2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷2

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1、2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _ in the dictionary.问题1选项A.missingB.losingC.droppingD.leaking【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项missing“丢失，缺失”；B选项losing“浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过”；C选项dropping“推动；帮助；宣扬；下降；终止”；D选项leaking“使渗漏，泄露；漏，渗；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：约翰向书商抱怨这本字

2、典_几页。本句表达“字典缺失几页”，现在分词做后置定语，因此A选项正确。2. 单选题I. The psychological exploration into litigants procedural preferences dates back to the early 1970s, when empirical research by Thibaut and Walker largely regarded as the originators of the procedural justice paradigm and their colleagues revealed that layp

3、eople care about their direct and indirect control over legal decisions that affect them. They demonstrated that when laypeople evaluate procedures, they generally assess how the procedures distribute control between the parties themselves and third parties (e.g., mediators, arbitrators, judges). Th

4、eir research also suggests that disputants prefer procedures that allow them (as opposed to third parties) to control the process. Their early work highlights the important role that “voice” (i.e., the opportunity to share ones story or side of the dispute) plays in how disputants construe dispute r

5、esolution options, which in turn illuminates the critical role that subjective perceptions play in the functioning of the legal system. Subsequent research produced additional theories that explain why disputants care about process. One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests

6、that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome. Another framework the “group value” model suggests that people care about process because the quality of the process they experience helps them to assess their status and inclusion

7、within their group or community. Other research emphasized how process has important implications for how people perceive social justice when the fairness of an outcome is ambiguous, people often use their evaluations of the process they experienced as a mental shortcut for assessing the outcome.In

8、practice, legal organizations and scholars often use the concept of control to classify legal procedures. Mediation and negotiation are commonly conceptualized as offering litigants greater process and outcome control as compared to adjudicatory options such as trial and arbitration. The American Ba

9、r Association, for example, describes mediation and negotiation as offering parties greater participation in reaching a resolution, as well as control over the outcome. Similarly, scholars often conceptualize legal procedures on a spectrum. On one end of the scale, negotiation offers participants co

10、ntrol over both the process and outcome and does not involve a third-party neutral. On the other end, arbitration and trial empower third-party neutrals to determine the outcome of a dispute and impose formality on the process. Mediation, existing in the middle of the spectrum, utilizes a third-part

11、y neutral, but allows parties to shape the process and control the outcome.1.Thibaut and Walker are regarded as _.2.Thibaut and Walker found in their research that laypeople _.3.According to the first paragraph, which of the statements is wrong?4.What is the most suitable topic of the second paragra

12、ph?问题1选项A.researchers of litigants procedural preferencesB.laypeople who care about their direct and indirect control over legal decisionsC.originators of the empirical research of procedural justiceD.empirical researchers问题2选项A.care more about their direct control over legal decisions that affect t

13、hemB.evaluate procedures by the distribution of control between the parties themselves and third partiesC.prefer procedures that does not allow the third parties to control the processD.believe that process control provides a direct way to control their disputes outcome问题3选项A.When the fairness of an

14、 outcome is clear, people often use their evaluations of the process as a mental shortcut for assessing the outcome.B.Social exchange theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome.C.Group value model suggests tha

15、t people care about process because the quality of the process they experience helps them to assess their status and inclusion within their group or community.D.Process has important implications for how people perceive social justice.问题4选项A.Negotiation Offers Litigants the Greatest ControlB.Mediati

16、on Offers Litigants Greater ControlC.Arbitration Offers Litigants Less ControlD.Classification of Legal Procedures by Process Control【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Thibaut and Walker”定位到原文第一段when empirical research by Thibaut and Walker largely regarded as the originators of the procedu

17、ral justice paradigm（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究很大程度上被认为是程序正义范式的创始人）可知选C选项“程序正义实证研究的发起人”以及D选项“实证研究”错误；A选项“诉讼当事人程序偏好的研究人员”，B选项“关心他们对法律决定的直接和间接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段when laypeople evaluate procedures, they generally assess how the procedures distribute control between the parties themselve

18、s and third parties (e.g., mediators, arbitrators, judges).（当外行评估程序时，他们通常会评估程序如何在当事人本身和第三方（如调解员、仲裁员、法官）之间分配控制权）可知选B选项“通过在双方和第三方之间分配控制权来评估程序”；第一段when empirical research by Thibaut and Walkerand their colleagues revealed that laypeople care about their direct and indirect control over legal decisions

