2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷54

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1、2022年考博英语-中国农业科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 不定项选择题A type of cell that floats freely in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women has been found to have many of the same traits as embryonic stem cells, including an ability to grow into brain, muscle and other tissues that could be used to treat a variety of dis

2、eases, scientists reported yesterday.The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing, are easier to maintain in laboratory dishes than embryonic stem cells-the highly versatile cells that come from destroyed human embryos and are at the center of a heated

3、 congressional debate that will resume this week.Moreover, because the cells are a genetic match to the developing fetus, tissues grown from them in the laboratory will not be rejected if they are used to treat birth defects in that newborn, researchers said. Alternatively, the cells could be frozen

4、, providing a personalized tissue bank for use later in life.The new cells are adding credence to an emerging consensus among experts that the popular distinction between embryonic and “adult” stem cells-those isolated from adult bone marrow and other organs-is artificial.Increasingly, it appears th

5、ere is a continuum of stem cell types, ranging from the embryonic ones that can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame, up to adult ones that can turn into a limited number of tissues but are relatively easy to control.The newly analyzed fetal stem cells, scientists said,

6、have many of the advantages of both.“They grow fast, as fast as embryonic stem cells, and they show great pluripotentiality,” meaning they can become many kinds of tissues, said study leader Anthony Atala, director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Wake Forest University School of Medici

7、ne in Winston-Salem, N.C. “But they remain stable for years without forming tumors,” he added, something that embryonic cells are not very good at.Atala and other scientists emphasized that they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.“Theres not going to be one shoe that fi

8、ts all,” said Robert Lanza, scientific director at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Mass. “Were going to have to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditions.”George Daley, a Harvard stem cell researcher, echoed that sentiment. “They are not a replacement for embryonic stem cel

9、ls,” he said.But in the past, even hints that non-embryonic cells might have medical potential similar to embryonic ones have complicated the political push to expand federal funding for the controversial field. And accordingly, opponents quickly pounced on the new results.65.（ ）is not a trait of em

10、bryonic stem cells.66. The cells that are shed by the developing fetus are（ ）.67. Tissues grown from these cells in the laboratory will not be rejected as they are（ ）.68. Embryonic stem cells can（ ）.69. Robert Lanza said “Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all.” He meant（ ）.70. The word “retr

11、ieved” in the second paragraph can be best replaced by（ ）.问题1选项A.Growing into brain tissuesB.Using embryonic stem cells to treat a variety of diseasesC.Causing a variety of diseasesD.Growing into muscle tissues问题2选项A.at the center of a heated congressional debateB.more difficult to maintain in labor

12、atory dishes than embryonic stem cellsC.difficult to retrieve during routine prenatal testingD.easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing问题3选项A.free of birth defectsB.easier to cultivateC.a genetic match to the donorD.can be frozen for use by anyone in need问题4选项A.turn into a limited number of

13、tissues and are difficult to tameB.turn into a limited number of tissues but are relatively easy to controlC.can morph into virtually any kind of tissue and are relatively easy to controlD.can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame问题5选项A.he does not believe these cells wil

14、l make embryonic stem cells irrelevantB.he knows people have different size feetC.he will still need to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditionD.even hints that non-embryonic cells might have medical potential has complicated things问题6选项A.taken out for testingB.collected for othe

15、r usesC.sampled for testingD.used for testing【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:A【解析】65.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一、二句A type of cell that floats freely in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women has been found to have many of the same traits as embryonic stem cells, including an ability to grow into bra

16、in, muscle and other tissues that could be used to treat a variety of diseases.（一种可以在孕妇羊水中自由漂浮的细胞被发现与胚胎干细胞有许多相同的特征，包括能够生长成大脑、肌肉和其他组织，用于治疗各种疾病），选项C“引起各种疾病”，文章没有提到此内容，C选项正确。A选项“在脑组织中生长”，文章提到，这种细胞可以生长大脑，A选项可排除。B“利用胚胎干细胞治疗多种疾病”，文章提到，这种细胞可以治疗各种疾病，B选项可排除。D选项“长成肌肉组织”，文章提到，这种细胞，可以长成肌肉组织，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。66.【试

17、题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第一句The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing（这些细胞由发育中的胎儿脱落，在常规的产前检查中很容易得到），D选项“在常规产前检查中很容易找回”，符合文章内容，D选项正确。A选项“处于激烈的国会辩论的中心”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。B选项“比胚胎干细胞更难在实验室培养皿中保存”，文章没有提到这些细胞更难在实验室培养皿中保存，B选项可排除。C选项“很难在常规产前检查中恢复”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此

