2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷65

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题No clear-cut distinction can be draw between professionals and amateurs in science. （ ） the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community.问题1选项A.NeverthelessB.ThenC.BesidesD.As a resul

2、t【答案】A【解析】考查副词和词组辨析。A选项nevertheless“然而，不过”；B选项then“然后；于是”；C选项besides“此外；而且”；D选项as a result“结果；因此”。句意：在科学领域，专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线。然而，“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界。由题干中的“does carry a connotation确实暗示着”可知与前面存在转折关系，因此A选项正确。2. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on the Answer Sheet.W

3、e cannot accept the growing threat posed by climate change, which could forever damage the world that we pass on to our children, sowing conflict and famine, destroying coastlines and emptying cities. And thats why all nations must now accept their share of responsibility for transforming the way th

4、at we use energy.We cant accept a world in which more people are denied opportunity and dignity that all people yearn for: the ability to get an education and make a decent living, the security that you wont have to live in fear of disease or violence without hope for the future.I know these challen

5、ges can be met, so long as its recognized that they will not be met by one person or one nation alone. This award is not simply about the efforts of my administration; its about the courageous efforts of people around the world.【答案】我们不能接受气候变化造成的日益严重的威胁，那可能会永久性地损害我们传给子孙后代的这个世界。我们不能播下冲突和饥荒的种子，摧毁海岸线，使城

6、市萧条。这就是为什么我们所有国家现在必须承担各自的责任，改变我们使用能源的方式。我们不能接受一个更多人被剥夺机会和尊严的世界，这种人人渴望的机会和尊严就是：能够接受教育，能够过上体面的生活，有安全感，即你不必在疾病或者暴力恐怖的担忧中没有希望地生活。我知道这些挑战是可以应对的，只要人们认识到这些挑战不会由一个人或一个国家单独应对。这个奖项不仅仅是我政府的努力，而是全世界人民的勇敢努力。3. 单选题Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, whe

7、re food residues and bacteria _.问题1选项A.flourishB.collaborateC.embarkD.congregate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“flourish”意为“繁荣，茂盛；处于旺盛时期；炫耀”；B选项“collaborate”意为“合作；勾结，通敌”；C选项“embark”意为“上船（或飞机）；（使）上船（或登机）；从事”；D选项“congregate”意为“聚集”。句意：刷牙可以清除较大的颗粒，但牙医建议也要刷舌头后部，那里有食物残渣和细菌聚集。由题干可知，food residues and bacteria（食物残渣和细菌），

8、可以推测出是有这些东西的聚集，所以牙医建议也要刷舌头的后部。因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题It is anticipated that this contract will substantially increase sales over the next three years.问题1选项A.apparentlyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadily【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。substantially“实质上；充分地；大幅地”；A选项apparently“显然地；似乎，表面上”；B选项slightly“些微地，轻微地”；C选项considerably“

9、相当多地；非常地”；D选项steadily“稳定地；稳固地”。句意：预计该合同将在未来三年内大幅增加销售额。根据句中“increase sales增加销售额”可知substantially在这里的意思为“大幅地”，因此C选项相当多地正确。5. 单选题These two firms are so big and powerful that they monopolize between them the production and sale of cigarettes in this country.问题1选项A.governB.influenceC.superviseD.dominate【答

10、案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词monopolize意为“垄断；独占；拥有的专卖权”；A选项“govern”意为“管理；支配；统治；控制”；B选项“influence”意为“影响；改变；支配”；C选项“supervise”意为“监督；管理；指导；主管”；D选项“dominate”意为“控制；支配；占优势；在中占主要地位”。句意：这两家公司势力巨大，垄断了这个国家香烟的生产和销售。由题干可知，These two firms are so big and powerful（两家公司势力巨大）所以可推测出这两家公司在这个国家的香烟生产和销售中占据主导地位。由此可知，monopolize在此处最可

11、能是“垄断”的意思，四个选项中dominate具有“在中占主要地位”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题问题1选项A.marine productsB.dairy productsC.industrial productsD.avian products【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。横线单词poultry意为“家禽；家禽肉”；A选项“marine products”意为“海产品；水产及制品”；B选项“dairy products”意为“乳制品，奶制品；乳酪产品”；C选项“industrial products”意为“工业产品”；D选项“avian products”意为“禽类产