19、that affect them.（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究和他们的同事们发现，外行关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接和间接控制）可知A选项“更关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接控制”错误，不完整；第一段Their research also suggests that disputants prefer procedures that allow them (as opposed to third parties) to control the process.（他们的研究还表明，争论双方更喜欢让他们（而不是第三方）控制过程的程序）可知只是不喜欢让第三方控制过程的程序而不是不

20、允许，C选项“选择不允许第三方控制过程的程序”过度推测；第一段One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome.（一种理论“工具”或“社会交换”理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知D选项“相信过程控制提供了一种直接的方式来控制他们的

21、争议的结果”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句话Other research emphasized how process has important implications for how people perceive social justice when the fairness of an outcome is ambiguous, people often use their evaluations of the process they experienced as a mental shortcut for assessing the o

22、utcome.（其他研究强调了过程对人们如何感知社会公正的重要影响当结果的公平性不明确时，人们通常会把他们对过程的评价作为评估结果的心理捷径）可知A选项“当一个结果的公平性很明确时，人们通常会把他们对这个过程的评估作为评估结果的心理捷径”和原文相悖，D选项“过程对人们如何感知社会公正有重要的影响”在原文中有提及；第一段One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an in

23、direct way to control their disputes outcome.（一种理论“工具”或“社会交换”理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知B选项“社会交换理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们相信它提供了一种间接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”原文有提及；第一段Another framework the “group value” model suggests that people care about process because the quality of the process they experience help

24、s them to assess their status and inclusion within their group or community.（另一个框架“群体价值”模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性）可知C选项“群体价值模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性”原文有提及。因此A选项符合题意。4.主旨大意题。根据题干定位到第二段中心句In practice, legal organizations and scholars often use the concept o

25、f control to classify legal procedures.（在实践中，法律组织和学者经常使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类）可知选D选项“根据过程控制对法律程序进行分类”，第二段之后的内容都是围绕中心句展开，举例说明如何使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类；A选项“谈判给予当事人最大的控制权”，B选项“调解为当事人提供更大的控制权”是第二段中一部分内容，没有概括性；C选项“仲裁减少了当事人的控制权”未在第二段明确提及。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题. (Litigation Procedure)A related consequence of the trials disappea

26、rance would be the increasing bureaucratization of American society. Corporate bureaucracies rationally organized to achieve profit maximization would be less qualified. We would have to rely more completely on our often politically beleaguered administrative agencies to control the latter. And even

27、 within the legal system itself, formalistic modes of adjudication, which parallel bureaucratic decision-making, would be less qualified. Bureaucratic modes of social ordering seek “to exclude questions of value or preference as obviously irrelevant to the administrative task, and it would view reli

28、ance on nonreplicable, nonreviewable judgment or intuition as a singularly unattractive method for decision”. Insofar as a bureaucratic apparatus grinds forward mechanically and inexorably we may end up with what Hannah Arendt has famously called an irresponsible “rule by nobody”.It is unlikely, how

29、ever, in many cases that general rules really do decide particular cases. Instead of a mechanical system deciding cases deductively, what we will probably have in many cases are judges deciding cases in the interstices of complex rules which do not themselves decide the case. Unlike the devices of t

30、he trial, which can really “get inside” the decision-maker and whose moral sources actually can trump the subjectivity of a lone decision-maker, complex patterns of jurisdictional, procedural, evidentiary, and substantive rules can invite manipulation by a Cartesian judge viewing those rules from a

31、distance. After all, as Judge Posner, put it, “There is almost no legal outcome that a really skillful legal analyst cannot cover over with legal varnish (漆)” at least “when the law is uncertain and emotions aroused”. The grim picture that thus emerges from the trials disappearance is a bureaucratiz

32、ed world where the run of cases are ground out by an irresponsible mechanism and the remaining cases “when the law is uncertain and emotions aroused” by the untutored subjectivity or political commitments of the judge. There is another effect of the declining importance of public processes of adjudi

33、cation.We are continuing to lose a major source of public information on important questions of general concern. “As long as courts continue to be places that provide public data in volume and kind outstripping that produced about adjudication in administrative agencies, and as long as private provi

34、ders do not regularly disseminate information about or provide access to their processes,” then “with the declining trial rate comes a diminution of public knowledge of disputes, of the behavior of judges，and of the forging in public of normative responses to discord.”83. The underlined sentence mea

