2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷6

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1、2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Rational choice theoryRational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling, social and economic behavior. Rationality, interpreted as “wanting more rather than less of a

2、 good，is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in macroeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modem political science, sociology, and philosophy. It attaches “wanting more” to

3、instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Backer was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for

4、 his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.In rational choice theory, these costs are only extrinsic or external to the individual rather than being intrinsic or internal. That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminals self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, gui

5、lt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime. In general, rational choice theory does not address the role of an individuals sense of morals or ethics in decision-making. Thus, economics Noblest Amartya Sen sees the model of people who follow rational choice model as “rati

6、onal fools”.【答案】理性选择理论理性选择理论，也被称为选择理论或理性行为理论，是用于理解社会，正式对社会和经济行为的框架。理性，被解释为“对最大利益的追求”，在宏观经济模型中被广泛用作个人行为的假设，并出现在几乎所有经济学教科书中关于人类决策的处理。它也是现代政治学、社会学和哲学的中心。它将“想要更多”与理性工具联系起来，这涉及到寻求最经济有效的手段来实现特定目标，而不考虑该目标的价值。Gary Backer是更广泛地运用理性行为者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧视、犯罪和人力资本而获得1992年诺贝尔经济学奖。在理性选择理论中，这些成本仅是非本质的或外部的，而不是本质的或者内部的。也

7、就是说，严格的理性选择理论不会根据罪犯的内心的悔恨，内疚，或羞愧等自我惩罚以确定犯罪的成本。一般来说，理性选择理论并不涉及个人道德或伦理意识在决策中的作用。因此，诺贝尔奖获得者AmartyaSen认为，遵循理性选择模式的经济学人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。2. 问答题Since the United States maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in A Bthe world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur to the same

8、 extent in Europe. Contrary Cto fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned. D【答案】试题答案：A; Although/While【解析】考查连词。由“the United States maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world（美国的离婚率仍然是世界上最高的，这一点令人怀疑）”和“the temporary decline i

9、n divorce did not occur to the same extent in Europe（在欧洲，离婚率的暂时下降并没有达到同样的程度）” 可知此处表示转折关系，故用although或while。3. 翻译题Translate the following into English中国央行数据显示，去年影子银行融资占世界第二大经济体融资总量的近三分之一，凸显中国影了银行业的崛起。中国人民银行表示，去年来自信托公司和影子银行部门其他实体的融资金额创下历史纪录，占到全年总融资规模17.3万亿元人民币(台2.9万亿美元) 的30%，髙于2012年23%的比重。中国的影子银行部门对地方政

10、府债务的迅速增长起到了助推作用。地方政府近年纷纷建立表外工具借款，为开发项目提供资金支持。据中国国家审计署近期的一份报告似计，截至去年6月底，地方政府债务已接近3万亿美元，比2010年年底上一次审计时增长了70%。【答案】The rise of Chinas shadow banking sector has been thrown into sharp relief by data from the central bank showing that it accounts for nearly one-third of aggregate financing in the worlds s

11、econd-biggest economy. Funding from trust companies and other entities in the shadow sector rose to its highest level on record and accounted for 30 per cent of the RMB17.3tn ($2.9tn) in total credit issued last year, the Peoples Bank of China said, up from a 23 percent share of aggregate financing

12、in 2012.Chinas shadow banking sector has helped fuel an alarming run-up in the debt owed by local governments, which have established off-balance-sheet vehicles to borrow money for development projects. A recent report by Chinas National Audit Office estimated that local government debts had reached

13、 almost $3tn by June last year, rising 70 per cent from the previous audit at the end of 2010.4. 问答题The question I am asked most often nowadays is this: are we back to 2008 and another global Afinancial crisis and recession? My answer is a straightforward no, but that the recent episode of B Cglobal

14、 financial market turmoil is like to be more serious than any period of volatility and risk-off Dbehavior since 2009.【答案】试题答案：D; likely【解析】考查固定搭配。be likely to意为“可能”。5. 填空题In Microsofts latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded （1）its new Windows

15、 Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good （2） , with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers （3 ） unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell （4） more than $2,200, from Micro

16、soft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the （5） had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers （6 ） wrote about technology and other subjects that could be （7） by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsofts mailing list initially greeted

17、 the machines with enthusiasm, many （8 ） bloggers soon objected - not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the （9） rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept （10）gifts from companies they cover.【答案】1.考查介词搭配。根据空格前的loaded（装载）与空格后的operating

