2022年考博英语-郑州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷47（附答案带详解）

《2022年考博英语-郑州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷47（附答案带详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-郑州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷47（附答案带详解）（26页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-郑州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题According to some psychologists, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent（ ）motivation.问题1选项A.onB.ofC.withD.in【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。be/remain independent of “与无关”，因此选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Could you possibly（ ）me at the next c

2、ommittee meeting?问题1选项A.come up withB.make up forC.do away withD.stand in for【答案】D【解析】考查短语。come up with “提出，想出”；make up for “补偿，弥补”；do away with “废除，去掉”；stand in for “代替”。将四个选项代入空格处只有选项D符合。3. 单选题Imagine you found out that ideas invented by a computer were rated higher by independent experts than ide

3、as created by a group of humans asked to perform the same task. Would you praise the designer of the “creative computer” for a great achievement or would you question why human talent usually so potent in coping with complex cognitive challenges created such poor ideas or maybe you would question yo

4、ur view of the notion of creativity. In fact, such a scenario was played out when we used a simple computerized routine to generate ideas and compared them with ideas invented by human subjects. Why did human judge perceive the computers outcomes as superior to human ideas when they performed the sa

5、me task?Creativity is considered the ultimate human activity, a highly complex process, difficult to formalize and to control. Although there is a general agreement regarding the distinctive nature of the creative product （idea, painting, poem, and so on）, there is a controversy over the nature of t

6、he creative process. Some researchers hold that the creative thinking process is qualitatively different from “ordinary” day-to-day thinking and involves a leap that cannot be formulated, analyzed, or reconstructed the creative spark. Others adopt a reductionist view that creative products are the o

7、utcome of ordinary thinking, only quantitatively different from everyday thinking.Because creative ideas are different from those that normally arise, people often believe that such ideas require conditions dramatically different from the usual. The notion goes that, in order to overcome mental barr

8、iers and reach creative ideas, total freedom is necessary no directional guidance, constraints, criticism from an infinite space during the creativity process. This view prompted the emergence of various idea-generating methods: brainstorming, synectics （共同研究法），lateral thinking （水平思考，横向思维），random st

9、imulation, and so on, all of which consist of withholding judgment and relying on analogies from other numbers in the group of on randomly selected analogies. This family of methods relies on the assumption that enhancing randomness, breaking rules and paradigms, and generating anarchy of thought in

10、crease the probability of creative idea emergence.Do these methods work? A number of researchers indicate that they do not. Ideas suggested by individuals working alone are superior to ideas suggested in brainstorming sessions and the performance of problem solvers instructed to break the rules, get

11、 out of the square, and change paradigms” was not better than that of individuals who were not given any instructions at all.The failure of these methods to improve creative outcomes has been explained by the unstructured nature of the task. Reitman observed that many problems that lack a structurin

12、g framework are ill-defined in that the representation of one or more of the basic components the initial state, the operators and constraints and the goal-are seriously incomplete，and the search space is exceedingly large. Indeed, many illdefined problems seem difficult，not because we are swamped b

13、y the enormous number of alternative possibilities, but because we have trouble thinking even of one idea worth pursuing.1. Ideas invented by a computer are（ ）.2. The author thinks that creative thinking is（ ）.3. According to this passage,（ ）the probability of creative ideas emergence.4. It is belie

14、ved that（ ）tends to improve creative outcomes.问题1选项A.not necessary superior to human ideasB.undoubtedly superior to human ideasC.scarcely superior to human ideasD.generally invented by human subject much earlier问题2选项A.superior to everyday thinkingB.quantitatively different from everyday thinkingC.qu

15、alitatively different from everyday thinkingD.beyond formalization and analysis问题3选项A.synectics tend to increaseB.total freedom in thinking will increaseC.brainstorming might decreaseD.breaking rules and paradigms increases.问题4选项A.identifying the structuring frameworkB.breaking rules and paradigmsC.

16、following no directional guidanceD.adopting a reductionist view.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“计算机创造出的思想怎么样？”文章第一段最后一句话提到“当执行同一个认为时，为什么人类裁判会认为计算机的结果优于人类的想法？” (Why did human judge perceive the computers outcomes as superior to human ideas when they performed the same task?)，选项B“毫无疑问优于人类思想”

17、符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为创造性思维是”。文章第二段第一句话提到“创造力被认为是人类的终极活动，是一个高度复杂的过程，难以形式化和被控制”（Creativity is considered the ultimate human activity, a highly complex process, difficult to formalize and to control），因此选项D“难以被形式化和被分析”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，创意出现的概率”。文章第三段提出了一些增强创意的方法，第四段第一句提到“这些方法有效吗？”随后回答“一些研究院暗示它

