2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷24

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题Much of what is best in Rootsthe story of his family traces back over seven generations was writtenout of this mans own sufferings and despair. He is close to tears as he tells the story. A B C D【答案】B traces back改为traced back【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】根据was writte

2、n，可知动作已完成，trace是非谓语动词，用过去分词traced表示动作已发生。【句意】根讲述了他的家族七代人的故事，其中最精彩的部分是他用自己的痛苦和绝望写成的。当他讲述这个故事时，几乎要流泪了。2. 填空题In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains uncomforting, but increasi

3、ngly, experts are pointing the blame at A B C Dportable electronic devices.【答案】B uncomforting改为unconfirmed【解析】【考查点】表语。【解题思路】根据关键词remains，可知B部分是表语，在这里应该用形容词。根据but，可知句子前后表示转折关系，后面说到越来越多专家指出干扰的来源是电子设备，可知其来源并没有被证实，unconfirmed的意思为“未经证实的，未确认的”，符合语境。【句意】在过去的15年里，飞行员报告了超过100起可能由电磁干扰引起的事故。这种干扰的来源还没有被证实，但越来越多

4、的专家指出这是电子设备引起的。3. 填空题A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one third of U.S. companies. It may not be longwhen London replaces New York as the capital A B C Dof PR.【答案】D when改为before【解析】【考查点】从句。

5、【解题思路】D部分到句子结尾是时间状语从句，表示用不了多久伦敦就会取代纽约，引导词用before，表示在伦敦取代纽约要不了多长时间。【句意】最近的一项调查发现，超过一半的英国公司将公关作为公司规划活动的一部分，而美国公司的这一比例只有三分之一。用不了多久，伦敦就会取代纽约成为公关之都。4. 填空题Those Asian Americans whose families have been living in the United States for several generations resent to be singled out and stereotyped as part of

6、a supermajority. They feel that their achievements are only comparable to what other A B C Dimmigrant groups have done in the past.【答案】B to be singled out改为being singled out【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】根据短语resent doing sth.确定此处应为being singled out。【句意】那些已经在美国生活了好几代的亚裔美国人愤恨被孤立出来，并被定义为绝大多数的一部分。他们觉得自己的成就只能与其他移民群体过

7、去的成就相媲美。5. 单选题Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated. The genes sequence of nucleotides is transcribed into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), which reproduces the information contained in that sequence. Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is t

8、ranslated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. Since the amount of mRNA in a cell determines the amount of the corresponding protein, factors affecting the abundanc

9、e of mRNAs play a major part in the normal functioning of a cell by appropriately regulating protein synthesis. For example, an excess of certain proteins can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and become cancerous; a lack of the protein insulin results in diabetes.Biologists once assumed that th

10、e variable rates at which cells synthesize different mRNAs determines the quantities of mRNAs and their corresponding proteins in a cell. However, recent investigations have shown that the concentrations of most mRNAs correlate best, not with their synthesis rate, but rather with the equally variabl

11、e rates at which cells degrade the different mRNAs in their cytoplasm. If a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNAs will accumulate to high levels.An important example of this phenomenon is the development of red blood cells from their unspecialized parent cells

12、 in bone marrow. For red blood cells to accumulate sufficient concentrations of hemoglobin (which transports oxygen) to carry out their main function, the cells parent cells must simultaneously produce more of the constituent proteins of hemoglobin and less of most other proteins. To do this, the pa

13、rent cells halt synthesis of non-hemoglobin mRNAs in the nucleus and rapidly degrade copies of the non-hemoglobin mRNAs remaining in the cytoplasm. Halting synthesis of mRNA alone would not affect the quantities of proteins synthesized by the mRNAs still existing in the cytoplasm. Biologists now bel

14、ieve that most cells can regulate protein production most efficiently by varying both mRNA synthesis and degradation, as developing red cells do, rather than by just varying one or the other.1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing the _.2. According to the passage, which of the followi

15、ng can happen when, protein is not appropriately regulated?3. The accumulation of concentrations of hemoglobin in red blood cells is mentioned in the passage as an example of which of the following?4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the second and third paragraphs of t

16、he passage?问题1选项A.influence of mRNA concentrations on the development of red blood cellsB.role of the synthesis and degradation of mRNA in cell functioningC.mechanism by which genes are transcribed into mRNAD.differences in mRNA concentrations in cell nuclei and in the cytoplasm问题2选项A.Diabetes can r

17、esult from errors that occur when the ribosomes translate mRNA into protein.B.A deficiency of red blood cells can occur if bone marrow cells produce too much mechanism.C.Cancer can result from an excess of certain proteins and diabetes can result from an insulin deficiency.D.Excessive synthesis of o