18、D选项正确。67.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第一句because the cells are a genetic match to the developing fetus, tissues grown from them in the laboratory will not be rejected（因为这些细胞在基因上与发育中的胎儿相匹配，所以在实验室中从它们生长出来的组织不会被排斥），可推测，这些细胞在基因上与发育的胎儿相匹配，C选项“和捐赠者的基因匹配”正确。其余选项，A选项“无出生缺陷”，B选项“更容易培养”和D选项“可以冷冻起来供有需要的人使用”，不符合文章内容

19、，可排除。因此C选项正确。68.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第五段第三句the embryonic ones that can morph into virtually any kind of tissue but are difficult to tame（胚胎细胞几乎可以变成任何一种组织，但很难驯服），可以推断出D选项“可以转化成几乎任何一种组织，但很难驯服”正确。A选项“变成数量有限的组织，很难驯服”，文章没有提到会变成数量有限的组织，A选项可排除。B选项“转化成数量有限的组织，但相对容易控制”，说法错误，可排除。C选项“可以转化成几乎任何一种组织并且相对容易控制”，文章中

20、没有提到细胞容易控制，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。69.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据Atala and other scientists emphasized that they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.（Atala和其他科学家强调，他们不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要）和“Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all,” said Robert Lanza（罗伯特兰扎(Robert Lanza)表示：“没有一双鞋是适合

21、所有人的”），可知Robert Lanza，Atala and other scientists的观点是一致的，他不认为这种新型细胞是万能的，会代替胚胎干细胞的所有功能，使之变得不相干。所以题干中的这句话实际上是在支撑前面的科学家的那句话they dont believe the cells will make embryonic stem cells irrelevant.（他们不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要），A选项“他不相信这些细胞会使胚胎干细胞变得无关紧要”，符合文章内容，A选项正确；B选项“他知道每个人的脚大小都不一样”并不是Robert Lanza所暗示的含义；根据原文“

22、Theres not going to be one shoe that fits all,” said Robert Lanza, scientific director at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Mass. “Were going to have to see which ones are most useful for which clinical conditions.”（“没有一只鞋适合所有人”，Robert Lanza说，他是麻省Worcester先进细胞技术的科学总监“我们将不得不确定哪些药物对哪些临床情况最为有用”）可知

23、C选项“他还需要看看哪些药物对哪些临床情况最有用”在文章中有提及，但这句话是补充说明前文，表达他不认为这种新型细胞是万能的，而是要对症下药；D选项“即使暗示非胚胎细胞可能具有医疗潜力，也会使事情变得复杂”并不是Robert Lanza的观点。因此A选项正确。70.【试题答案】A【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干可以定位到第二段第一句The cells, shed by the developing fetus and easily retrieved during routine prenatal testing（这些细胞由发育中的胎儿脱落，在常规的产前检查中很容易得到）。这句话表达的是“在常规

24、产前检查中容易取出这种细胞做检查”。A选项“拿出来测试”，符合文章内容。B选项“收集作其他用途”，不符合文章内容，可排除。C选项“取样测试”，文章没有提到取样，可排除C选项。D选项“用于测试”，文章没有提到这种细胞用于测试，可排除。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.问题1选项A.ignitedB.immersedC.emittedD.hugged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。vomit在句中是“吐出，喷出”；A选项ignited“点燃”；B选项immersed“浸入”；C选项emitted“释放，放出”；D选项hugged“

25、拥抱”。句意：烟囱吐出一团烟。所以选C。3. 问答题Directions: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually beneficial to t

26、he individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in ways that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibilities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells are all alive, i

27、ndependently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relationships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells gain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectively. Further, the

28、y are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating.Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, an organization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can t

29、hen manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little synergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created has significant functionality over that of the individua

30、ls. When the group is small, few organs can be created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs can be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality. Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be

31、societies as could teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most important society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order for the Ages, novus ordo seclorum.Society is more than the government, however. It also i

32、ncludes all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need.【答案】参考范文：Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually beneficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, chiefly in ways that look out f

33、or the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibilities within the society. Society is more than the government, however. It also includes the entire economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need.4. 单选题While he was building his army by

34、（ ）new local forces, he consistently followed the practice of taking over these corps intact with their commanders and indoctrinating these leaders to ensure their allegiance to himself and his own army.问题1选项A.incorporatingB.having been incorporatedC.incorporatedD.being incorporated【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析

35、。incorporate“合并，吸收”。incorporate这个动作是直接由句子的主语“he”来执行的，所以介词by后面直接跟动词的进行时。句意：当他通过新的地方部队来建立他的军队时，他一直遵循这样的做法，即完整地接管这些部队和他们的指挥官，并灌输这些领导人以确保他们效忠于他自己和他自己的军队。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题The sales manager was so adamant about her idea that it was out of the question for anyone to talk her out of it.问题1选项A.adaptableB.anxiou

