2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前模拟强化练习题28（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular fact

2、s, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific m

3、ethod, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of plane

4、tary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one wa

5、y or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance o

6、f the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appear

7、ed after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and signific

8、ant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC.

9、have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculati

10、ons问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculation

11、 which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答案。22.

12、细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship

13、between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.（尽管今天许多人仍然把收集事实并把它们归纳成理论作为科学方法的核心，但是培根关于事实和理论是什么以及它们之间的关系的概念，即使在他那个时代也是完全不切实际的。）”从而得出本题答案。23.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句和第三句。 “Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified

14、and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful axioms. This is what he meant by induction.（培根认为，随着越来越可靠和精确的特定事实的积累，它们可以被分类和概括，从而形成一个不断扩大的有用的公理层次结构。这就是他所说的归纳法。）”从而得出本题答案。24.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段最后一句，“Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection

15、and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（若没有理论指导事实的收集，没有理论区分表面现象和重要现象，那么事实总是不可靠的。）”从而可进行合理推断得出本题答案。2. 翻译题1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光

16、照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。在这些老鼠断奶后，它们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。3.根据自然神经科学杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。研究者道格拉斯麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”【答案】1. Being born in the s

17、ummer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow over your happiness, scientists believe.2.Some rats were given summer conditions of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness per day. Others had only eight hours of daily light, to mimic the s

18、hort days of winter.3. Those reared in summer conditions kept to a daily routine, but those brought up in little light struggled to cope with the change, the journal Nature Neuroscience reports.3. 单选题strophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configura

19、tions known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exo

20、tic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary

21、scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the cont

22、ext of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an or

23、bit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such

24、a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material fr

25、om the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed

26、 that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational

27、 effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and p

28、roposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1.The author of the passage is primarily concer

29、ned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretion disks were based on which of the following?3.The authors attitude toward Abramowicz work can best be described as one of（ ）.4.The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowle

30、dge of the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?5.The passage suggests that Abramowicz work was motivated by which of the following assumptions?6.The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?7.The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary s

31、tars, the study of accretion disks is（ ）.8.According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in（ ）.9.It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz work is that it（ ）.问题1选项A.comparing Abramowicz work to the work of earlier astrophysicistsB.providing information about

32、 accretion disks and discussing significant new workC.defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observedD.exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of an accretion diskE.describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflictin

33、g theories of their origins问题2选项A.A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsB.A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity and standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsC.A calculation of the energy released by friction within

34、 a compact starD.Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact starsE.Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars问题3选项A.uncertain approvalB.unqualified respectC.mild interestD.careful dismissalE.hostile skepticism问题4选项A.Its pattern of development has been ana

35、logous to that of developments in x-ray astronomy.B.Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.C.It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.D.It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.E.It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of or

36、dinary stars.问题5选项A.The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disks are stable.B.Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring in accretion disks.C.The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks s

37、uggests that predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.D.Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.E.The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.问题6选项A.Adher

38、ence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities of astrophysicists and restricted progress.B.Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significant breakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.C.Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining

39、and solving restricted problems.D.Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what is already known.E.Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limiting progress, althou

40、gh there have recently been signs of change.问题7选项A.derivativeB.more sophisticatedC.less clearly focusedD.at an earlier stage of developmentE.more dependent on technological advances问题8选项A.an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary starB.a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron starC

41、.a collision between two starsD.the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact starE.the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star问题9选项A.provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron starsB.opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomyC.proves

42、 that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disksD.proposes a new system of classification of starsE.suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actual observation【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C第7题:D第8题:E第9题:E【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文，原文多次出现关键词“accretion disks” “new i

43、nsights”,从而即可了解作者的写作主旨，得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“instability”将信息点定位到原文第四段第二、三句。 “There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter t

44、he expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，可将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be t

45、aken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.（阿布拉莫维奇的工作是一个很有价值的例子，说明在得出关于吸积盘的结论之前必须小心谨慎。）”作者对其研究是绝对的尊重。从而得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“the nuclear processes of ordinary stars”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段第一句。“Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions

46、 to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars.”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，将信息点定位为原文第四段第三句 “In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian

47、gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.（在最近的工作中，Abramowicz已经表明，由广义相对论引起的附加引力效应可能会改变预期的牛顿引力关系，使圆盘保持稳定，这表明这些预测的不稳定性可能不会发生。）”，从而得出本题答案。6.事实细节题。信息点定位为原文最后一段第一句。根据“involve defining and proposin

48、g solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case（就像在本例中所做的那样，涉及到对受限问题的定义和提出解决方案）”即可得出本题答案。7.事实细节题。根据题干将信息点定位到原文第一段第四句。根据“The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws withou

49、t benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars.（吸积盘的建模仍处于初级阶段，类似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反应过程。）”即可得出本题答案。8.细节事实题。根据题干信息将本题信息点定位到原文第二段第二句。“In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting whit

50、e dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star.（在这些系统中，来自普通恒星外层的物质受到附近环绕白矮星的引力影响而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物质不能直接撞击微小白矮星的表面，而是进入围绕恒星的轨道。）”从而得出本题答案。9.细节推断题。根据题干信息可将本题信息点定位为原文最后一段。根据段落信息合理推断后即可得出本题答案。4. 单选题The

51、teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, （1） , needs to determine what level of literacy is （2） by society, what role he or she should take in （3） the desired standard of literacy, and what the implicati

52、ons of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world （4） of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the （5） small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international （6）.The problems （7） developing nations are also facing industrialized nati

53、ons. Literacy, as the report points out, is “inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development”, (and)national development as a whole is bound （8） with the world context. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development it is a （9） of that development. Literacy can

54、 help people to function more effectively in a changing （10） and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes （11） in different countries have taken and are taking different （12） to the problem: for example the involvement of v

55、oluntary non-governmental organizations, which （13） the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation （14） society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as （15） “literacy environment”.Who are the “illiterat

56、es” and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich （16） these questions. An illiterate, he finds, “may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or writ

57、e at the level necessary to （17） successfully in his social position.” Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: “Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all （18） of development.”An educational definition i.e. in terms of gra

58、des completed or skills mastered is shown to be inadequate in （19） educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological/economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any defi

59、nition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act （20） responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a “reading-level type”;assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.问题1选项A.thereforeB.in additionC.how

60、everD.nevertheless问题2选项A.askedB.knownC.demandedD.obtained问题3选项A.achievingB.gettingC.fulfillingD.accomplishing问题4选项A.opinionB.ideaC.pointD.view问题5选项A.relativelyB.particularlyC.possiblyD.definitely问题6选项A.situationB.contextC.environmentD.atmosphere问题7选项A.facingB.confrontingC.encounteringD.meeting问题8选项A

61、.toB.inC.upD.across问题9选项A.componentB.elementC.ingredientD.factor问题10选项A.tendencyB.environmentC.inclinationD.development问题11选项A.institutedB.rootedC.deprivedD.revealed问题12选项A.waysB.methodsC.approachesD.means问题13选项A.underlinesB.indicatesC.impliesD.understates问题14选项A.intoB.withinC.inD.inside问题15选项A.adeq

62、uateB.abundantC.overD.plenty问题16选项A.demandsB.addressesC.remainsD.maintains问题17选项A.performB.doC.participateD.anticipate问题18选项A.extentsB.formsC.degreesD.standards问题19选项A.thatB.whatC.whichD.such问题20选项A.inB.forC.againstD.with【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:A第12题:C第13题:A第14题:B第15题:A第16题:B第17题:A第18题:C第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1.考查逻辑连词辨析。therefore因此；in addition此外；however然而；nevertheless然而，不过。句子前后构成明显的因果关系。选项A符合句意。2.考查动词辨析。“asked”询问；“known”了解；“demanded”需求； “obtained”获得。句意：因此，每一位老师需要决定社会需要何种水平的读写能力。选项C符合句意。3.考查动词辨析。achieving实现；getting获得；fulfilling履行；实现；满足；