2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前模拟强化练习题23（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car.问题1选项A.veryB.tooC.soD.enough【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：开车越小心就越好。B选项cannot too加形容词“越越好”，其余选项非固定搭配且不符合题意。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题_ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.问题1选项A.In order thatB.LestC.If

2、D.Providing【答案】B【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项In order that“为了，目的在于”；B选项Lest“以免”；C选项If“如果，倘若”；D选项Providing“如果”。句意：我向你保证，这是千真万确的，_有人觉得奇怪。根据语境，为了不让人觉得奇怪，我向你保证这是真的，所以Lest“以免”符合题意。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题You have nothing to _ by refusing to listen to our advice.问题1选项A.gainB.graspC.seizeD.earn【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项gain“获益；得到（好处）”；B选

3、项grasp“毫不犹豫地抓住（机会）；抓紧；理解”；C选项seize“把握（机会、时机、主动等）；（常指通过暴力突然）夺取”；D选项earn“赚钱；博得”。句意：如果你不听我们的建议，你就没有什么_。根据语境，这里是指如果不听从建议，就得不到好处，所以gain“获益；得到（好处）”符合题意。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread _ woven into textile fabrics.问题1选项A.as are theyB.when to be

4、C.that they areD.if they are to be【答案】D【解析】考查状语从句。句意：毛发和羊毛纤维是无法连续不断，如果要织成纺织织物，通常必须纺成线。横线到句尾部分为条件状语从句。be to do可用于条件状语从句，意为“如果想”；根据fibers和weave的被动关系确定用被动语态，D选项if they are to be符合题意。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题On Jan.17, 1995, Kobe was hit by a 6.9-magnitude quake. The Great Hanshin Earthquake killed 6,400 people. D

5、amage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last weeks 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. Yet, within 18 months, economic activity in Kobe had reached 98 percent of its pre-quake level. A state-of-the-art offshore port facilit

6、y was built, housing was modernizedand a scruffy port city became an international showpiece.The March 11 earthquake and tsunami devastated a society that, for all its wealth, was stuck in a rut. Over the past two decades, Japans economic growth averaged an anemic 1 percent a year. Politically, the

7、country was rudderless. The Liberal Democratic Party, which had governed almost continuously since the end of the U.S. military occupation following the World War II, had finally worn out its welcome. And the novice Democratic Party of Japan, which had assumed power in 2009, was flailing.For four de

8、cades after the war, Japan experienced cozy politics backed by a robust economy. Lightly populated rural district had a disproportionate effect on national politics. The government financed multibillion-dollar bridges to nowhere, expensive port facilities for small fishing village and bullet trains

9、to traverse bucolic rural areasand seemingly lined every riverbed in Japan in concrete.But in 1900, the bubble burst. The working-age share of the population began to fall. In 1998, the labor force started to shrink, and a decade later, the countrys population began to decline. Eventually, voters co

10、ncerned about the mounting costs of wasteful projects tossed out the LDP.Before the earthquake and tsunami devastated the Tohoku region on March 11, the country was already facing a slowing economy, fiscal strain and deflation, and decades of wasteful spending had saddled the country with a debt mor

11、e than twice the size of the economy. Now, beyond the tragedys human toll, the economic costs are still being countedand could be vastly expanded if the nuclear reactor damage is closer to that of Chernobyl than to Three Mile Island. But if rebuilding is handled skillfully, there is hope that a diff

12、erent kind of Japan will emerge.Despite its weak starting point, the government holds a few cards. Ninety-five percent of Japans debt is owned by its citizens, no foreign hedge funds; its unlikely that those citizens would dump their bond holdings if the government takes on more debt to rebuild the

13、city of Sendai, for example. Financially, the government has more maneuvering room than might seem apparent.Some rebuilding can be financed by redirecting spending from useless white-elephant projects to the higher priority of remaking Tohoku. The quality of public investment in the nation could imp

14、rove, perhaps permanently, as a result of this crisis.What is really at stakeand what will determine whether these other changes have any chance of coming to passis the structure of Japan politics. If the incumbent DPJ successfully manages this emergency, the episode could reassure Japanese voters t

15、hat this fledgling party represents a credible alternative to the LDP. Japan would then have a true two-party system in which political power and ideas are genuinely contested. The Great Tohoku Earthquake could be the shock that pushes Japan not only to rebuild a city, but to remake itself political

16、ly for the 21st century.21. The author wrote the first paragraph in an attempt to _.22. According to the text, the author suggests that Democratic Party of Japan _.23. Except the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, the hindrances that Japans economic growth confronts EXCLUDE _.24. On which of the follo

17、wing statement would the author most probably agree?25. Which of the following is the most proper title of the text?问题1选项A.exemplify how severe the consequences of the Great Hanshin Earthquake areB.indicate that the March 11 disaster could bring out a new Japan like Great Hanshin Earthquake didC.mak