18、ne protein can trigger increased degradation of mRNAs for other proteins and create severe protein imbalances.问题3选项A.The effectiveness of simultaneous variation of the rates of synthesis and degradation of mRNAB.The role of the ribosome in enabling a parent cell to develop properly into a more speci

19、alized form.C.The importance of activating the genes for particular proteins at the correct moment.D.The kind of evidence for support of a view of mRNA synthesis that is now considered obsolete.问题4选项A.The second paragraph presents arguments in support of a new theory and the third paragraph presents

20、 arguments against that theory.B.The second paragraph describes a traditional view and the third paragraph describes the view that has replaced it on the basis of recent investigations.C.The third paragraph describes an investigation that was undertaken to resolve problems described in the second pa

21、ragraph.D.The third paragraph describes a specific case of a phenomenon that is described generally in the second paragraph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The passage is primarily concerned with discussing the _. 本文主要讨论了_。A. influence of mRNA concentrations on the development of red blood cel

22、ls A. 信使核糖核苷酸浓度对红细胞发育的影响B. role of the synthesis and degradation of mRNA in cell functioning B. 信使核糖核苷酸的合成和降解在细胞功能中的作用C. mechanism by which genes are transcribed into mRNA C. 基因被转换成信使核糖核苷酸的机制D. differences in mRNA concentrations in cell nuclei and in the cytoplasm D. 细胞核和细胞质中信使核糖核苷酸浓度的差异【答案】B【考查点】主旨

23、大意题。【解题思路】文章在第一段在第一句“当编码蛋白质的基因被激活时，蛋白质合成就开始了（Protein synthesis begins）。”引出话题，然后讲述信使核糖核苷酸的合成；第二段讲述信使核糖核苷酸的降解，在第二段最后一句总结“如果一个细胞同时降解（degrades）快速合成和缓慢合成的信使核糖核酸，这两种信使核糖核酸的浓度都会累积到很高的水平。”；第三段在最后一句总结“大多数细胞可以通过改变信使核糖核酸的合成和降解来最有效地调节蛋白质的产生（regulate protein production most efficiently）”，点出信使核糖核酸的合成和降解对细胞的作用。综上所

24、述，本文分别讲述了信使核糖核酸的合成和降解及其在细胞中的作用，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“信使核糖核苷酸浓度对红细胞发育的影响”：这是第三段的内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全；C选项“基因被转换成信使核糖核苷酸的机制”：这是第一段的内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全；D选项“细胞核和细胞质中信使核糖核苷酸浓度的差异”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, which of the following can happen when, protein is not appropriately regulated? 根据这篇文章

25、，当蛋白质没有得到适当的调节时，会发生下列哪一种情况？A. Diabetes can result from errors that occur when the ribosomes translate mRNA into protein. A. 糖尿病可能是由于核糖体将信使核糖核酸转换成蛋白质时发生的错误。B. A deficiency of red blood cells can occur if bone marrow cells produce too much mechanism. B. 如果骨髓细胞产生过多的机制，就会出现红细胞不足。C. Cancer can result fro

26、m an excess of certain proteins and diabetes can result from an insulin deficiency. C. 某些蛋白质过量可能导致癌症，胰岛素缺乏可能导致糖尿病。D. Excessive synthesis of one protein can trigger increased degradation of mRNAs for other proteins and create severe protein imbalances. D. 过量合成一种蛋白质会引发其他蛋白质信使核糖核酸的降解，并造成严重的蛋白质失衡。【答案】C【

27、考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词appropriately regulated定位到第一段倒数二句，该处讲到“因子通过适当地调节蛋白质的合成（by appropriately regulating protein synthesis），在细胞的正常功能中起着重要作用。”，结合该段最后一句“例如（For example），某些蛋白质过量（excess of certain proteins）会导致细胞异常增殖并癌变（cancerous），缺乏胰岛素蛋白（a lack of the protein insulin）会导致糖尿病（diabetes）。”，可知蛋白质没有得到适当的调整，

28、其结果是某些蛋白质过量可能导致癌症，胰岛素缺乏可能导致糖尿病，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“糖尿病可能是由于核糖体将信使核糖核酸转换成蛋白质时发生了错误”：糖尿病的病因不是这个，属于无中生有；B选项“如果骨髓细胞产生过多的机制，就会出现红细胞不足”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“过量合成一种蛋白质会引发其他蛋白质信使核糖核酸的降解，并造成严重的蛋白质失衡”：文中没有提到过量合成一种蛋白质会引发其他蛋白质信使核糖核酸的降解，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】The accumulation of concentrations of hemoglobin in red blood c

