2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题61（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to econom

2、ic production. But the costs of energy including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of

3、 the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970s，then, repr

4、esented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insuffici

5、ent supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.【答案】参考译文：要理解这种转变，需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看，能源促进了人类幸福，不但服务了经济生产，而且为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但另一方面，能源的成本却破坏了人类的幸福，它不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响。在人类历史的大部分时间里，其主要关

6、注的是能源和幸福关系的积极方面，能源短缺或者是更为常见的是在开采、转化和分配能源的技术和组织上的不足减少了能源的积极作用，从而产生能源使用的不便，能源使用权利被剥夺，其发展也受到限制。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。此前的几十年中能源的资金成本一直保持稳定甚至有所下降，环境和社会政治成本在屈居几十年的次要地位之后，能源在各个方面的成本都在增加。能源使用代价过高的危害可以同能源短缺的危害相提并论。也有可能出现提供某些能源供应所付出的代价要大于获得的利益这种情况。2. 单选题Wed like to（ ）a table for five for dinner this evening.问题1选项A.p

7、reserveB.reserveC.sustainD.retain【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。preserve 保留; reserve 预订，预约; sustain 维持;retain 保持,持有。句意: 今晚我们想 一张五个人的餐桌。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treatyfollowing its（ ）declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.问题1选项A

8、.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty【答案】A【解析】固定用法。unanimous 意见一致的，无异议的；abstract 抽象的；autonomous 自治的；almighty 全能的。unanimous 与declaration 连用, 表示 达成一致的声明。4. 单选题（ ）and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.问题1选项A.MutilationB.InnovationC.EmpireD.Strength【答案】B【解析】语义题。句中and 连接空格跟hard work , 因

9、此B 项innovation (创新，革新)正确。5. 单选题The difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young peoples plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating

10、 worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isnt the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the

11、hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5- to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering

12、 a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous

13、 parallels with the devastating 1918 flu pandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes came within just hours, turning many World War I troop ships into death s

14、hips.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios duri

15、ng last weeks t/. 5*. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, projections that, ifH5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209, 000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking shoul

16、d be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue, will be “tragically wrong.” In a pandemic, the governments medical resources wi

17、ll be stretched thin, and it wont be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu, the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitaliz

18、ed with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in close contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority gro

19、up for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or

20、even by donning masks and gloves will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scena

21、rio but for the worst.1.The difference between avian flu and human flu is that（ ） .2.The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be（ ） .3.According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college

22、 campuses?4.We can learn from the passage that（ ） .问题1选项A.the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB.the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC.the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD.the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the

23、 frail and elderly问题2选项A.the body loses oxygen and other organs failB.a sodden mass of dying tissuesC.the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD.the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells问题3选项A.The national stockpile of Tamiflu.B.The governments medical resources.C.D

24、rugs provided by the feds.D.The stockpile of the students health centers.问题4选项A.it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campusesB.the reason that bird flu may impossibly outbreak on college campuses is that social distancing will be tough to enforce thereC.both individuals and communitie

25、s should be prepared for the threatD.we need to get ready now for the worst scenario prepared for the fury of bird flu【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词difference between avian flu and human flu 定位至第一段: difference between .threatens to become the young peoples plague. 故B项正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词strik

26、es the young定位至第三段: This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young, 即原因是免疫系统太好了，过度防御造成的。3.细节题。根据题干关键词outbreaks of bird flu on college定位至第六段第五句, C项是the feds will provide drugs的复现。4.推断题。文章最后一段最后一句与选项D重现。6. 单选题All the products made in China are sold and dist

27、ributed in（ ）with the U. S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.问题1选项A.complianceB.prosperityC.merchandiseD.intersection【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。in compliance with为固定搭配，意为“依从 ，按照”。7. 单选题In a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw appl

28、icants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this falls entering classes the first since Katrina 一 will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by

29、 this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require studentswho increasingly are applying to multiple institutions to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 1

