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1、12lClinical manifestationlDiagnosis procedurelDifferential diagnosis3lMalignant tumors are cancer. They can invade and damage nearby healthy tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. That is how cancer spreads and forms tum
2、ors in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis.4lDefinition : Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus. l 5lLung Cancer Facts & Figures Lung cancer is especially common among men in North America, Europe, and Oc
3、eania. At the moment, lung cancer rates are higher than ever before among the people of central and Eastern Europe. In Japan, lung cancer has increased tenfold in men and eightfold in women since 1950. In addition, Chinese women, many of whom are nonsmokers, have very high lung cancer rates. This ph
4、enomenon has been associated with exposure to cooking oil vapors and other forms of air pollution in the indoor environments of China. 6lThe trachea splits into right and left The trachea splits into right and left main stem bronchi.main stem bronchi. The main stem bronchi are the major air passages
5、 from the trachea to the lungs and are similar to the trachea in tissue composition. The main stem bronchi enter each lung and progressively branch off into paired subdivisions throughout the entire organ (the tracheobronchial tree). 7lIt is estimated that tobacco smoking causes 80% of lung cancer d
6、eaths in men and 75% of lung cancer deaths in women. The more cigarettes that are smoked each day and the younger the age at which smoking began, the greater the risk of lung cancer .8lCompeting risk factors such as secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, occupational exposures, age, race, sex, and hered
7、ity also may play a role in lung cancer development (see Lung Cancer Risk Factors). Additionally, there are some studies suggesting that lung cancer may be prevented by dietary micronutrients such as carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. 9lEnvironmental Risk Factors lAlcohollDiet and Body
8、 MasslNon-modifiable Risk Factors Age Age RaceRace SexSex 10squamous cell carcinoma,squamous epithelium of the lungs or bronchi adenocarcinoma, cancer of the glandular tissuelarge cell carcinoma, cancer composed of large-sized cellsbroncho-alveolar carcinoma 11lNon-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)
9、includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. 12lSmall cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) accounts for approximately 20% of all primary lung cancers l The histologic distinction between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer is extremely important. There are subs
10、tantial differences between the two groups in both treatment and prognosis. 13lPeople often decide to visit the doctor only after they have been bothered by certain complaints over a period of time. Individuals who have lung cancer frequently experience symptoms such as: 14Cough Shortness of breath
11、Wheezing Chest pain Hemoptysis (bloody, coughed-up sputum) Loss of appetite Weight loss Pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) 15Weakness Chills Swallowing difficulties Speech difficulties or changes (e.g., hoarseness) Finger/nail abnormalities (e.g., clubbing, or overgrowth of the fingertip tissue)
12、Skin paleness or bluish discoloration 16l1.If sputum analysis does not provide a definite diagnosis, more tests will be needed. 2.Bronchoscopy, a visual examination of lung branches using a flexible scope performed by a pulmonologist l 3.X-ray17Chest radiograph (X-ray) to see whether there are enlar
13、ged lymph nodes in the chest or a localized mass in the lungs. CT scan, a computer-assisted technique that produces cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)18正常胸片正常胸片19 右肺下叶背段癌右肺下叶背段癌20肺癌胸片肺癌胸片21周围型肺癌周围型肺癌CT片片22周围型肺癌胸片周围型肺癌胸片23T = tumor size N = node involvement M = metas
14、tasis status24Click here for image enlargement. 胸内淋巴结分布胸内淋巴结分布25lAs is true of many cancers, the treatment of lung cancer depends upon a variety of factors. The most important factors are the pathologic type of tumor and its stage. Once a lung cancer has been staged, the physician and patient can di
15、scuss treatment options. lAn individual then has a better idea of the value of different forms of therapy. Other factors that are taken into account include the persons general health, medical problems that may affect treatment (such as chemotherapy), and tumor characteristics. 26lSurgical resection
16、, or cutting away, of the tumor generally is indicated for disease that has not spread beyond the lung. Such resection may be conducted using a variety of techniques. 27lRecently, surgeons have developed other less invasive procedures for the removal of tumorous tissue. For example, video-assisted t
17、horacic surgery (VATS), uses a video camera to help visualize and operate upon the lung within the chest cavity. 28lIf the tumor is more aggressive and/or widespread, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (radiation therapy) also may be necessary. In addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, other treatments are now available for the management of lung cancer.
肺癌研究报告Lung-cancer(英文)PPT优秀课件