12、品”。句意：据报道，美国宾夕法尼亚州最近爆发的禽流感促使中国禁止从该州进口家禽。由题干可知，the latest outbreak of the bird flu（最近爆发的禽流感）肯定和家禽相关。所以中国禁止进口的应该是家禽。由此可知，poultry在此处最可能是“家禽”的意思。因此D选项符合题意。7. 单选题Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proport

13、ion to their ability and persuasiveness.问题1选项A.futileB.susceptibleC.feasibleD.flexible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词vulnerable意为“易受攻击的，易受的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的”；A选项“futile”意为“无用的；无效的；没有出息的”；B选项“susceptible”意为“易受影响的；易感动的；容许的”；C选项“feasible”意为“可行的；可能的；可实行的”；D选项“flexible”意为“灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的”。句意：每一个现代政府，无论是自由的还是不自由的，在思想领域都有一

14、个特定的位置；它的稳定性易受批评家的影响，与他们的能力和说服力成比例。由题干可知，its stability（政府的稳定性）与critics（批评家）之间应该是被影响的关系，也就是批评家的能力和说服力越强，政府的稳定性越容易受影响受伤害。由此可知，vulnerable在此处最可能是“易受伤害的”的意思。因此B选项符合题意。8. 单选题Cox Radio, one of the nations largest radio chains, plans to its ties with independent record promoters to _distance itself from a p

15、ayola-like practice that runs rampant in the music business.问题1选项A.consolidateB.toutC.severD.splash【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“consolidate”意为“巩固，使固定；联合”；B选项“tout”意为“兜售；招来；刺探赛马情报”；C选项“sever”意为“割断，断绝；分开；使分离”；D选项“splash”意为“泼洒；把（水、泥等）泼在上；（在水中）溅着水花行走”。句意：考克斯广播公司是美国最大的广播连锁之一，它计划与独立唱片推广商合作，以摆脱在音乐界猖獗的类似贿赂的做法。由题干可知，

16、a payola-like practice（类似贿赂的做法），广播公司肯定是不愿意接受贿赂的做法，所以他们要摆脱这种行为，与这种做法断绝关系。因此C选项符合题意。9. 不定项选择题Much of the worlds electronic waste is being shipped to China for recycling and the cottage industry that has sprung up there to recover usable materials from computers, cell phones, televisions and other good

17、s may be creating significant health and environmental hazards. Scientists from China and the United States have identified numerous toxic elements in the emissions from an e-waste recycling workshop in southern China, which uses low-tech methods to separate reusable electronic components from the c

18、ircuit boards. It is not an isolated case, the scientists point out: such methods are used all over China.Results of their study have been published in the Journal Atmospheric Environment.“The most immediate problem is the health of the workers and the people who live in the city,” said Bernd R.T. S

19、imoneit, a retired professor at Oregon State Universe and one of the authors of the study. “But this may also be contributing to global contamination. For example, previous studies have found carcinogens（致癌物）in wind-carried dust from Asia.”Simoneit is a widely published scientist who has been involv

20、ed in numerous studies identifying chemical “signatures” for emissions, including coal smoke, biomass burning, petroleum-based fuels and even the burning of municipal refuse. By using mass spectrometers（质谱仪）and other sophisticated instrumentation, the researchers can pinpoint the contributions of sp

21、ecific emissions to the atmosphere.Their work in China was conducted in Shantou City, a town of 150,000 people located in southern Chinas Guangdong Province. They collected samples during four working days, when workers were removing the electronic components by heating the circuit boards over grill

22、s on stoves burning coal briquettes（煤块）.The workshop had 24 stoves along three walls, and an estimated five tons of circuit boards stacked along the fourth wall for processing. Workers would use the grills to melt the solder, and then remove reusable portions of the circuitry.The research team inclu

23、ded five Chinese scientists and Simoneit, who has dual appointments in OSUs College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences and the Department of Chemistry. The researchers found that through this “roasting process”, numerous organic chemicals, heavy metals, flame retardant and persistent organic pollut

24、ants were emitted into the air via the smoke. The chemical signature created by this process of roasting or toasting circuit boards “is unmistakable.”“The next step is to see to what extent this is harming the environment and creating a health hazard for both the workers, and people living in the pa

25、th of the emissionseither through inhalation, or exposure to the skin,” Simoneit said. “Some of these chemical compounds may be carcinogens; others may be just as harmful became they can act as environmental disruptors, and may affect body processes from reproduction to endocrine （内分泌的，激素的）function.

