衔接与连贯学习教案

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1、会计学1第一页，共34页。第1页/共34页第二页，共34页。第2页/共34页第三页，共34页。 语篇就好比是一棵大树 一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什么形成(xngchng)的呢？ 靠衔接手段。第3页/共34页第四页，共34页。第4页/共34页第五页，共34页。照应照应(zhoyng)（reference）、替代（）、替代（substitution）、）、省略（省略（ellipsis）、连接（）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。）。Cohesion is expressed partly through gra

2、mmar and partly through vocabulary. We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION.其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类于词汇其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类于词汇衔接手段衔接手段第5页/共34页第六页，共34页。 A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point fo

3、r something that follows. 照应(Reference)指用代词等语法(yf)手段表示的语义关系。第6页/共34页第七页，共34页。 There is also reference to what is outside the text, exophoric (ex), （语外照应(zhoyng)，外指） endophoric (en) (语内照应(zhoyng)，内指）第7页/共34页第八页，共34页。外照应(zhoyng)独立于上下文之外的词项内照应(zhoyng)意义依赖于上下文的词项下照应(zhoyng)（后照应(zhoyng)）意义依赖于前述词项的词项上照应(z

4、hoyng)（前照应(zhoyng)）意义依赖于后述词项的词项 u李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，他回指前文提到的李林）u我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指李林）u（手指(shuzh)某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）第8页/共34页第九页，共34页。第9页/共34页第十页，共34页。 由人称(rnchng)代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称(rnchng)照应”（Personal Reference）。 在使用人称(rnchng)代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。 例如：Jane watched Julia walk into the librar

5、y with her brother （Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？） 例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可指Julia。可以改写成： Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library 简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。 第10页/共34页第十一页，共34页。Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious. Them

6、指称，表示前面的apples These指示，指前面的them和apples So比较，把这些(zhxi)苹果与其他的相比较。第11页/共34页第十二页，共34页。n B: I think so。n So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.) 第12页/共34页第十三页，共34页。 Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not.名词(mng c)性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代第13页/共34页第十四页，共34页。1)A: Have you an

7、y knives? I need a sharp one. B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. (nominal substitution)2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)3) A: Bruce is a good actor. B: I dont think so.

8、 (clausal substitution)第14页/共34页第十五页，共34页。第15页/共34页第十六页，共34页。He prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish.-Do you understand?-I tried to.-You havent told him yet.-Not yet.第16页/共34页第十七页，共34页。Four types of Conjunction additive补充(bchng) adversative causal temporal第17页/共34页第十八页，共34页。e.g.To be able to see

9、 Nobody! And at that distance, too! (additive)All the figures were correct; theyd been checked. Yet the total came out wrong. (adversative) We may not be able to set up permanent decisions. Therefore, it seems to me that we must take, so far as we can, so far as we can, a picture of the world into o

10、ur minds. （casual） The first man landed on the moon. At the same moment, a young boy died in Alabama. (temporal)第18页/共34页第十九页，共34页。 英语(yn y)逻辑关系表示法1. 先后或列举：first, second; for one thingfor another; in addition/ besides等。2. 因果： as a result/thus/sobecause/等。3.特例或举例：in particular; for example; that is 等

11、。4.转折： But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the other hand等。5.引出结论：in conclusion/finally等。6. 表示频率：frequently/often; occasionally等。7. 表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等。8. 表某一时刻： last Sunday; in 2005; at six oclock; two months ago等。9. 表示开端(kidun)：in the beginning; before then等。10. 表示其

12、间：in the meantime/ at the same time等。11. 表示结束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。第19页/共34页第二十页，共34页。第20页/共34页第二十一页，共34页。第21页/共34页第二十二页，共34页。表1：衔接(xinji)在英语描述中的地位( Halliday & Hasan , 1976)第22页/共34页第二十三页，共34页。 Coherence第23页/共34页第二十四页，共34页。第24页/共34页第二十五页，共34页。 The term text is used in linguisti

13、cs to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.(Halliday and Hasan,1976) Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to

14、 written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language. Text vs. Discourse第25页/共34页第二十六页，共34页。Texture A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and non-text. A: How old is your son? B: He is seven.A: How old is yo

15、ur son? B: She is playing in the garden.(2) is semantically incoherent, she has no referent.第26页/共34页第二十七页，共34页。The notion of CoherenceWe should first realize what coherence intuitively means for language users. (normal, understandable)Coherence may also be taken as predicted not of a sentence, but

16、of pairs, triplesof sentences or of fragments or the whole of a discourse.Coherence may also be predicted of a sentence relative to the whole.第27页/共34页第二十八页，共34页。e.g.a. Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer.b. She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.第28页/共34页第二十九页，共34页。cohesioncoher

17、ence1. Cohesion is a measurable linguistic phenomenon. 1. Coherence is more global and is not directly amenable to evaluation.2. Cohesion exists within a text and adds to the coherence of text. 2. Coherence is something the reader establishes or hopes to establish.3. Cohesion is a text-related pheno

18、menon.3. Coherence is both a text and a reader related phenomenon.4. Cohesion uses cohesive ties which link words or phrases with other words or phrases in connected discourse.4. Coherence views discourse as a process. Texts are viewed as dynamic expressions of meaning jointly negotiated by particul

19、ar speakers and hearers located in socio-cultural space and time. 5. Cohesion studies things such as the nature of cohesive elements whether semantic or syntactic, their direction, whether they point to what precedes or to what follows and the distance in terms of number of sentences intervening bet

20、ween the cohesive item and the element to which it reveres.5. Coherence in discourse involves far more than lexical and grammatical links between elements in the text. Coherence involves both the intra and the extra-textual.第29页/共34页第三十页，共34页。第30页/共34页第三十一页，共34页。天净沙天净沙秋思秋思(qi s) 马致远马致远划划分分(hu fn)节节奏奏枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风(xfng)瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。第31页/共34页第三十二页，共34页。第32页/共34页第三十三页，共34页。整首诗没有动词但感觉衔接(xinji)很好，很连贯第33页/共34页第三十四页，共34页。