaterialandpackagedesigning.2Atopper,matchedwiththesuperior-gradepacking,speaksitselfforitshighqualityandpreciousness.3.Itwillextremelyincreaseth

30、ecostofthegoodstopackthemedium-lowqualitywiththehighqualitymaterial,andtherefore,influenceitssale.4.Itwilleffectitsmarketingofthegoodstodoggedlystriveforthriftinawa5topackthesuperiorqualitywiththelowqualitymaterial.5Weshouldtakenotonlythequalityandappearanceofthegoodsintoconsideration,butalsothecust

31、omerstasteandpreference.6.Wemustimprovethequalityoftheexportgoodssoastostrengthenitscompetitivenessintheinternationalmarket.Chapter7I.油轮定程租船滚装船定期租船载驳轮光船租船船期表租船合同滞期费班轮运价表速遣费选卸附加费直航附加费OiltankerVoyageCharterRo/RovesselTimeCharterLASH(LightAboardShip)BareBoatCharter(BBC)sailingschedulechartercontractdem

32、urragechargelinerfreightratescheduledispatchmoneyoptionaladditionaldirectadditional转船附加费港口拥挤附加费运送代理包裹拼箱货结汇整箱货空运单集装箱货运站装运告知处置权Partialshipment/transshipmentBillofladingCleanB/LOrderB/LCombinedtransportB/LBlankB/LStraightB/LThroughB/LLinerB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LConsignmentnoteBlankendorsementIATACo

33、mbinedtransportdocumentsFCL/LCLtransshipmentsurchargePortCongestionSurchargetransportationagentpackageLCL(Lessthancontainerload)settlementFCL(Fullcontainerload)Airwaybillcontaineryardshippingnoticerightofdisposal分批装船转运提单清洁提单批示提单联合运送提单空白提单记名提单联运提单班轮提单倒签提单预借提单陆运或铁路运送告知空白背书国际航空运送协会多式联运单据整箱货拼箱货II1.2.3.x

34、delayadvance4.xacceptedunaccepted5.6X把“orwithout”去掉III1海运提单上列出了承运人和托运人之间的权利和义务。2班轮公司一般把航海时间表刊登在报纸上或者分发给托运人。3.在多式联运提单上，卸货港应当是提单许可的中转码头。4.集装箱收费是多种多样的。例如附加费，总费率的拟定是基本费率加上附加费率。5集装箱的好处在于：以便解决货品，减少盗窃，减少暴露，节省装船成本。IV1.Transportdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesamemeansofc

35、onveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringpartialshipment,evenifthetransportdocumentsindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentand/ordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakingincharge,ordispatch.2.Cleantransportdocumentisonewhichhearsnoclauseornotationwhichexp

36、resslydeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.3.Neitherthecardernortheshippershallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymisstatedbytheshipperintheBilloflading.4.Wheretheperformanceofthecarriageorpartthereofhasbeenent

37、rustedtoanactualcarrier,whetherornotinpursuanceofalibertyunderthecontractofcarriagebyseatodoso,thecarrierneverthelessremainsresponsiblefortheentirecarriage.Thecarrierisresponsible,inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,fortheactsandomissionsoftheactualcarrierandofhisservantsandagentsacti

38、ngwithinthescopeoftheiremployment.Chapter8I投保人共同海损投保金额外来风险保险单推定全损海上风险施救费用救济费用意外事故承保人单独海损保险费航空运送货品战争险陆运险陆运一切险估损费用航空运送一切险OceanmarineinsuranceWarrisksBasicriskscoverageInsuredamountT.P.N.DTaintofodorOverlandtransportationinsuranceParcelpostinsuranceinsuredgeneralaverageinsuredamountextraneousrisksinsur

39、ancepolicyconstructiveaveragemarineriskssalvagechargessueandlaborexpensesmisfortuneinsurerparticularaverageinsurancepremiumairtransportationwarrisklandtransportationriskslandtransportationallrisksriskestimationchargesairtransportationallriskscharges海运保险战争险基本险种投保金额偷盗、失窃、提货不着险串味险陆上运送保险邮寄包裹保险Freefrompa

40、rticularaverageAdditionalriskscoverageFreshwaterand/orraindamageWithparticularaverage平安险附加险别淡水雨淋险水渍险II.1.2.3.4.XSpecialadditionalcoveragesuchaswarrisks,strikesandsoonmustbetakenouttogetherwithFPA,WPA.(andallrisks)5.XInessence,openpolicyis(not)thesameastheinsurancecertificate.6.7.8.XThree(two)typesof

41、risksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance,namelytheperilsofsea,theextraneousrisks(删除andtheforcemajeure).9.XOceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses,partiallassandtotallossperilsofseaandextraneousrisksIII1.Exposedtomanyrisksintheprocessoftransportingandloadingandunloading,exportgoodsfacethepossibilityo

