考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考前自测提分卷57(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题to acclaim A as X: to praise A publicly and enthusiastically as X.an anatomist: a medical scientist who cuts open dead bodies to study them to commission X: to order X (to be made or obtained) a corpse: a dead body to disinter: to

2、 unbury gynecology: the medical field dealing with womens diseases a henchman: a supporter or assistant willing to use violence or criminal means leukemia: blood cancer lucrative profitable a midwife: a person trained to help women give birthobese: very fat obstetrics: the medical field that deals w

3、ith pregnancy and the delivery of babies pajamas: light clothes for sleeping in a par: a level a poorhouse: (historical) a public shelter in which jobless poor people were fed in exchange for work a practitioner: someone works actively in (a profession) proximity: nearness a serial killer: someone w

4、ho murder a number of people in separate incidents Sherlock Holmes: the most famous detective in English literature a spree: a period of wild activity unsavoury: dishonest, untrustworthy and probably involved in crime1. William hunter and William Smellie commissioned a regular supply of corpses so t

5、hey could study the physical effects of pregnancy, argues respected historian Don Shelton. These men are giants of medicine, pioneers of the care that women receive during childbirth and were the founding fathers of obstetrics. The names of William hunter and William Smellie still inspire respect am

6、ong todays doctors, more than 250 years after they made their contributions to healthcare, Such were the duos reputations as outstanding physicians the clienteles of their private practices included the rich and famous of mid-18th-centruy London.2. But were they also serial killers? New research pub

7、lished in the JOURNAL OF THE Royal Society of Medicine (JRSM) claims that they were. A detailed historical study accuses the doctors of arranging for the killing of dozens of women, many in the later stages of pregnancy, to dissect their corpses. “Smellie and Hunter were responsible for a series of

8、18th-century burking murders of pregnant women, with a death total greater than the combined murders committed by Burke and Hare and Jack the Ripper” writes Shelton. (“Burking” involved murdering people to order, usually for medical research; to avoid trouble with the law, it was important to kill t

9、he victims in such a way that they seemed to have died of natural causes. The verb “to burke” is derived from the name of William Burke, an Irishman convicted in Endinburgh in 1829of killing people so he could sell their bodies for medical experiments.)3. According to Shelton, Hunter and Smellie wer

10、e between them responsible for the murders of-40 pregnant women and their unborn children. Acting separately, and using henchmen to deliver. Their supply, they organized a killing spree in London between 1749 and 1755and, after a period of inactivity enforced by mounting suspicion about the source o

11、f heir corpses, resumed between 1764 and 1774. Motivated by ego, personal rivalry and a shared desire to benefit from being acclaimed as the foremost childbirth doctors of their time, Hunter and Smellie sacrificed life after life in their quests to study pregnancys physical effects and to develop ne

12、w techniques, the author says. “Although it sounds absolutely incredible, the circumstantial literary evidence suggests they were most likely competing with each other in experimenting with secret caesarean sections on conscious, or freshly murdered, victims, with a view to extracting and reviving t

13、he babies,” Shelton told the Observer.”4. Shelton examined the mens anatomical atlases, containing detailed images ofpregnant women who had been opened up, and medical literature and the causes of death in London at the time. Glasgows Hunterian museum and gallery is named after Scottish-born Hunter,

14、 who in 1762 became physician to Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, He helped her to deliver the future king George IV, Smellie, a fellow Scot, is no less distinguished, From Witchcraft to Wisdom, a textbook on the history of obstetric and gynaecological medicine, hails him as “the greatest obstet

15、rician in the history of British obstetrics”. He has also been called “the father of British midwifery”.5. Shelton, though, regards the duo as on a par with Burke and Hare, who murdered 17 citizens of Edinburgh in 1827 and 1828, selling their remains to a local anatomist, The London of Hunter and Sm

16、ellies time was unhealthy and semi-anarchic, and early death from disease was widespread, as was grave robbing. In his JRSM paper, Shelton claims to prove that the rival doctors could not have obtained their supply of corpses by any other means than murder. It was rare for Mothers-to-be to die or be

17、 murdered soon before they were due to give birth, says the historian, People from poorhouses who died were usually old, unwell or children, Thus the grave robbers of the time could not have fulfilled the obstetricians need for such a specific type of female, Concludes Shelton.6. Each used an assist

18、ant to commission killers, he says, naming Dr Colin Mackenzie as Smellies accomplice and John Hunter-Williams brother, who was a celebrated anatomistas his helper. Young women from the countryside were apparently favourite targets in a city where plenty of people “disappeared”. “There is great suspi