26、”The Chinese authors of the study are affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and include lead author Xinliui Bi, with ZhenZhen Wang, XinmingWang, Guoying Sheng and Jiamo Fu.Simoneit also is working with scientists in India to identify chemical signatures from the burning of wire and other m

27、aterials, which is done to recycle copper and other minerals. And he is working in Saudi Arabia on a different problemhelping develop “green chemistry” methods for recycling that countrys massive urban waste to create methane.1. The passage mainly tells us that （ ）.2. The third paragraph indicates （

28、 ）.3. The meaning of the underlined word in paragraph 7 is closest to （ ）.4. We can infer from the last sentence （ ）.5. Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?问题1选项A.China recycles the largest amount of the e-waste in the worldB.not only Asia but also other places in the world are infl

29、uenced by the development of such industry in a negative wayC.the burning of the e-waste is bad for peoples healthD.the burning of the e-waste is bad for the environment问题2选项A.that such workshops can only do great harm to the local peopleB.that such workshops can do great harm to both the local peop

30、le and people in other placesC.that such workshops can immediately influence peoples livesD.that people in Asia can be infected with cancer问题3选项A.plainB.likelyC.undoubtedD.surely问题4选项A.that scientists have been working very hard to solve the problem in Saudi ArabiaB.that the scientist helps the prod

31、uction of methane in Saudi ArabiaC.that the problem in Saudi Arabia is different from that of the other countriesD.that the seemingly useless waste can be turned into useful energy问题5选项A.The workshop in Shantou city is poorly equipped for recycling the e-waste.B.The “roasting process” may produce a

32、large amount of harmful pollutants.C.China has been so underdeveloped that people use so low-tech methods to deal with e-wastes.D.People may get harmed either by breathing the polluted air or by exposing their skin to it.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由本题题干可定位到第三段，由教授和研究者的话“The most imme

33、diate problem is the health of the workers and the people who live in the city”，“But this may also be contributing to global contamination”（最紧迫的问题是工人和城市居民的健康，但这也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一）可知不仅仅是亚洲，全球很多地区都受到了负面影响。A选项“中国是世界上回收电子垃圾最多的国家”在文中没有依据；C选项“燃烧电子垃圾对人们的健康有害”、D选项“燃烧电子垃圾对环境有害”说法是正确的，但不是文章的大意，不能概括燃烧电子垃圾的全部负面影响。

34、因此B选项正确。第2题:判断推理题。由本题题干可定位到第三段“The most immediate problem is the health of the workers and the people who live in the city”，“But this may also be contributing to global contamination”（最紧迫的问题是工人和城市居民的健康，但这也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一）可知不仅仅是对当地的居民有影响，甚至对全球其他地方也造成了不好的影响，所以这种产业对当地和其他地方的人都有很大的危害。A选项“这种产业只会对当地人民造成极大的伤

35、害”说法错误，还对全球其他地方的人也造成了伤害；C选项“这种产业可以立即影响人们的生活”说法错误，“立即”过于绝对；D选项“亚洲人可能会感染癌症”与第三段的内容无关。因此B选项正确。第3题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“unmistakable”定位到第七段最后一句话“The chemical signature created by this process of roasting or toasting circuit boards is unmistakable”（这种烘烤或烘烤电路板的过程所产生的化学特征是不会弄错的）可知划线单词表示的是肯定的意思。unmistakable“明显的；不会弄

36、错的”；A选项plain“简单的；朴素的”；B选项likely“很可能的；合适的；有希望的”，代表可能性，但不十分确定；C选项undoubted“无疑的；确信的”；D选项surely“当然；无疑；坚定地；稳当地”为副词，划线处为形容词，所以排除。因此C选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干定位本文最后一句话“And he is working in Saudi Arabia on a different problemhelping develop green chemistry methods for recycling that countrys massive urban waste to

37、 create methane”（他还在沙特阿拉伯从事另一个问题的研究开发“绿色化学”方法，回收该国大量城市垃圾产生甲烷）可知，另一个问题即表示沙特阿拉伯的问题是与其他地区的问题不同的；A选项“科学家们一直在努力解决沙特阿拉伯的这个问题”，科学家在从事研究，但没有提到一直致力于解决沙特阿拉伯的问题；B选项“科学家帮助沙特阿拉伯生产甲烷”说法错误，是帮助回收，而不是生产；D选项“看似无用的废物可以转化为有用的能源”在原文没有依据，只是在研究，还没有成功。因此C选项正确。第5题:判断推理题。A选项“汕头市的这家工厂设备简陋，无法回收电子垃圾”，由本文第五、六段可知，在汕头的处理工作极其耗时和繁杂；