18、system（操作系统）可知此处用介词with构成固定搭配load with（装载某物）。试题答案：with2.考查上下文语义。aswellas常用来连接两个并列的成分，意为“也，还”，根据空格前的generated controversy（引起争议）as well as可知此处填good will（善意）。试题答案：will3.考查介词搭配。根据with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery可知此处填of与前面的of bribery形成对应。试题答案：of4.考查介词搭配。sell for表示“卖（多少钱）”。试题答案：for5.考查上下文语

19、义。根据had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers（已经向博客寄出了大约90台电脑）可推测主语为微软公司，用“the company”指代微软公司。试题答案：company6.考查关系代词。空格前的bloggers为先行词，表示人，且在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who引导。试题答案：who7.考查上下文语义。短文第一段提到“最近微软公司赠送昂贵的装载有自身新的Windows Vista 操作系统的笔记本电脑”可推测“微软公司送装载有自身新的Windows Vista操作系统的笔记本电脑的目的是了解该新的操作系统所带来的影响”，再由空格前的be和空格后

20、的by，可知动词被动形式，填affected。试题答案：affected8.考查不定代词。根据空格前But while those on Microsofts mailing list initially greeted the machines（不过当微软公司电脑寄送名单上那些人最初热心地欢迎这些电脑吋）和空格后many.bloggers soon objected（很多博客使用者很快就反对这些电脑的赠送）可推测此处是其他人的态度。试题答案：other9.考查上下文语义。根据because bloggers are bound by the . rules as traditional jo

21、urnalists（因为博客受到规则的约束，如同传统的记者）可推测博客也像记者一样受到同样的规则制约，故填same。试题答案：same10.考查上下文语义。根据第四题可知每台电脑的价格以超过2200美元卖出，可推出此处表示“昂贵的礼物”，故填expensive。试题答案：expensive6. 问答题There has been inverse relationship between household net worth and the personal saving rate, Aconsistent with the permanent income hypothesis, under

22、 which household expenditures respond Bprincipally to changes in long-term wealth rather than short-term fluctuations in income. C D【答案】试题答案：D; of【解析】考查介词搭配。此处表示的是收入的短期波动，属于从属关系，用介词of。7. 翻译题Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.人们要想得到工作的胜利即得到预想的结果，一定要使自己的思想符合于客观外界的规律性，如果不符合，就会在实践

23、中失败。人们经过失败之后，也就从失败中取得教训，改正自己的思想使之符合外界的规律性，人们就能变失败为胜利，所谓“失败乃成功之母”，“吃一堑长一智”，就是这个道理。【答案】If you want to be successful in your work as you expected, you must make your thoughts conform to objective objects laws of the world. If not, you would be fail in practice. After experiencing failure, you would lea

24、rn lessons from failure and adjust your thoughts to objective laws. You can turn failure into victory, which is called “failure is the mother of success” and “a fall into a pit, a gain in your wit”.8. 单选题“How many of you have been angry at least once today?” asked the conductor of an anger-managemen

25、t seminar. According to an article in The New York Times, most of those in the room raised their hands. “The fact is,” the seminar leader continued, “people get angry at an average of 10 to 14 times a day. But anger is especially endemic to work. If you have a job, youre guaranteed to get angry.”Up

26、would have gone my hand, had I been in the room and heard that last remark. And I would have respectfully disagreed.Although some statistics indicate that the number of on-the-job flare-ups has increased in recent years, to hold onto the notion that workplace anger is therefore guaranteed is counter

27、productive. It leaves one with the impression that any efforts to remain even-tempered at work are, at best, only a bandit.Anger-management experts do offer a few common-sense guidelines to minimize work-related anger: dont let it faster; dont look for snubs in what are purely innocent incidents; do

28、nt get caught up in other peoples gripes; if you start to lose control, take a break.I would add, pray.Instead of sitting there fuming over some encounter, why not use the time to listen for Gods thoughts, his messages to you? To be sure, they will snuff out the heat of anger and bring calmness, cla

29、rity, and healing. “For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end.”Better still, one can act preemptively to prevent a volatile atmosphere on the job. A good start is to consider that the people we work with whether its the person at

30、 the desk across from ours or the president of the company are not what we see on the surface.If we take it for granted that our coworkers are so many individuals merely of an assortment of physical and emotional characteristics, then our overall expectations on the job, as well as our concern for t

31、he well-being of those we work with, are limited. But our true nature isnt the sum of material and sometimes fiery emotional elements. Each one of us is Gods child. Everyones true selfhood comes from this one source God, divine Spirit and is therefore purely good and spiritual.“Man (including woman)