42、floss.2.Supposedthatthegoodsisputondeckinsteadofinthecabinwhereitshouldbeaccordingtotheclausestipulatedintheinsurancecontract,insurerhastherighttoagainstanypossibleclaimslodgedbytheinsured.3.Cabincoverageincludestheriskoffallingintooceanonly,andexcludestherisksoffreshwater,rainandsoak.4.Expertcredit

43、insuranceisakindofcreditinsurances.5.Theinsuredshoulddeliverthegoodstothecarrierbytheagreedwaybeforethematurityofinsurance.6.Initialvalueassuranceissealedbythesellernormally,whereasincreasedvalueassuranceisboughtbythebuyer.7.Iftheinsuredcannotgetthewholeorpartialpaymentduetothecommercialcreditorpoli

44、ticalrisks,theinsurershouldpaytheindemnity.8.MarineinsurancepolicyisthepartoftheBillofLading.Insureristhemarineinsurancecompany.IV1从广义上来讲，海运保险的可保风险应涉及货品在海上运送中也许的损失和损坏。2战争条款是保单中的一项条款，用以保因战争引起损失的风险。3.保险应涉及水渍险、偷盗失窃及提货不着险和战争险。保险金额为CIF价的110。如果发生赔付，赔付地为纽约，赔付款以美元计价。4仓至仓保险所承保的风险涉及从货品因运送目的而离开仓库起经运送期间以及达到目的地仓

45、库(或者到期日前15天)为止，这段时间内产生的风险。5如果保险人所投保的风险发生以至产生实际损失，托运人应当向保险人出示单证以获得补偿。Chapter9Coststructure成本构成Costofproduction生产成本Profitmargin边际利润Sellingcost销售成本Targetcosting目的成本法Everydaylowpricing(EDLP)每日低价Totalfixedcost总固定成本Variablecost变动成本Skimmingpricestrategy撇脂定价战略Penetrationstrategy渗入定价战略Floatingexchangerisk浮动汇

46、率风险成本导向定价法pricingbasedoncost盈亏平衡定价法break-evenpricing边际成本定价法marginalcostpricing损益两平点break-evenpoint计价货币moneyofaccount支付货币moneyofpayment硬货币hardcurrency软货币softcurrency汇率exchangerate价款调节priceadjustment佣金/折扣commission/discount期货/现货市场future/spotmarketCountryCurrencyBritainGBPpoundJapanJPYJapaneseYanFrance

47、FRFFrenchFrancAustraliaAUPAustraliandollarChinaCNYRMBYuanBurmaBUKBurmeseKyatSingaporeSGDSingaporedollarNewZealandNZDNewZealanddollarThailandTHPThaiBahtMalaysiaMYRMalaysiandollarNepalNPRNepaleseRupeeIndiaINRIndiaRupeeIndonesiaIDRIndonesianRupiahSwissCHFSwissFrancPhilippinesPHPPhilippinePesoItalyITLIt

48、alianLiraChapter10信用状况creditstandard远期信用证timeL/C,usanceL/C告知银行advisingbank信用证有效期thematurityofL/C交付运单deliveryofB/L支付保障条款confirmationofcredit支付结算paymentandsettlement申请人与受益人applicantandbeneficiaryirrevocableletterofcredit不可撤销信用证confirmedL/C保兑信用证revocableletterofcredit可撤销信用证sightdraft即期汇票commercialbillo

49、fexchange商业汇票timedraft远期汇票governmentalguarantee政府保函drawee付款人1.IrrevocableL/Cisaletterofcreditthatcannotbecanceledorchangedwiththeconsentofallpartiesinvolved.2.Timedraftisacommercialbillofexchangecallingforpaymenttobemadeatsometimeafterdelivery.3.Draweeisapersonorpartywhoistoreceiveadraft.4.Revocable

50、letterofcreditisaletterofcreditthatcanbechangedbyanyofthepartiesinvolved.5.Sightdraftisacommercialbillofexchangethatrequirespaymenttobemadeassoonasitispresentedtothepartyobligatedtopay.6.ConfirmedL/Cisaletterifcredittowhichabankintheexporterscountryaddsitsguaranteeofpayment.7.Commercialbillofexchang

51、eisaninstrumentofpaymentininternationalbusinessthatinstructstheimportertoforwardpaymenttotheexporter.8.Governmentalguaranteeisanagreementofthegovernmenttoberesponsibleforthefulfillmentofsomeoneelsespromise.L/C的全称是跟单信用证或单证信用证。信用证是银行开出的支付承诺。一旦供应商/出口商/销售者达到信用证条款规定，银行将替买方/进口者支付预定金额。信用证改正式的名称是单证信用证，由于银行解决的是单证而非实物。既然其正式名称为单证信用证，信用证上所列的条款都波及在指定期间内出示指定单证。不同的信用证中买