19、cion about the abundance of undelivered ninthmonth corpses procured, dissected and depicted in the anatomical atlases of Smellie and Hunter,” writes Shelton. “The impossibility of supply from random resurrections, taken with a careful analysis of events, and of 18dl-century medical literature, shows

20、 compelling evidence for burking,” By 1755 rumours were circulating that the women in Smellies journal had been murdered, and associates began pressing him on their origins. “As a result Smellie and Hunter both halted their research, both presumably fearing trial and execution,” although Hunterwho u

21、sed his links to powerful families to ensure no investigation was ever undertakenresumed ordering murders, about once a year, in 1764, Shelton adds.7. Anthony Kenny, a gynaecologist in London for 40 years until his retirement in 2007, said: “These two guys are my heroes. The idea that they could hav

22、e been involved in the murder of subjects is absolutely staggering.” Kenny is now the curator of the museum of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. “They were the first proper obstetricians in the country because of their pioneering work practicing what was then still a new branch

23、of medicine.” While Kenny describes Sheltons paper as “extremely impressive” in its research, he cannot believe that his heroes were guilty of such terrible crimes. The trade in corpses was very lucrative and probably attracted unsavoury, unscrupulous characters, he pointed out.”And it could be that

24、 they didnt make proper inquiries as to the origins of the bodies, and so may not have known that the women were murdered.8. Ludmilla Jordanova, a professor of modem history at Kings College London who specializes in the history of medicine, says Sheltons assertion that Hunter and Smellie could not

25、have come across so many dead pregnant women from any other source as “a striking claim, important research. is revealing the complexities of anatomical activities in 18thcentury London. This is an exciting and controversial area of historical investigation.” While Shelton acknowledges that the idea

26、 of pioneering medical researchers resorting to burking is shocking. He likes to quote Sherlock Holmes, “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, is the truth.”1.According to the information in paragraph 2, William Burke （ ）2.According to Don Shelton, pregnant w

27、omen in 18th century London （ ）,3.The strongest support for Sheltons thesis comes from（ ） .4.In paragraph6, the word apparently means （ ）.5.What Shelton writes about the pioneering gynecologists Hunter andSmellie （ ）.问题1选项A.was a henchman of Hunter and SmellieB.gave his name to the practice of killi

28、ng people without leaving any signs of murderC.is believed to have killed people for his own medical researchD.made money by killing people to provide bodies for medical research问题2选项A.Generally were not very likely to die in the last month of pregnancyB.Seldom died soon after giving birthC.were a v

29、ery small part of the overall urban populationD.were quite numerous in its many poorhouses问题3选项A.the testimony of contemporary eyewitnessesB.statistics and probabilityC.police records of the timeD.literary reports of the abundant violence and crime in 18th century London问题4选项A.it is obvious thatB.th

30、ere is no doubt thatC.it appears thatD.some people assert that问题5选项A.seems quite persuasive to Anthony KennyB.appalls and horrifies Anthony KennyC.clears them, in Anthony Kennys opinion, of any guilt or blame.D.Seems completely groundless to Anthony Kenny【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段对

31、William Burke进行了解释: an Irishman convicted in Endinburgh in 1829of killing people so he could sell their bodies for medical experiments(爱尔兰人, 1829年在恩丁堡被判杀人罪-出售尸体进行医学实验)。故选D。2.细节事实题。第五段指出: It was rare for Mothers-to-be to die or be murdered soon before they were due to give birth, says the historian,

32、People from poorhouses who died were usually old, unwell or children(这位历史学家说，母亲在临产前不久死亡或被谋杀是很罕见的，来自贫民区的人通常都是老人、不舒服或孩子)。故选A。3.推理判断题。文章多出提到Sheltons的理论来源。第二段提到JOURNAL OF THE Royal Society of Medicine(皇家医学会杂志),后面又提到medical literature(医学文献)。故选D: 18世纪伦敦大量暴力和犯罪的文学报道。4.词义题。此处句意为: 在一个很多人都“消失”了的城市里，来自农村的年轻妇女显

33、然是最受欢迎的目标。5.推理判断题。第七段: The idea that they could have been involved in the murder of subjects is absolutely staggering(他们可能参与了谋杀目标的说法绝对令人震惊), 后面也表达了他们难以置信的态度。故选B。2.填空题Our research team is（1） to complete a major project. Our findings will be（2） in a series of articles scheduled to appear next year. I