36、sC.firmD.talkative【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。adamant在句中是“坚决的，坚定不移的”，A选项adaptable “能适应的”；B选项anxious“焦虑的”；C选项firm“坚固的；坚决的”；D选项talkative“健谈的”。句意：销售经理对自己的想法如此坚决，以至于任何人都无法说服她放弃。因此选C。6. 单选题Because of its favorable climate, its easy access to the principal silk and tea producing area, and its（ ）to the main interior

37、trade routes, Shanghai attracted more foreign attention than any other port in China.问题1选项A.distanceB.in the neighborhoodC.proximityD.in the neighborhood of【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义短语搭配辨析。A选项distance“距离”；B选项in the neighborhood“在附近”；C选项proximity“接近”；D选项in the neighborhood of“在附近”。proximity to邻近某段，为固定搭配。句意：宜人的气

38、候，进入丝绸茶叶的主产地的便利以及国内主要的商业圈，让上海比中国其他地区更能引起外国的注意。因此C选项正确。7. 翻译题2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。维护世界和平，加强友好合作，促进共同发展是各国人民的共同愿望。当前，贫困、失业、难民、犯罪、人口膨胀、环境恶化、毒品泛滥、恐怖主义等问题仍然严峻，影响着全球的稳定与发展。中国与西方国家虽然国情不同，但在一系列重大国际问题上具有广泛一致的利益。我对中国同西方各国关系的改善与发展感到高兴。中国政府和人民愿在相互新生和平等互利的基础上，同包括西方国家在内的

39、世界各国政府和人民一道，为和平与发展的崇高事业做出贡献。【答案】参考译文：Peace and development are the two major themes in todays world. The maintenance of world peace, strengthening friendship and cooperation and promoting common development are the common aspiration of all peoples. At present, poverty, unemployment, refugees, crime,

40、 a population explosion, environmental degradation, drug trafficking, terrorism and other issues are still severe and affect global stability and development. Although China and western countries have different national conditions, both sides have broadly consistent interests in a series of major in

41、ternational issues. I am delighted to see the improvement and development of the connection between China and west countries. The government and people of China would like to devote to the great peace and development on the basis of mutual trust and equality and mutual benefit with all the people an

42、d all the governments including west countries.8. 单选题Familiarity with Western weapons, the assistance of European officers, reliance upon steamships, all gave his army great superiority（ ）the other armies of the period, including those of the government.问题1选项A.toB.betterC.overD.of【答案】C【解析】固定搭配辨析。sup

43、eriority over sth.“比优越；比优越”。句意：熟悉西方武器，欧洲官员的帮助以及蒸汽船的使用使得他的军队当时的包括政府军队在内的其他军队。本句表达“他的军队比其他军队优越”。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题The unfortunate death of the genius poet caused（ ）loss to this country.问题1选项A.pricelessB.countlessC.incalculableD.imaginable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项priceless“无价的”；B选项countess“无数的，数不尽的”；C选项incalcul

44、able“不可计算的”；D选项imaginable“可想象的”。句意：那位天才诗人的不幸死亡给国家带来了不可计算的损失。结合句意，只有C选项符合。10. 单选题At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.问题1选项A.hopefullyB.reflectivelyC.sympatheticallyD.irresistibly【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。wistfully在句中是“渴望地

45、，希望地”；A选项hopefully“希望地”；B选项reflectively“沉思地”；C选项sympathetically“同情地，怜悯地”；D选项irresistibly“不可抗拒地”。句意：黄昏时分，海托先生会坐在后院的旧扶手椅上渴望沉浸在他青春恋情的回忆中。根据选项，只有A项符合。11. 不定项选择题A Washington-based think tank has been soliciting critiques of the just-released international assessment of the evidence on climate change, a m

46、ove that prompted some academics and environmentalists to accuse the group of seeking to distort the latest evidence for global warming.Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and the Public Interest Research Group questioned why the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) has offered $10,000 to academics wi

47、lling to contribute to a book on climatechange policy, an overture that was first reported Friday in Londons Guardian newspaper.Greenpeace spokeswoman Jane Kochersperger, who noted that AEI has received funding from Exxon Mobil in recent years, said yesterday that the think tank “has clearly hit a n

48、ew low when its throwing out cash awards under the rubric of reason to create confusion on the status of climate science. Americans are still suffering the impacts of Hurricane Katrina, and its clearly time for policymakers on both sides of the aisle to take substantive action on global warming and

49、ignore Exxon Mobils disinformation campaign via climate skeptics.”AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Greenone of two researchers who has sought to commission the critiquessaid in an interview that his group is examining the policy debate on global warming, not the science.“Its completely policy-oriented,”