29、ells is mentioned in the passage as an example of which of the following? 红细胞中血红蛋白浓度的积累是作为下列哪一选项的例子？A. The effectiveness of simultaneous variation of the rates of synthesis and degradation of mRNA. A. 信使核糖核酸合成和降解同时转换的速率有效性。B. The role of the ribosome in enabling a parent cell to develop properly int

30、o a more specialized form. B. 核糖体在使母细胞发育成更特殊形式中的作用。C. The importance of activating the genes for particular proteins at the correct moment. C. 在正确时刻激活特定蛋白质基因的重要性。D. The kind of evidence for support of a view of mRNA synthesis that is now considered obsolete. D. 现在已经淘汰的信使核糖核酸合成观点的证据。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【

31、解题思路】根据题干中信息词concentrations of hemoglobin定位到第三段第二句，该处讲到“为了使红细胞积累足够浓度的血红蛋白（For red blood cells to accumulate sufficient concentrations of hemoglobin）”，该段第一句“这一现象（this phenomenon）的重要例子（example）是”起承上启下的作用，这里的example指的是题干中的例子，phenomenon指的是第二段最后两句“大多数信使核糖核酸的浓度与细胞降解细胞质中不同信使核糖核酸的相同转换速率（equally variable rat

32、es）最为相关。如果一个细胞同时降解快速合成和缓慢合成的信使核糖核酸（degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA），这两种信使核糖核酸的浓度都会累积到很高的水平。”，可知举例是为了说明信使核糖核酸可以同时进行合成和降解的转换，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“核糖体在使母细胞发育成更特殊形式中的作用”：文中没有提到母细胞发育成更特殊形式，属于无中生有；C选项“在正确时刻激活特定蛋白质基因的重要性”：文中没有提到应该在什么时候激活特定蛋白质基因，属于无中生有；D选项“现在已经淘汰的信使核糖核酸合成观点的证据”：这个例子不是为了证

33、明已经淘汰的信使核糖核酸合成观点，而是证明属于最新研究的观点，属于张冠李戴。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following best describes the relationship between the second and third paragraphs of the passage? 下面哪个选项最恰当地描述了文章第二段和第三段之间的关系？A. The second paragraph presents arguments in support of a new theory and the third paragraph presents arguments

34、against that theory. A. 第二段提出支持一个新理论的论点，第三段提出反对那个理论的论点。B. The second paragraph describes a traditional view and the third paragraph describes the view that has replaced it on the basis of recent investigations. B. 第二段描述了传统的观点，第三段描述了根据最近的调查而取代它的观点。C. The third paragraph describes an investigation tha

35、t was undertaken to resolve problems described in the second paragraph. C. 第三段叙述了为解决第二段所述问题而进行的研究。D. The third paragraph describes a specific case of a phenomenon that is described generally in the second paragraph. D. 第三段列举第二段大致描述的现象的具体例子。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词second and third paragraphs定

36、位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“这一现象的重要例子是（An important example of this phenomenon）红细胞从非特化骨髓母细胞发育而来。”，而this phenomenon指的是第二段最后两句“最近的研究表明”，可知第三段是第二段观点的例子，对其进行佐证，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“第二段提出支持某个新理论的论点，第三段提出反对那个理论的论点”：对应第二段第一句“生物学家曾经假定（once assumed）”以及该段第二句“然而（However），最近的研究（recent investigations）表明”，第二段已经提出了两个论点，第三段举例论证，属于

37、偷换概念；B选项“第二段描述了传统的观点，第三段描述了根据最近的调查而取代它的观点”：这两种观点都是第二段的内容，本选项只讲到第二段的内容，属于以偏概全；C选项“第三段叙述了为解决第二段所述问题而进行的研究”：第三段不是在讲述研究人员进行的科学研究，而是通过阐述事实举例子，属于偷换概念。6. 单选题The November 17-day coal strike, which was terminated December 7, brought about a general business and production paralysis at the close of the year.问

38、题1选项A.worsenedB.discontinuedC.denouncedD.hindered【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. worsened 变得更糟，恶化 B. discontinued 停止，终止C. denounced 谴责，指责 D. hindered 阻碍，妨碍【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】terminated的意思为“（使）停止，结束”，指的是罢工进行了17天后才结束，discontinued与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】去年12月7日结束的17天煤矿罢工，在年底造成了企业和生产的全面瘫痪。7. 填空题Sinc

39、e competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the meanswhich other basic American values such A B C Das individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work