34、will also（3） the results at a conference being （4）in Sydney later this year.句意: 我们的研究小组将要完成一个重点项目。我们的研究成果将发表在一系列计划明年出现的文章中。随后我也将在今年的悉尼会议上公布这些成果。【答案】1.going2.published3.announce4.held【解析】1.固定搭配。Be going to do 将要。2.语义题。发表用publish,此处为被动语态， 故用published。3.语义题。此处表示 “公布成果”。4.固定搭配。hold a conference 举办会议。这里是

35、被动语态故用held。3.填空题A: I have a ballet ticket for this evening.B:（1） do we! Why （2）we all go together?A: Thats a good（3） . That way we can share a （4）and save a bit of money.B: When（5） we meet?A: Lets say at 6:30 in（6） of Building 5.B: Fine. Ill see you there at 6:30.【答案】1.so2.dont3.idea4.taxi4.shall6.f

36、ront【解析】1.语法题。考查倒装。这里表示 “我们也有”。2.语法题。考查否定疑问。这里是否定疑问句表示肯定。3.固定搭配。A good idea 好主意。4.语义题。由后面的save a bit of money推测这里表示 “我们可以一起打的”。5.语义题。句意:我们什么时候见面？6.固定搭配。in front of 在前面。4.填空题Last year the director of our company was accused（1） corruption and arrested. At his （2）three senior government （3）testified th

37、at he had attempted to bribe them. In the end he was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in（4） .【答案】of; trial; officials; prison【解析】句意: 去年，我们公司的董事被控告贪污而被捕。在审判中，三名政府官员举证其试图贿赂他们。最终他被判有罪，判处入狱十五年。1.固定搭配。be accused of 被控告。2.语义题。根据后面的testified （举证）推测此时场景为审判时,故填trail。3.语义题。根据后面的bribe (贿赂)可以推断出贿赂的对象

38、一般 是指“政府官员”，填officials。4.语义题。句意为: 判处入狱十五年。5.填空题Sometimes I wonder if its（ ） it to own a car. Nowadays parking is such a nightmare!【答案】worth。【解析】固定搭配。be worth it 值得。6.填空题A: This wine is delicious. Would you like （1）?B: Not today, thanks. Its rather chilly out. Do you have anything hot that I could dr

39、ink?A: Sure. Would you like tea or coffee?B: .（2） I enjoy them equally, so give me whichever is more convenient.【答案】some; Either【解析】1.常用语。would you like some? 你要点吗?2.语义题。根据后面的give me whichever is more convenient可知茶或者咖啡都可以，填either。7.单选题As you can tell from how animated he is. Charles is not tired eno

40、ugh to go to bed yet. He wouldnt sleep if he goes to bed now.问题1选项A.As you canB.how animated he isC.tired enoughD.he goes to bedE.没有问题【答案】D【解析】时态错误。he goes to bed改为were to go to bed,主句和从句部分都是表示与将来事实相反，主句用would/could+动词原形，从句用were to/should+动词原形。8.填空题Im sorry, but I dont have（1 ） to that sort of infor

41、mation. Perhaps if you consult my colleagues upstairs, they can （2）you.【答案】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 1.access;2.help【解析】1.固定搭配。第一空为固定用法, have access to 有权查看或使用。2.语义题。第二空应填一个动词原形，句意:如果你咨询我同事,他们会帮助你。此处填入help “帮助”符合句意。9.单选题The Earths atmosphere recorded the huge decline i

42、n the population of the Western Hemisphere in the 150 years following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492. Soldiers, officials, settlers and merchants from Eurasia and slaves from Africa unwittingly introduced common diseases such as smallpox (天花)，measles (麻疹)and influenza to which the inhabi

43、tants of the Americas possessed no immunity. Scholarly estimates of the total number of deaths from disease vary widely, but the number may have exceeded 50 million and certainly wiped out 75% or more of native Americans. This rapid depopulation of the hemisphere allowed forests to grow in former fa

44、rmlands. By 1610 the growth of all those trees had sucked enough carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the sky to cause a drop of at least seven parts per million in atmospheric concentrations of the most prominent greenhouse gas and start a little ice age.Based on that dramatic shift, Simon Lewis and Mark Ma

45、slin, British ecologists working at University College London, believe 1610 should be considered the starting date of a new geologic epoch currently under discussion among earth scientists: the Anthropocene, or recent age of humanity. Lewis and Maslin dub the decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide t