50、 said Green, adding that a third of the academics AEI solicited for the project are interested in participating. “Somebody wants to distort this.”In July 2006, Green and AEI resident scholar Steven F. Hayward both of whom have questioned the need for caps on emissions of carbon dioxide and other gas

51、ses linked to global warming started soliciting essays from academics on the then-upcoming report on global warming by the U.N. sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The surveys authors, who hail from more than 100 countries, said in their report Friday that they are at least 9

52、0 percent certain that human activity accounted for climate change over the past 50 years.“The purpose of the project is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the IPCC process, especially as it bears on policy responses to climate change,” the two men wrote. “As with any large-scale consensus

53、 process, the IPCC is susceptible to self-selection bias in its personnel, resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent, and likely to have summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work of the complete Working Group reports.”At least two academics Texas A&M University atmosph

54、eric sciences professor Gerald North and Texas A&M climate researcher Steven Schroeder turned down AEIs offer because they feared their work would be politicized.Schroeder, who has worked with Green in the past and has questioned some aspects of traditional climate modeling, said in an interview tha

55、t he did not think AEI would have skewed his results. But he added that he worried his contribution might have been published alongside “off-the-wall ideas” questioning the existence of global warming.“We worried our work could be misused even if we produced a reasonable report,” Schroeder said. “Wh

56、ile any human endeavor can be criticized, the IPCC system greatly exceeds the cooperation, openness and scientific rigorousness of the process applied to any other problem area that has significant effects on society.”41. The word “commission” in the fourth paragraph can be best replaced by（ ）.42. S

57、ome academics and environmentalists accuse（ ）of seeking to distort the latest evidence of global warming.43. Advocacy groups include（ ）.44. Jane Kochersperger is（ ）.45. Kenneth Green believes（ ）.46. The best title for this article is（ ）.问题1选项A.calling the group together to do the jobB.separating the

58、 group from doing the jobC.committeeD.setting up a committee to tackle this issue问题2选项A.a Washington based think tankB.a solicitorC.an assessmentD.an assessment group问题3选项A.American Enterprise institute and the Public Institute Research GroupB.Greenpeace and American Enterprise InstituteC.Greenpeace

59、 Public Interest Research Group and American Enterprise InstituteD.Public Interest Research Group and Greenpeace问题4选项A.an employer of Exxon MobilB.a U.S. congresspersonC.a victim of Hurricane KatrinaD.a spokesperson for Greenpeace问题5选项A.there is a need to cap emissions of carbon dioxide and other ga

60、sses linked to global warmingB.there is no need to cap emission of carbon dioxide and other gasses linked to global warmingC.global warming is a big problem in more than 100 countriesD.global warming is not a big problem in more than 100 countries问题6选项A.Our Environmental ConcernsB.The Threat of Glob

61、al WarmingC.The Debate over Global WarmingD.The Build Up of Carbon Dioxide We Face Today【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C【解析】41.【试题答案】A【试题解析】词义辨析题。commission出现在文章第四段AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Green one of two researchers who has sought to commission the critiques（美国企业研究所访问学者肯尼斯格林两名寻求委托发表评论的研究人员之一

62、），根据第四“commission”一词的后面一句said in an interview that his group is examining the policy debate on global warming.（他的团体正在研究全球变暖的政治辩论）。A选项“召集大家来做这件事”，符合文章内容。B选项“把团队和工作分开”，不符合题意，可排除。C选项“委员会”，commission这里作为动词，C选项词性不符合，可排除。D选项“评估小组”，不符合题意，可排除。因此A选项正确。42.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句、第二句A Washington-ba

63、sed think tank has been soliciting critiques（一家总部设在华盛顿的智库一直在征求批评意见），可知accuse the group of seeking to distort the latest evidence for global warming.（指责该组织试图歪曲全球变暖的最新证据）中的“the group”指的是前面的“华盛顿智库”。A选项“华盛顿智库”，符合文章内容。B选项“说客”，不符合题意，可排除。C选项“评估”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“评估小组”，不符合题意，可排除。因此A选项正确。43.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第二段Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and the Public Interest Research Group（倡导组织如绿色和平组织和公共利益研究组织），说明倡导组织就是绿色和平组织和公共利益研究组织。D选项“公共利益研究小组和绿色和平组织”，符合文章内容。A选项“美国企业研究所和公共研究所研究小组”，在文中没有提及，可排除。B选项“绿色和平组织和美国企业研究所”、C选项“绿色和平公共利益研究小组和美国企业研究所”在文中没有提及美国，C可排除。因此D选项正确。44.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事