35、ns that bureaucratic modes of social ordering _.84. The statement closest in meaning to Judge Posners statement is _.85. When courts continue to be places that provide public data, the declining trial rate does NOT come with _.86. According to the author, what will NOT happen if trial disappears in

36、the United States?问题1选项A.do not look into value or preference but rather rely on judgment or intuition when making decisionB.have nothing to do with value or preferenceC.are a kind of administrative taskD.rely on judgment or intuition问题2选项A.A really skillful legal analyst can always cover over himse

37、lfB.A skillful judge can always find a legal reason for his judgmentC.The law is uncertain and emotions arousedD.Legal varnish can cover over legal outcome问题3选项A.decrease of public knowledge of disputesB.diminution of public information regarding judges behaviorC.growth of forging in public of norma

38、tive responses to discordD.lessening of public awareness of forging in public of normative responses to discord问题4选项A.Formalistic modes of adjudication would be less qualified.B.Corporate bureaucracies would become less qualified.C.People would have to rely more completely on administrative agencies

39、.D.Bureaucratic decision-making would be qualified.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】83. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到划线句子Bureaucratic modes of social ordering seek “to exclude questions of value or preference as obviously irrelevant to the administrative task, and it would view reliance on nonreplicable, no

40、nreviewable judgment or intuition as a singularly unattractive method for decision”.（社会秩序的官僚模式寻求“排除与行政任务明显无关的价值或偏好问题，并将依赖不可复制、不可审查的判断或直觉视为一种非常没有吸引力的决策方法”）可知官僚模式将直觉视为决策方法，选A选项“不考虑价值或偏好，而是依靠判断或直觉做决定”；B选项“与价值或偏好无关”，C选项“是一种行政任务”以及D选项“依靠判断或直觉”和原文不符。因此A选项正确。84. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Judge Posner”定位到原

41、文第二段After all, as Judge Posner, put it, “There is almost no legal outcome that a really skillful legal analyst cannot cover over with legal varnish (漆)” at least “when the law is uncertain and emotions aroused”.（毕竟，正如波斯纳法官所说，“几乎没有法律的结果是一个非常熟练的法律分析师不能用法律粉饰掩盖的”，至少“当法律是不确定的和情绪激动的时候”）可知选C选项“法律是不确定的和情绪激动

42、的”；A选项“一个真正有技巧的法律分析师总能掩饰自己”，B选项“一个有经验的法官总能为他的判决找到合法的理由”以及D选项“法律粉饰可以掩盖法律结果”不符合原文。因此C选项正确。85. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“the declining trial rate”定位到原文最后一段“with the declining trial rate comes a diminution of public knowledge of disputes, of the behavior of judges，and of the forging in public of normat

43、ive responses to discord.”（“随着审判率的下降，公众对纠纷、法官行为和公众对不和谐的规范反应的了解也会减少。”）可知C选项“在公众场合形成对不和谐的规范反应”原文未涉及；A选项“减少公众对纠纷的认识”，B选项“减少关于法官行为的公共信息”以及D选项“公众意识的削弱，在公众中伪造对不和谐的规范反应”原文有提及。因此C选项符合题意。86. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到原文第二段The grim picture that thus emerges from the trials disappearance is a bureaucratized

44、 world where the run of cases are ground out by an irresponsible mechanism and the remaining cases “when the law is uncertain and emotions aroused” by the untutored subjectivity or political commitments of the judge.（因此，从审判的消失中出现的严峻景象是一个官僚化的世界，在这个世界上，案件的运行是由一个不负责任的机制进行的，而剩下的案件则是“在法律不确定的情况下，由法官未经训练的主

45、观性或政治承诺引起的情绪”所影响）可知D选项“官僚决策将是合格的”不会发生；A选项“形式主义的裁决模式不合格”，B选项“公司官僚机构将变得不那么合格”以及C选项“人们将不得不更完全地依赖行政机构”都会发生。因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题I was not _ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.问题1选项A.convictedB.assuredC.convincedD.concerned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convicted“证明有罪；宣告有罪”；B选项assured“保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”；C选项

46、convinced“说服；使确信，使信服”；D选项concerned“影响；牵扯（某人）；关系到；涉及；使担心”。句意：他的许多论点不能使我_，所以最后我们同意各持己见。本句表达“它的论点不能使我信服”，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题People _ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.问题1选项A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convinced“说服