32、 is the offspring, not of the lowest, but of the highest qualities of Mind,” wrote Mary Baker Eddy, the author of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. This divine Mind, or God, is expressing in each of us these “high qualities” as our real nature, respectful and loving, and revealing our a

33、ctual relation to one another as sons and daughters of God.What we should be counting on at work, then, or anywhere else where people come into contact with one another, is an atmosphere in which everyone feels upheld by Gods thoughts of peace. In this atmosphere, solid relationships develop and sol

34、utions appear even in situations where it was believed that none were possible.So, instead of bracing for a showdown with a fellow worker, you can arrive at work filled with the conviction that you and your colleagues, clients, and customers, are all inherently good-natured God-natured the offspring

35、 of a totally loving creator. Youre certain to have higher-expectations, more compassion, more patience. A real peacemaker attitude.This is doing more than managing work-related anger. This is helping to eliminating it.1. What does the sentence “But anger is especially endemic to work” in the 1st pa

36、ragraph mean?2. What s the meaning of the first sentence in the 2 paragraph “Up would have gone my hand”?3. What guidelines do the anger-management experts offer to subdue workplace anger?4. What does the author of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures try to convey to the readers in thebook

37、?5. Whats the main idea of this passage?问题1选项A.Anger for sure would cause harm to ones work.B.Anger is as inevitable in workplace as indisposition (不舒服，微恙) to a person.C.Anger can threaten ones position in a workplace.D.Anger is like an indisposition; it is unavoidable but insignificant.问题2选项A.I wou

38、ld have raised my hand.B.I would have vetoed the proposal by raising my hand.C.I would have strongly opposed to the view.D.I would have disagreed and aired my own view.问题3选项A.Calm down and try to solve the problem.B.Take a breath before you lose control.C.Divert your attention to pleasant things.D.A

39、ll of the above.问题4选项A.Man is created by God with benevolent qualities.B.Human beings real nature is as respectful as God.C.We are all offspring of God, and our relationships with others are that of brotherhood or sisterhood, so theres no reason for conflicts.D.All of the above points.问题5选项A.We shou

40、ld spare no efforts to eliminate workplace anger.B.Pray can help minimize work-related anger.C.The Christian atmosphere in which everyone feels as equal sons and daughters of God should be advocated to reduce workplace anger.D.Among various solutions to workplace anger, resorting to peace by virtue

41、of Christian belief is most efficient.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.语义推测题。由题干关键词“But anger is especially endemic to work”定位到文章第一段“people get angry at an average of 10 to 14 times a day. But anger is especially endemic to work. If you have a job, youre guaranteed to get angry.”可知人们平均每天会生气10到14次。

42、但是生气在工作中尤其普遍。如果你在工作，你肯定会生气。可判断出愤怒在工作中是不可避免的，会令人感到不适。故选项B符合题意。2.语义推测题。由题干关键词“Up would have gone my hand”定位到文章第二段“Up would have gone my hand, had I been in the room and heard that last remark. And I would have respectfully disagreed.”，可知如果我当时在房间里，听到最后两句话，我也会举起我的手。并且会尊重性地表达我的反对意见。可判断出作者会举手表示对这个观点的赞同。故选

43、项A符合题意。3.事实细节题。由题干关键词“Anger-management experts.guidelines”定位到文章第四段“Anger-management experts do offer a few common-sense guidelines to minimize work-related anger: dont let it faster; dont look for snubs in what are purely innocent incidents; dont get caught up in other peoples gripes; if you start t

44、o lose control, take a break.”，可知愤怒情绪管理专家确实提供了一些常识性的指导方法来抑制工作愤怒：不要太快；不要因为一些平白无故的困难而怠慢工作；不要被别人的抱怨所困扰；如果情绪开始失控，休息一下。可判断出愤怒情绪管理专家提出的解决方法包括及时冷静下来并且寻找解决方法。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。由题干关键词“Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures”定位到文章第九段“Man (including woman) is the offspring, not of the lowest, but of the hi

45、ghest qualities of Mind,wrote Mary Baker Eddy, the author of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. This divine Mind, or God, is expressing in each of us these “high qualities” as our real nature, respectful and loving, and revealing our actual relation to one another as sons and daughters o

46、f God.”，可知玛丽贝克艾迪在书中提到男人（包括女人）不是低等人的后代，都是最具智慧的神的后代。这个神圣的上帝，在我们每个人身上体现出一些高尚的品质，这些品质都是我们的本性尊敬和爱，并显示我们作为上帝的儿女彼此之间的真实关系。可判断出作者在书中想给读者表达出来的意思是：人类是上帝创造的，具有高尚善良的品质；人的真实本性是像上帝一样恭敬有礼貌的；我们都是上帝的后代，我们与他人的关系是情同手足，所以没有理由产生冲突。故选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“So, instead of bracing for a showdown with a fellow worker, you