18、们不能”（A number of researchers indicate that they do not）,因此选项C“头脑风暴法可能会减少创意出现的概率”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“人们相信往往会提高创造性的结果”。文章最后一段提到“这些方法失败的原因被认为是任务的非结构化” (The failure of these methods to improve creative outcomes has been explained by the unstructured nature of the task)，该段第二句依然是在讲述非结构化框架带来的不好的影响，因此选项A“识别结

19、构性框架”符合题意。4. 单选题When the first of the two Viking landers touched down on Martian soil on July 20, 1976, and began to send camera images back to Earth, the scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory could not suppress a certain nervous anticipation, like people who hold a ticket to a lottery they ha

20、ve a one-in-a-million chance of winning. The first photographs that arrived, however, did not contain any evidence of life. What revealed itself to them was merely a barren landscape littered with rocks. The view resembled nothing so much as a flat section of desert in fact, the winning entry in a c

21、ontest at J. P. L. for the photograph most accurately predicting what Mars would look like as a snapshot taken in a particularly arid section of the Mojave Desert.The scientists were soon ready to turn their attention from visible life to microorganisms. The twin Viking landers carried three experim

22、ents designed to detect current biological activity and one to detect organic compounds, because researchers thought it possible that life had developed on early Mars just as it is thought to have developed on Earth, through the gradual chemical evolution of complex organic molecules（分子）.To detect b

23、iological activity, Martian soil samples were treated with various nutrients that would produce characteristic by-products if life forms were active in the soil. The results from all three experiments were inconclusive. The fourth experiment heated a soil sample to look for sign of organic material

24、but found none, an unexpected result because at least organic compounds from the steady bombardment of the Martian surface by meteorites （限星）were thought to have been present.The absence of organic material, some scientists speculated, was the result of intense ultraviolet radiation penetrating the

25、atmosphere which was at one time rich in carbon dioxide and thus thick enough to protect its surface from the harmful ray of the Sun, the carbon dioxide had gradually left the atmosphere and been converted into rocks. This means that even if life had gotten a start on early Mars, it could not have s

26、urvived the exposure to ultraviolet radiation when the atmosphere thinned. Mars never developed a protective layer of ozone as Earth did.Despite the disappointed Viking results, there are those who still keep open the possibility of life on Mars. They point out that the Viking data cannot be conside

27、red the final word on Martian life because the two landers only sampled two limited and uninteresting sites. The Viking landing sites were not chosen for what they might tell of the planets biology. They were chosen primarily because they appeared to be safe of landing a spacecraft. The landing site

28、s were on part of the Martian plains that appeared relatively featureless from orbital photography.The type of Martian terrain that these researchers suggest may be a possible hiding place for active life has an earthly parallel: the ice-free region of southern Victoria land. Antarctica, where the t

29、emperatures in some dry valley average below zero. Organisms known as endoliths, a form of blue-green algae (藻类)that has adopted to this harsh environment, were found living inside certain porous rocks in these Antarctic valleys. The argument based on this discovery is that if life did exist on earl

30、y Mars, it is possible that it escaped worsening condition by similarly seeking too dry, even compared with Antarctic valleys, to sustain any life whatsoever.Should Mars eventually prove to be completely barren of life, as some suspect, then this would have a significant impact on the current view o

31、f the chemical origin of life. It could be much more difficult to get life started on a planet than scientists thought before the Viking landings.1. The major purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2. The author used the evidence from the four Viking experiments (paragraph 2) to establish that（ ）.3. The au

32、thor suggests that important difference between Mars and Earth is that unlike Earth, Mars（ ）.4. In paragraph 5, the researchers argument that life may exist in Martian rocks rests on the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.relate an account of an extraordinary scientific achievementB.undermine the prevailing belief

33、 that life may exist on MarsC.show the limitations of the scientific investigation of other planetsD.discuss the efforts of scientists to determine whether Martian life exist问题2选项A.meteorites do not strike the surface of Mars as often as scientists had thought.B.there was no experimental confirmatio

34、n of the theory that life exist on Mars.C.current theory as to how life developed on Earth is probable flawed.D.biological activity has been shown to be absent from the surface of Mars.问题3选项A.could not have sustained life that developedB.possessed at one time an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxideC.is

35、 in the path of the harmful rays of ultraviolet radiationD.accumulated organic compounds from the steady bombardment of meteorites问题4选项A.life evolved in the same way on two different planetsB.life developed in the form of blue-green algae on MarsC.organisms may adopt identical survival strategies in