30、9 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications about 2, 900 to date, compared with 3, 500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is opera

31、ting out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard wont release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrol

32、lments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last years record 1, 014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitme

33、nt schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20, 715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class 1, 400, compared with a more typical 1, 600. Tulane officials announced

34、in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interacti

35、ons such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last years level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. Its also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from Aug

36、ust to mid-September “to avert the majority of the hurricane season, Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a co

37、mmunity service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, I want to be a part of (the action), says Stieffel, n

38、oting that Loyolas transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.1. It can be inferred from the passage that（ ） .2.The following statements

39、are false other than （ ）.3.In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are（ ） .4.The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of（ ） .问题1选项A.many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB.most college admissions officials cannot predict how

40、 many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC.many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make their choices by May 1 this yearD.in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to their institutions问题2选项A.Tulane

41、University also saw drops in application this yearB.Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC.Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD.Loyola Universi

42、ty will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students问题3选项A.reducing the tuition respectivelyB.hosting meetingsC.increasing the scholarships respectivelyD.extending the application deadline问题4选项A.the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB.the

43、 dilemma of the admission officialsC.the usual rules of college admissionsD.the effects of the hurricanes【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.推断题。原文第一段指出: 今年秋天的班级容量将会变小, 故选A。2.细节题。题干问的是下列哪个选项正确。第二段指出: Loyola University, .will vote. whether to. eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications, D项

44、与此对应。3.细节对比。根据题干关键词attract applicants定位至第四段: freezing tuition at last years level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition, 据此判断两所大学都采取了freezing tuition(降低学费)的措施。4.主旨题。文章讲述了 4所大学今年的招生情况，学生申请人数较以往都有所下降。8. 单选题The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earths surface over the past

45、 century are similar in size and timing to those（1）by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To （2） the question of attribution requires the （3） of more powerful and complex methods beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focus

46、ed on（4） maps or patterns of temperature change in （5） and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned（6）, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive（7）of the observed climate changes to a particular cause or c

47、auses. The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole（8） cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful （9） technique. The basic idea（10）pattern-based approach

48、es is that different（11）causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to（12） a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change（13） by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science

49、suggests that human activities have led to a discernible （14）on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are（15）the composition of the atmosphere a

50、nd contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric （16） of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the （17） of small particles in th

51、e atmosphere. These particles can change the（18） of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the（19） of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only

52、 recently and the overall（20）is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.问题1选项A.incensedB.personifyC.interactD.predicted问题2选项A.arrayB.ascertainC.probeD.perturb问题3选项

53、A.applicationB.integrationC.avengeD.intervene问题4选项A.conformingB.comparingC.bidingD.budgeting问题5选项A.junctionsB.juncturesC.obligationsD.observations问题6选项A.optionallyB.ornamentallyC.previouslyD.predicatively问题7选项A.attributionB.autonomyC.indicationD.induction问题8选项A.immuneB.seasonalC.formidableD.percepti

54、ble问题9选项A.analysisB.disposalC.antigenD.disincentive问题10选项A.avengingB.underestimatingC.ascendingD.underlying问题11选项A.potentialB.respectableC.secretiveD.sturdy问题12选项A.wearyB.obtainC.winkD.retard问题13选项A.orientedB.kennedC.predictedD.lapsed问题14选项A.modificationB.nominationC.penetrationD.influence问题15选项A.pa

55、vingB.alteringC.retreatingD.saluting问题16选项A.stabilitiesB.popularitiesC.concentrationsD.hierarchies问题17选项A.abundanceB.hemisphereC.fixtureD.distress问题18选项A.burialB.argumentationC.legislationD.amount问题19选项A.disposalsB.propertiesC.certaintiesD.blends问题20选项A.calculationB.assignmentC.budgetD.effect【答案】第1题