47、can arrive at work filled with the conviction that you and your colleagues, clients, and customers, are all inherently good-natured God-natured the offspring of a totally loving creator. Youre certain to have higher-expectations, more compassion, more patience. A real peacemaker attitude.”，可知你可以满怀信心

48、地去工作，相信你和你的同事、客户、顾客都是天性善良的人，都是慈爱的造物主的后代。你肯定会有更高的期望值，更有同情心，更有耐心。会具有一种真正的和平主义者的处事态度。最后一段为全文的主旨段，可判断出作者认为我们应该提倡基督教的氛围，让每个人都觉得自己是上帝的儿女，人人平等，以减少工作场所的愤怒情绪。故选项C符合题意。9. 翻译题Translate the following passage from English to ChineseNature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard

49、 contains the notes of all music.But the artist is born to pick, and choose; and group with science, these elements, that the result may be beautiful as the musician gathers his notes, and forms his chords, until he brings forth from chaos glorious harmony.To say to the painter, that Nature is to be

50、 taken as she is, is to say to the player, that he may sit on the piano.The dignity of the snow-capped mountain is lost in distinctness, but the joy of the tourist is to recognize the traveler on the top. The desire to see, for the sake of seeing, is, with the mass, alone the one to be gratified, he

51、nce the delight in detail.【答案】在色彩和形状方面，大自然包含所有的图画元素，如同键盘包含所有的音乐的音符一样。但是艺术家生来就有挑选和选择的能力，将它们巧妙地结合在一起，构成一幅美丽的图画，如同音乐家用声音谱成和音，从混乱无序的声音中创作出动听和谐的乐曲一样。对画家来说，他可以按照大自然本来的样子创作，就等同对演奏家说，他可以坐在钢琴 白雪皑皑的高山若是变得清晰可见就失去了它的威严，但观光者的快乐在于能看到山顶上的游客。对于大多数人，只是为了看见而要看见，只是为了使这个愿望得到满足，因此，他们以能一睹细节为快。 10. 单选题The global economy i

52、s in its worst downturn since the 1930s. WTO economists foresee a bumpy year ahead. Their forecast for 2020 estimates that the volume of global merchandise trade will tumble by between 13 and 32 per cent compared to the previous year. The depth of the fall will depend on two main factors: one, how l

53、ong it takes to bring the pandemic under control; and two, the policies governments implement - domestically and at the international level - to mitigate its economic consequences.This underscores why international cooperation to keep global markets open for goods and services is more important than

54、 ever. As the world fights the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining open supply lines will facilitate access to medical products and food. Restricting trade and disrupting established supply chains will make it harder to ramp up the manufacture of much-needed protective equipment, testing kits, ventilator

55、s and other essentials. In the longer run, a turn towards protectionism will slow down the global economic recovery, to the detriment of all countries, most damagingly for the poorest.Whether to safeguard public health or to revive economic activity, it is only through collective action that we can

56、respond effectively to the COVID-19 crisis. It is essential that governments and international organizations work together. The WTO is committed to doing its part to foster such cooperation. One key aspect of this is transparency - we have stepped up monitoring and information-sharing to allow all p

57、articipants in world trade to keep track of COVID-related measures governments have introduced to facilitate or restrict trade. The WTO will also serve as a forum for members to share views and coordinate action on trade policies as economies emerge from the crisis.Prior to the pandemic, the year 20

58、19 had been marked by strong activity at the WTO in terms of trade negotiations. Talks on reducing fisheries subsidies registered further progress, and members continued discussions on a range of issues in agriculture. In parallel with these multilateral negotiations, groups of WTO members took subs

59、tantial steps forward in initiatives seeking to write new rules for e-commerce, facilitating investment for development, domestic regulation of trade in services, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. The initiatives, which remain open to the entire membership, drew interest from a growing

60、number of members.Members will determine how and when to take these negotiating processes forward in light of the public health and economic situation. In a similar vein, they are already deliberating on options for holding our 12th Ministerial Conference, which could not be held as originally sched

61、uled in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, in June 2020 because of the pandemic.Discussions on the ongoing process of WTO reform also gained momentum over the course of the year. Further progress will now also have to take account of the evolving health and economic situation. The reform process has nevertheless always been aimed at strengthening and improving the functioning of the system to make the WTO more effective and more responsive to members needs. Amid the social and economic distress shared by billions of people, some of these needs have become painfully clear. A