36、 comparable environmentsD.endoliths are capable of living in the harsh environment of Mars【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章的主要目的是什么？”文章第一段提到科学家们通过图像并没有发现火星上可见的生命，接下来讲述了科学家们通过火星土样也没有发现火星上有微生物存在，然后推测原因，最后一段提到如果火星最后被证明没有生命存在可能带来的影响，由此可知本文主要是讲述了科学家们努力确定火星上有无生命，因此选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者使用四个火星

37、实验得来的证据是为了”。文章第二段提到“因为研究人员认为有可能早期火星上的生命就想地球上的生命一样”（because researchers thought it possible that life had developed on early Mars just as it is thought to have developed on Earth），但是在火星土样中没有发现任何迹象（The fourth experiment heated a soil sample to look for sign of organic material but found none），因此选项B“火星

38、上有生命这一理论没有得到实验的证实”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为火星和地球之间的重要区别在于不像地球,火星”。文章第三段提到“是强烈的紫外线辐射穿透大气层的结果”(was the result of intense ultraviolet radiation penetrating the atmosphere)，最后一句提到“火星没有像地球那样形成一层保护臭氧层”(Mars never developed a protective layer of ozone as Earth did)。选项C“在紫外线辐射的有害射线路径上”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第五段中

39、，研究者认为火星岩石上有生命的观点是依靠”。文章第五段提到“基于该发现的论证是如果有生命存在于早期的火星上，那么这些生命就可能通过寻找比南极干谷更干燥的环境来维持生命形式”（The argument based on this discovery is that if life did exist on early Mars, it is possible that it escaped worsening condition by similarly seeking too dry, even compared with Antarctic valleys, to sustain any l

40、ife whatsoever），选项C“生命体在类似环境中可能采取同样的生存策略”符合题意。5. 单选题The recruiters speech was so compelling that nearly everyone in the auditorium enlisted in the army when it was over.问题1选项A.resourcefulB.meaningfulC.forcefulD.powerful【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项resourceful“足智多谋的；机智的”；B选项meaningful“有意义的；意味深长的”；C选项forceful“

41、强有力的；有说服力的；坚强的”；D选项powerful“强大的”。句意：招聘人员的演讲是如此令人信服，以至于演讲结束后，礼堂里几乎每个人都参军了。本句关键词compelling表示“引人注目的；令人信服的；非常强烈的；不可抗拒的”，forceful可以做同义替换，表示有说服力的；因此C选项正确。6. 单选题The ad of four-wheeled vehicle gives viewers a feeling of（ ）that no matter what happens weatherwise, no matter how much it snows or how bad the mu

42、dslides are, you can go out in your four-wheel drive.问题1选项A.invulnerabilityB.irrationalityC.ambiguityD.simplicity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项invulnerability“刀枪不入，不会受伤害”；B选项irrationality“不合理，无理性”；C选项ambiguity“含糊，不明确”；D选项simplicity“朴素，简易”。句意：四轮汽车的广告给观众一种无坚不摧的感觉，不管天气如何，不管下多大的雪，不管泥石流有多严重，都可以开着四轮汽车出门。本句表示四轮汽车不会受到

43、伤害。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题One of the principal themes of Walzers critique of liberal capitalism is that it is insufficiently egalitarian. Walzers case against the economic inequality generated by capitalism and in favor of “a radical redistribution of wealth” is presented in a widely cited essay entitled “In

44、 Defense of Equality.”The most striking feature of Walzers critique is that, far from rejecting the principle of reward according to merit, Walzer insists on its validity. People who excel should receive the superior benefits appropriate to their excellence. But people exhibit a great variety of qua

45、lities -“intelligence, physical strength, agility and grace, artistic creativity, mechanical skill, leadership, endurance, memory, psychological insight, the capacity for hard work -even moral strength, sensitivity, the ability to express compassion.” Each deserves its proper recompense, and hence a

46、 proper distribution of material goods should reflect human differences as measured on all these different scales. Yet, under capitalism, the ability to make money (“the green thumb of bourgeois society”) enables its possessor to acquire almost “every other sort of social good，such as the respect an

47、d esteem of others.The centerpiece of Walzers argument is the invocation of a quotation from Pascals Pensees, which concludes: “tyranny is the wish to obtain by one means what can only be had by another”. Pascal believes that we owe different duties to different qualities, so we might say that infat

48、uation is the proper response to charm, and awe the proper response to strength. In this light, Walzer characterizes capitalism as the tyranny of money (or of the ability to make it). And Walzer advocates the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality, the abolition of the p

49、ower of money outside its sphere”. What Walzer envisions is a society in which wealth is no longer convertible into social goods with which it has no intrinsic connection. Walzers argument is a puzzling one. After all, why should those qualities unrelated to the production of material goods be rewar