40、are protected.【答案】D which改为by which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】D部分到句子结尾是修饰means的定语从句，means为事物，引导词用which，结合短语by means，确定by which正确。【句意】由于竞争被大多数美国人视为进步和繁荣的主要来源，具有竞争力的商业机构受到尊重。竞争不仅本身有好处，它还是一种维护其他美国价值观的方式，如个人自由、机会均等、勤奋工作等。8. 单选题When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in a

41、ny part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may

42、 multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong se

43、nse of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But mans societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will conti

44、nue very long on the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now mans societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machi

45、nes) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have emerged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that h

46、as reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be “secondary”machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to su

47、rvive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycl

48、e.Such creatures might be relics of a past a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1. Humans on Earth today are characterized by _.2. According to the passage, some people believe that eventually

49、 _.3. Even most imaginative people have to admit that _.4. It seems that the writer _.问题1选项A.their existences as free and separate beingsB.their capability of living under favorable conditionsC.their great power and effectivenessD.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society问题2选项A.human so

50、cieties will be much more cooperativeB.man will live in a highly organized worldC.machines will replace manD.living beings will disappear from Earth问题3选项A.human societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsB.planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stayC.it is diffi

51、cult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyD.organism are more creative than machines问题4选项A.is interested in the imaginary life formsB.is eager to find a different form of lifeC.is certain of the existence of a new life formD.is critical of the imaginative people【

52、答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Humans on Earth today are characterized by _. 地球上的人类如今的特征是_。A. their existences as free and separate beings A. 他们作为自由和独立的存在而存在B. their capability of living under favorable conditions B. 他们有能力在有利的环境中生活C. their great power and effectiveness C. 他们拥有强大的力量和效力D. their

53、strong desire for living in a close-knit society D. 他们渴望生活在一个紧密联系的社会里【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词today are characterized定位到第二段第二句，该处讲到“当今人类（Present-day man）正处于一个特殊的、也许是暂时的阶段。”，结合该段第三句“人的个体单位保留着强烈的个性意识（retain a strong sense of personality）。”，以及第三段第二句“从现在起的五万年里以至于每个人都失去了独立的个性（retain no sense of sepa

54、rate personality）。”可知如今人类的个性和个体特性非常明显，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们有能力在有利的环境中生活”：对应第二段倒数第二句“事实上，在有利的环境下，他们仍然有能力（still capable）过自己的生活。”，可知在以前，人类也有能力在有利的环境中生活，这不是只有在现在才有的特点，属于偷换概念；C选项“他们强大的力量和效力”：对应第二段最后一句“但是人类社会（societies）已经足够发达，拥有比个人更大的力量和效力（have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals）

55、。”，可知拥有强大力量和效力的是社会而不是人类，属于张冠李戴；D选项“他们渴望生活在一个紧密联系的社会里”：对应第三段第二句“从现在起的五万年里（Fifty thousand years from now），人类社会可能已经变得如此紧密地联系在一起。”，可知这里指的是未来，而非现在，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, some people believe that eventually _. 根据文章，有的人认为最终_。A. human societies will be much more cooperative A. 人类社会将会更加团结

56、协作B. man will live in a highly organized world B. 人类将生活在一个高度组织化的世界里C. machines will replace man C. 机器将取代人D. living beings will disappear from Earth D. 生物将从地球上消失【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词eventually定位到第四段第二句，该处讲到“太空探险者可能会发现在发展进入高级阶段的外星星球上唯一居住着的是由许多协同单元组成的大型生物（single large organism composed of many

57、 closely cooperating units）。”，以及第五段第二、三句“它们可能完全由金属和其他耐用材料建造（built entirely of metals and other durable materials）能在碳化合物构成并依赖于碳循环的生物无法生存的条件下繁殖（multiplying）。”这里说的就是机器，它们可以繁殖，成为星球上的唯一生物，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“人类社会将会更加团结协作”：对应第三段第二句“从现在起的五万年里（Fifty thousand years from now），人类社会可能已经变得如此紧密地联系在一起。”，这里指的是五万年的时间

58、范围内，不是最终，属于偷换概念；B选项“人类将生活在一个高度组织化的世界里”：这不是最终的结果，只是到达最后结果之前的其中一个阶段，属于偷换概念；D选项“生物将从地球上消失”：文中没有提到生物消失，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】Even most imaginative people have to admit that _. 即使是最有想象力的人也不得不承认_。A. human societies are as advanced as those on some other planets A. 人类社会和其他星球上的社会一样先进B. planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay B. 地球以外的行星不适合像我们这样的生命生存C. it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human body C. 很难区分人体的有机部分和无机部分D. organism are more creative than machines D. 有机体比机器更有创造力【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imagin