56、:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:A第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:A第12题:B第13题:C第14题:D第15题:B第16题:C第17题:A第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）语法分析。空格处应填入those 的后置定语, 空后by提示此处为被动。因此D项predicted （预言，预测）与models搭配合理，意为“通过模型来预测”。（2）动词辨析。array 排列，整队；ascertain 弄清，确定，查明；probe 调查；探索；perturb 使人烦恼，不安。根据句意和句子后面的methods, C项probe与the questi

57、on of attribution搭配符合逻辑，意为“调查问题的原因”。（3）名词辨析。空格处应填入名词, 作require的宾语。以下两个选项是名词: application 运用，应用；integration 结合，整合，一体化。根据句意，需要运用更复杂的方法，A项application符合逻辑。（4）动词辨析。conform 遵守，符合；compare 比较，对照；bide 滞留，忍受；budget 编制预算，安排开支。B项与maps or patterns搭配compare，意为“比较天气变化图和模式”。（5）名词辨析。空格后为and， 所以空格处应填与models并列的词。只有D项o

58、bservation（注意，观察）与models为同类型。（6）副词辨析。optionally 随意地；ornamentally 装饰地；previously 先前，以前；predicatively 断然地，肯定地。根据句意，此处指的是之前提到过的。（7）名词辨析。attribution 归因；autonomy 自治，自治区；indication 指示，迹象；induction 归纳法，就职。选项中，A项attribution与achieve.definitive搭配，意思是有可能找到天气变化的明确原因。（8）语义题。immune 免疫的，不受影响的；seasonal 季节性的，随季节变化的；

59、formidable 可怕的，令人敬畏的；perceptible 可感觉到的，可理解的。B项seasonal 在此处比较合适，意为“季节性的循环”。（9）语义题。后面句子提到了approaches , 所以A项只有analysis （分析）放在此处比较合适，意为“更加强有力的分析技巧”。（10）动词辨析。空格处为动词的现在分词形式作idea的后置定语, D项underlying （构成的基础）与idea搭配，意为“构成这些方法的基本观点”。（11）形容词辨析。potential 潜在的，有潜力的；respectable 体面的，高尚的；secretive 秘密的；sturdy 强壮的，结实的。

60、A项potential与causes of climate change搭配，意为“天气变化的潜在原因”。（12）语义题。weary 使疲乏，厌倦；obtain 获得; wink 递眼色，闪烁；retard 使放慢或延缓。B项符合逻辑, 此处意为 “得到两种天气变化的匹配特征”。（13）语法分析。此处句意为: models只能用来预测天气变化。因此C项predict （预言，预测）正确。（14）固定搭配。D项influence能与on搭配，意为“对的影响”。（15）动词辨析。pave 铺，为铺路；alter 改变，更改；retreat 撤退，退却；salute 欢迎，致敬。B项alter与th

61、e composition of the atmosphere搭配,意为“正在改变大气的组成成分”。（16）名词辨析。根据句意，increased （增加）的只能是concentration （浓度）。（17）固定搭配。the abundance of为固定用法，意为“大量，充足”，句意: 增加了大气中的微粒的数量。（18）固定搭配。下文出现了 the amount of energy, 因此推测此处为the amount of（的数量）。（19）名词辨析。disposal 清除，处理；property 特性，性质；certainty 确实，确定的事；blend 混合物。句意: 这会改变大气和

62、云层的 。B项符合句意。（20）语义题。句意: 对这些粒子的气候效应的深入研究才刚刚开始，总体 还不确定。因此D项effect（影响）符合句意。9. 单选题I cant remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty（ ）.问题1选项A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.preferring【答案】B【解析】estimating 估计；devastating 毁灭性的；reprocessing 再生，（核燃料的）回收；preferring 更喜欢。句意: 我记不清是什么引起了爆炸, 非常 。B项符合句意。10. 单选题In court he repeated his（ ）that he was not guilty in front of the jury.问题1选项A.impressionsB.alliterationsC.clausesD.assertions【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。Impressi