50、ded with material goods? Is it not tyrannical, in Pascals sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? Yet Walzers argument, how

51、ever deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capital ism-namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. Some even

52、argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable: in any society that, like a capacity society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms, disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.1. The primary purpose of the

53、passage is to（ ）.2. The author mentions all of the following as issues addressed by Walzer EXCEPT（ ）.3. The authors interpretation of the principle that “we owe different duties to different qualities (Para.3) suggest that which of the following would most probably be the duty paired with the qualit

54、y of veracity?4. The author implies that Walzers interpretation of the principle of reward according to merit is distinctive for its（ ）.5. The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions?问题1选项A.argue that Walzers critique of liberal capitalism is the cornerston

55、e of Walzers thinkingB.identity and to deprecate the origins of the intellectual tradition championed byC.present more clearly than does the essay In Defense of Equality the distinctive features of Walzers politico-economic theoriesD.outline and to examine critically Walzers position on economic equ

56、ality问题2选项A.proper level of a societys wealthB.proper interpretation of economic equalityC.proper recompense for individual excellenceD.grounds for calling capitalism the tyranny of money问题3选项A.DignityB.AffectionC.TrustD.Obedience问题4选项A.insistence on maximizing everyones rewardsB.broad conception of

57、 what constitutes meritC.proven validityD.emphasis on equality问题5选项A.Which quality does Walzer deem too highly valued under liberal capitalism?B.What weight in relation to other qualities should a quality like sensitivity have, according to Walzer, in determining the proper distribution of goods?C.W

58、hich are the social goods that are, according to Walzer, outside the reach of the power of money?D.What practical steps does Walzer suggest be taken to relieve the economic inequality generated by capitalism?【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章的主要目的是什么？”文章第一段提出沃尔则对自由资本主义的批判的主要主题之一就是它的不平

59、等（One of the principal themes of Walzers critique of liberal capitalism is that it is insufficiently egalitarian）；第二段和第三段概述和分析了他的经济平等的观点，因此选项D。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“除了以下哪一项，其他都是沃尔则提出的？”文章第二段提到“那些出类拔萃的人应该得到与其能力相称的待遇”（People who excel should receive the superior benefits appropriate to their excellence），因此可知选

60、项C在文章中被提及，排除；文章第二段提到“每种品质都应该得到适当的报酬，因此，需要一个合适的物质分配来反映出人类不同品质的差别”（Each deserves its proper recompense, and hence a proper distribution of material goods should reflect human differences as measured on all these different scales），由此可知选项B在文章中被提及，排除；文章第三段提到“据此，沃尔则将资本主义描述为金钱（或赚钱能力）的暴政”（In this light, Wal

61、zer characterizes capitalism as the tyranny of money (or of the ability to make it)），由此可知选项D在文章中被提及，排除。综上，选项A符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者对我们对不同的品质负有不同的责任这一原则的解释表明，下列哪一项最有可能与诚实品质相对应的责任？”文章第三段第二句话提到“帕斯卡认为，我们对不同的品质负有不同的责任，所以我们可以说，迷恋是对魅力的正确反应，敬畏是对力量的正确反应”（Pascal believes that we owe different duties to differe

62、nt qualities, so we might say that infatuation is the proper response to charm, and awe the proper response to strength），由此可知对“诚实品质”正确的反应是“信赖”，因此选项C符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为沃尔则对于按劳分配原则的解释是独特的，是因为”文章第二段提到了人们表现出的各种品质，比如智力、体力、敏捷、优雅、艺术创造力、领导能力、耐力、记忆力、洞察力等等，每种品质都值得回报，因此需要一个适合的物质分配来反映出不同品质的差别（Each deserves

63、its proper recompense, and hence a proper distribution of material goods should reflect human differences as measured on all these different scales），因此选项B“构成品质的广义的概念”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章为解答下列哪个问题提供了充足的信息？”文章第二段提到“然而在资本主义制度下，赚钱能力使其拥有者获得机会所有其他类型的社会福利，比如他人的尊重和自尊”（Yet, under capitalism, the ability to

64、make money (“the green thumb of bourgeois society”)enables its possessor to acquire almost “every other sort of social good”，such as the respect and esteem of others）；文章第三段提到“据此，沃尔则将资本主义描述为金钱（或赚钱能力）的暴政”（In this light, Walzer characterizes capitalism as the tyranny of money (or of the ability to make it)），由此可知选项A“沃尔则认为自由资本主义下高估了的那些品质”符合题意。8. 翻译题Translate the following part into Chinese.