18、e an analogy between the Great Hanshin Earthquake and the Great Tohoku EarthquakeD.state the post-quake reconstruction is disproportionate to the damage caused by the quake问题2选项A.has been the ruling party for approximately 50-odd yearsB.is failing in leading the Japan out of the difficultiesC.is a n

19、ewly emergent part in Japans political communityD.has successfully managed this emergency问题3选项A.deflationB.the aging labor forceC.massive debtsD.fiscal deficit问题4选项A.Criticism is mixed with optimism for Japans economic and political landscape.B.The bursting bubble of economy results in the decreasin

20、g working-age population.C.Japans party system has been a one-party one since World War II till DPJs office.D.The merits Japan can derive from the quake overwhelm the risks and consequences of it.问题5选项A.Will the Crisis Create a New Japan?B.The History of Great Earthquakes in Japan.C.How Japanese Gov

21、ernment Will Cope With the 311 Emergency.D.Virtues and Vices of March 11 Earthquake and Tsunami.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】21.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Damage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last weeks 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of north

22、ern Japan.（地震造成的损失估计超过1,000亿美元，与上周日本北部东北地区9.0级地震造成的损失类似。），作者分别列出两个地震的损失情况，所以C选项“将阪神大地震与东北大地震进行类比”正确。A选项“举例说明阪神大地震的后果有多严重”和D选项“说明震后重建与地震造成的损失不成比例”：作者只是陈述了事实，没有这样的意思，故错误。B选项“表明3月11日的灾难可能带来一个像阪神大地震那样的新日本”：作者没有要预示的意图，故错误。因此C选项正确。22.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句And the novice Democratic Party of Japan, which had assum

23、ed power in 2009, was flailing.（2009年刚上台的日本民主党也陷入了困境。），可知民主党没有解决掉问题，所以B选项“没有成功领导日本走出困难”正确，D选项“成功地处理了这一紧急情况”和A选项“已经执政了大约50多年”错误。C选项“是日本政治共同体中一个新兴的部分”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。23.推理判断题。根据第四段第二句The working-age share of the population began to fall.（劳动年龄人口的比例开始下降。），第五段第一句the country was already facing a slowi

24、ng economy, fiscal strain and deflation, and decades of wasteful spending had saddled the country with a debt more than twice the size of the economy.（日本已经面临着经济放缓、财政紧张和通货紧缩的问题，数十年的浪费开支使日本背负了超过经济规模两倍的债务。），可知日本经济增长的障碍包括了A选项“通货紧缩”，B选项“劳动力老龄化”和C选项“巨额债务”，符合文章意思，故错误，D选项“财政赤字”没有提到，不符合文章意思，因此D选项正确。24.观点态度题。

25、根据最后一段第一句What is really at stakeand what will determine whether these other changes have any chance of coming to passis the structure of Japan politics.（真正利害攸关的是日本的政治结构，这将决定这些其他变化是否有机会实现。）和最后一句The Great Tohoku Earthquake could be the shock that pushes Japan not only to rebuild a city, but to remake

26、itself politically for the 21st century.（日本东北大地震可能不仅会促使日本重建一座城市，还会促使日本在21世纪重塑自己的政治形象），可知作者对于日本的前景处于中立态度，所以A选项“对于日本的经济和政治前景，既有批评也有乐观”正确。B选项“经济泡沫的破裂导致了劳动年龄人口的减少”：根据第四段第一、二句But in 1900, the bubble burst. The working-age share of the population began to fall.（但在1900年，泡沫破裂了。劳动人口的比例开始下降。），这里没有提到经济泡沫破裂和劳动人

27、口减少的直接关系，故错误。C选项“日本的政党制度自二战以来一直是一党执政，直到民主党上台”：根据第二段倒数第二句The Liberal Democratic Party, which had governed almost continuously since the end of the U.S. military occupation following the World War II（自二战后美国军事占领结束以来，自民党几乎一直持续执政），自民党几乎一直持续执政不代表一直执政，故错误。D选项“日本可以从地震中获得的优点压倒了它的风险和后果”：根据第五段最后一句But if rebuil

28、ding is handled skillfully, there is hope that a different kind of Japan will emerge.（但如果重建工作处理得当，一个不同类型的日本将有望出现。），文章没有提到地震带来的好处比损失大，只有处理得当，益处才会呈现，故错误。因此A选项正确。25.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出神户因为地震而现代化，后面提到日本的各种问题，再在文章最后展望日本在政治经济方面可能的情况，所以A选项“危机会创造一个新日本吗”正确。B选项“日本大地震的历史”，C选项“日本政府将如何应对311紧急事件”和D选项“3月11日地震和海啸的利弊”是文章的

29、部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employergovernment or privateshould have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discriminat

30、ion by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would

31、 be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchss results suggest that the

32、earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employers, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination

33、by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them

34、 into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Browns research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobilit

35、y, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results. Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earning category, with private employment next, and government lowe

36、st. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutio

37、ns.Browns results are clearly consistent with Fuchs argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implie

38、s that private employers are discrimination against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimi

39、nation in the private sector.26. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT _.27. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government em

40、ployers?28. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?29. According to Browns study, womens earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest

41、 earnings?30. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?问题1选项A.discrimination from suppliersB.discrimination from consumersC.problems in obtaining good employeesD.problems in obtaining government assistance问题2选项A.Both private employers and government employer

42、s discriminate, with equal effects on womens earnings.B.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by governme

43、nt employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.D.Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.问题3选项A.Some tentative results of Fuchss study.B.Some explicit results of Browns study.C.A suggestion made by the author.D.Fuchss hypothesis.问题4选项A.Self-employment, private

44、employment, government employment.B.Government employment, self-employment, private employment.C.Private employment, self-employment, government employment.D.Government employment, private employment, self-employment.问题5选项A.The relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Emplo

45、yers, and Consumers on Womens EarningsB.How Discrimination Affects Womens Choice of Type of EmploymentC.The relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Mens Earnings as Compared to Womens EarningsD.The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题

46、:A【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数一二句One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.（人们可以从布朗的研究

47、结果中推断出，消费者歧视自主创业的女性。此外，个体户女性可能比男子更难获得好雇员，并可能遇到供应商和金融机构的歧视。），可知个体户女性会受到来自消费者和供应商的歧视，也不容易雇到好员工，所以A选项“供应商的歧视”，B选项“消费者的歧视”和C选项“在获得好员工方面存在的问题”错误。D选项“在获得政府援助方面的问题”：文章没有提到政府在援助方面对女性的歧视，因此D选项正确。27.事实细节题。根据文章倒数一二句The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however,

48、demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（这些结果并不能证明政府不歧视妇女。但是，它们确实表明，如果政府歧视妇女，这种歧视对妇女收入的影响并不像在私营部门的歧视那样大。）可知B选项“私人雇主和政府雇主都有歧视，但是私人雇主的歧视对女性的收入有更大的影响。”正确。所以A选项“私人雇主和政府雇主

49、都有歧视，对妇女的收入有同样的影响。”，C选项“私人雇主和政府雇主都有歧视，但是政府雇主的歧视对女性的收入有更大的影响。”和D选项“私人雇主歧视；政府雇主不歧视”错误。因此B选项正确。28.语义推测题。根据第二段最后一句self-employed womenmay encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions（个体户女性可能遇到供应商和金融机构的歧视），这是作者的观点，所以C选项“作者的意见”正确。A选项“富克斯研究的假设结果”：根据第二段第二句To test this hypothesis, B

50、rownand divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed.（为了验证这一假设，布朗并将他们分为三类：私营企业雇员、政府雇员和个体经营者。），这里没有提到研究结果，也与金融机构无关，故错误。B选项“布朗研究的一些明确结果”：One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women.（人们可以从布朗的研究结果中推断出，消费者歧视自主

51、创业的女性。），可知布朗的研究结果不表明金融机构歧视女性，故错误。D选项“福克斯的假设”：根据第二段第一句both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees.（

52、福克斯和桑伯恩都提出，消费者歧视对个体经营妇女收入的影响可能大于政府或私人雇主歧视对女性雇员收入的影响。），可知福克斯的假设和金融机构无关，故错误。因此C选项正确。29.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第三句For men, self-employment is the highest earning category, with private employment next, and government lowest.（对男性来说，自营职业收入最高，其次是私人职业，政府工作收入最低。），可知D选项“政府就业、私人就业、个体就业”正确。A选项“自主创业，私人就业，政府就业”，B选项“政府就业、个

53、体就业、私人就业”和C选项“私人就业、个体就业、政府就业”错误。因此D选项正确。30.主旨大意题。根据第一段第三句Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer.（歧视程度的差异会导致与雇主类型有关的收入差异。），后文对此展开具体的阐述，所以A选项“政府雇主、私人雇主和消费者的歧视对妇女收入的相对影响”正确。B选项“歧视如何影响妇女选择就业类型”：文中没有提到歧视和选择就业的直接联系，故错误。C选项“与女

54、性收入相比，私人雇主歧视对男性收入的相对影响”：文章没有提到对男性的歧视。D选项“自由市场经济中收入差异的必要性”：文章没有说到收入差距的必要性，故错误。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.问题1选项A.not soB.not muchC.no moreD.much more【答案】C【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：心脏不比胃聪明，因为它们都由大脑控制。根据题干intelligent than可知考查形容词的比较级，确定有more

55、，根据语境心脏和胃都受大脑控制确定C选项no more符合题意。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories, supervision has been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving

56、efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all man

57、agement, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The managers a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and check

58、s the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep ma

59、chines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order

60、to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilitieseven when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use

61、 of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industrynot only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. Ther

62、e are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual eff

63、orts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that _.27. The top manager _.28. All managers employ _.29. Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc. _.30. The essence of all management functions is _.问题1选项A

64、.industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesB.industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesC.the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial managementD.in