46、he Orbis Spike from the Latin for world, because since 1492 human civilization has progressively globalized. In a paper published this month in Nature, they argue that human impacts on the planet have been dramatic enough to warrant formal recognition of the Anthropocene epoch and that the Orbis Spi

47、ke should serve as the marker of its opening.The Anthropocene is not a new idea. As far back as the 18th century the first scientific attempt to lay out a chronology of Earths geologic history ended with a human epoch. By the 19th century the idea was commonplace, appearing as the Anthropozoic (huma

48、n life rocks) or the *Era of Man in geology textbooks. But by the middle of the 20th century, the idea of the Holocene (the term means entirely recent in Greek designates the most recent period, dating from 11,700 years ago, when the glaciers (冰河)of the last ice age receded) had come to dominate, re

49、cognizing humans as an important element of the current epoch, but not the defining one.That idea is no longer adequate, according to scientists ranging from geologists to climatologists. Human impacts have simply grown too large: some scientists point to the flood of nitrogen (N) released into the

50、world by the invention of the Haber-Bosch processfor wresting the vital nutrient from the air to support agriculture, others emphasize the fact that modem people now move more earth and stone than all the worlds rivers put together.Researchers have advanced an array of proposals for when this putati

51、ve new epoch might have begun. Some link it to the start of the mass extinction of large mammals （卩甫孚L 动物）such as woolly mammoths and giant kangaroos some 50,000 years ago or the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. Others say the Anthropocene is much more recent and to the beginning of th

52、e uptick in atmospheric CO2 concentrations after the invention of an effective coal-burning steam engine.The most prominent current proposal connects the dawn of the Anthropocene to that of the nuclear age: long-lobed radionuclide （放射性同位素）leave a long-lived record in the rock. The boom in human popu

53、lation and consumption of everything from copper to maize （玉米）after 1950 or so, known as the Great Acceleration, roughly coincides with this nuclear marker. So does the advent of plastics and other remnants of industrial society, dubbed ”technofossils by Jan Zalasiewicz of the University of Leiceste

54、r, the geologist who heads the group that is pushing for addition of the Anthropocene to the standard geologic time scale. The radionuclides can then serve as what geologists call a Global Stratotype Section and Point, more commonly known as a “golden spike.” Perhaps the most famous such golden spik

55、e is the thin layer of iridium（Ir） a found in pock exposed near El Kef, Tunisia; it pinpoints the asteroid impact that terminated the age of the dinosaurs and ended the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago.Lewis and Maslin reject this radionuclide spike because it is not tied to a *world- changing

56、event-at least not yetalthough it is a clear signal in the rock. On the other hand, their Orbis Spike in 1610 reflects both the most recent CO2 low point and the redistribution of plants and animals around the world associated with the Age of Discovery and the rise of world empires, a true changing

57、of the world. Much like the golden spike that marks the end of the dinosaurs, the proposed Orbis Spike itself would be tied to the low point of atmospheric CO? concentrations around 1610, as recorded in ice cores, where tiny trapped bubbles betray past atmospheres. Further geologic evidence will com

58、e from the appearance of maize pollen in sediment cores taken in Europe and Asia at that time, among other indicators that will complement the CO2 record. Therefore, scientists looking at ice cores, mud or even rock will find this epochal shift in the future.The CO2 drop coincides with what climatol

59、ogists call the Little Ice Age. That cooling event may have been tied to regenerated forests and other plants growing on some 50 million hectares of land abandoned by humans after the mass death brought on by disease and warfare, Lewis and Maslin suggest. And it wasnt just the death of millions of a

60、boriginal Americans. The enslavement （or death） of many millions of Africans for labor in the new lands may also have added to the climate impact. The population of the regions of western Africa most affected by the New World slave trade did not begin to recover until the end of the 19th century. In

61、 other words, from 1600 to 1900 areas of that region may have been regrowing forest, enough to reduce atmospheric CO?, just like the regrowth of the Amazon and the great North American woods, although this hypothesis remains in some dispute.However delimited, the new designation would mean we are li

62、ving in a newAnthropocene epoch, part of the Quaternary period, which started more 2.5 million years ago with the advent of the cyclical growth and retreat of massive glaciers. The Quaternary is part of the Cenozoic (recent life”)era that began 66 million years ago and is, in turn, part of the Phane

63、rozoic (revealed life) eon, which started 541 million years ago and encompasses all of complex life that has ever lived on this planet. In the end, the Anthropocene might supplant the Holocene. It is designated an epoch, unlike other interglacial, because back in the 18th century geologists thought humans were a very recent species, arriving via divine interventi