47、；使确信，使信服”；B选项anticipated“预料，预期；预见，预计（并做准备）”；C选项resolved“决定；溶解；使分解；决心要做”；D选项assured“保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”。句意：人们_，垂直飞行运输将像今天的飞机一样运载数百万乘客。本句表达“人们曾经预计”，因此B选项正确。6. 单选题I _ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.问题1选项A.meantB.has meantC.was meaningD.had meant【答案】D【解析】考查时态。根据but之后的动词was prevented from为过去时

48、态，而mean to call on you发生was prevented from之前，过去的过去，则时态为过去完成时。在句意：我本想拜访你，但被阻止了。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题He refused to _ that he was defeated.问题1选项A.burlesqueB.conceiveC.acknowledgeD.probe【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有”；C选项acknowledge“承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到”；D选项probe“探查；用探针探测”。句意：他拒绝_自己被打败

49、了。本句表达“拒绝承认被打败”。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to mov

50、e as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then pro

51、ducing goods that will satisfy them. This eye on the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go a

52、bout making it available for purchase.This concept does not simply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction the firm and the customer and each must be satisfies before trade oc

53、curs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-accepta

54、nce of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new King Customer ruled!46. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _.47. What was the main concern of industrialists befo

55、re the marketing concept was widely accepted?48. According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Para.1) means _.49. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?50. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on _.问题1选项A.the practice of turning g

56、oods into moneyB.making goods available for purchaseC.the customer-centered approachD.a form of persuasive salesmanship问题2选项A.The needs of the market.B.The efficiency of production.C.The satisfaction of the user.D.The preferences of the dealer.问题3选项A.to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB.to

57、transport goods as efficiently as possibleC.to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD.to redesign these goods for large scale production问题4选项A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C.Consumers with conse

58、rvative tastes are often difficult to please.D.Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.问题5选项A.its main characteristicB.its social impactC.its possible consequenceD.its theoretical basis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】46.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段Marketing, on the other han

59、d, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye on the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept（市场营销注重顾客的需求。它首先分析顾客的喜好和需求，然后再生产出他们满意的商品。这种着眼于顾客的销售方式就是人们所说的市场营销），说明市场营销是以

60、顾客为中心的销售方式。选C选项“一种以客户为中心的方法”。A选项“把产品变成金钱的一种做法”和D选项“销售人员说服劝导的一种方式”是传统销售的方式，排除；B选项“根据人们的购买需求生产产品”，由原文可知，这只是市场营销的一个步骤，而不是其本质，错误。因此C选项正确。47.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文首段Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive sa

61、lesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible.（就在几年前，大多数行业主要专注于产品的高效生产，然后依靠“有说服力的销售技巧”来尽可能多地销售这些产品）可知，市场营销这一概念被普遍采用之前，企业家们主要关心的是生产效率，选B选项“生产效率”；A选项“市场需求”，C选项“用户的满意度”以及D选项“经销商的偏好”都不符合原文给出的信息。因此B选项正确。48.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。由题干关键词“to move as much of these goods as possible”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Not too

62、many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible.（就在几年前，大多数行业主要专注于产品的高效生产，然后依靠“有说服力的销售技巧”来尽可能多地销售这些产品。），说明“to move as much of these goods as possible”在文中是指“尽可能多地销售产品”的意

63、思，选A选项“尽可能多地销售产品”；B选项“尽可能高效地运输产品”，C选项“大批量地处理这些产品”，D选项“重新设计这些产品以便可以大规模制造”均不符合题意。因此A选项正确。49.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers.（然而，成功的商人和生产者认识到，最可靠的盈利途径是通过了解和迎合消费者。

64、），接着举了可口可乐公司重新恢复经典口味可乐的例子，说明恢复经典配方是为了迎合顾客的口味，选D选项“商品的设计应该贴合消费者的口味”；A选项“传统型产品对于大多数人来说有着更强的吸引力”，B选项“一种新的产品为公众所接受是需要时间的”，C选项“那些口味保守的消费者最难取悦”在文中均没有提及。因此D选项正确。50.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。结合全文可知，作者旨在向读者介绍市场营销这一概念的基本特征，即根据顾客的需求组织生产，并通过讲述可口可乐公司恢复原配方这一让人印象深刻的例子强化了读者对其基本特征的了解，选A选项“其主要特点”；B选项“其社会影响”，C选项“其可能带来的后果”，D选项“其理论基础”在文中均没有提及。因