38、B选项“焙烧过程可能产生大量有害污染物”、D选项“人们可能会因为呼吸污染的空气或暴露在污染的空气中而受到伤害”均说法正确。C选项“中国一直是如此不发达，以至于人们使用如此低技术含量的方法来处理电子垃圾”说法错误，文中只提到了汕头，而且“一直”这个说法过于绝对。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题He planned to buy an apartment since he is going to get married next year, but the cost of the property in the big cities is _.问题1选项A.promptB.proportionalC

39、.prohibitiveD.progressive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“prompt”意为“敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的，及时的；准时的”；B选项“proportional”意为“比例的，成比例的；相称的，均衡的”；C选项“prohibitive”意为“禁止的；抑制的；（费用，价格等）过高的”；D选项“progressive”意为“进步的；先进的”。句意：由于明年就要结婚了，他打算买一套公寓，但大城市的房价高得令人望而却步。由题干可知，but表转折，说明the cost of the property in the big cities（大城市的房价）阻碍了他想买房子的计划，由此

40、可推测出大城市的房价高得超出他的承受能力。因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题It must guide public opinion, after presenting _both sides of every issue and pointing out to readers what measures seem to promise the greater good for the greater number.问题1选项A.inquisitivelyB.inconceivablyC.appallinglyD.impartially【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项“inquisiti

41、vely”意为“好问地；过分好奇地”；B选项“inconceivably”意为“不可思议地”；C选项“appallingly”意为“令人毛骨悚然地；骇人听闻地”；D选项“impartially”意为“公平地；无私地”。句意：它必须引导公众舆论，在此之前，它必须公正地介绍每一个问题的两面，并向读者指出哪些措施似乎能给更多人带来更大的好处。由题干可知，It must guide public opinion（它必须引导公众舆论），因此它本身就需要是公正，客观的，不偏颇地引导公正舆论，所以介绍问题的不同方面也应是公正的。因此D选项符合题意。12. 单选题I found this very profi

42、table in diminishing the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice.问题1选项A.lesseningB.reflectingC.removingD.increasing【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。diminish（其现在分词为diminishing）“使减少；使变小”；A选项lessen（其现在分词为lessening）“减少；使缩小，使减轻”；B选项reflect（其现在分词为 reflecting）“反映；反射；反省”；C选项remove（其现在分调为removing）“移动，迁移；调动”；D选项increase（其现在分词为in

43、creasing）“增加，加大”。句意：我发现这对于减少狭隘的偏见非常有益。根据句中“very profitable非常有利可图”与“the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice偏见的强度”可知diminish在这里的意思为“减少”，因此A选项正确。13. 单选题He was interested only in the story and skipped all those passages of landscape description.问题1选项A.thought badly ofB.went overC.went throughD.passed o

44、ver【答案】D【解析】考查动词和词组辨析。skip“跳过；遗漏”；A选项think badly of “认为不好”；B选项go over“复习；仔细检查”；C选项go through“参加；经受；仔细检查；通过”；D选项pass over“越过；忽略；宽恕；回避”。句意：他仅仅对这个故事感兴趣，因此他跳过了所有那些描述风景的段落。由“He was interested only in the story他仅仅对这个故事感兴趣”可推断出skip在这里有“跳过”的意思，因此D选项正确。14. 单选题The heat in summer is no less （ ） here in this mo

45、untain region.问题1选项A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concentrated“集中的；浓缩的；全神贯注的”；B选项extensive“广泛的；大量的；广阔的”；C选项intense“强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的”；D选项intensive“加强的；集中的”。由本句主语“The heat in summer”（夏天的炎热）后接no less（不相上下）可知此处的意思应与强烈的对应，表示夏天的炎热程度。句意：在这片山区，夏季的酷暑同样强烈。因此C选项正确。15. 单选题When t

46、he Pacific War broke out, Edward was drafted by navy and served four full years on a big aircraft carrier.问题1选项A.enlistedB.mobilizedC.approvedD.attracted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。draft“起草；制定；征募”；A选项enlist“征募；赞助”；B选项mobilize“动员；调动；使流通”；C选项approve“批准；赞成”；D选项attract“吸引；引起”。句意：太平洋战争爆发时，爱德华应征入伍，在一艘大型航空母舰上服役了整整四年。由

47、题干中的“served four full years on a big aircraft carrier在一艘大的航空母舰上服役了整整四年”可知was drafted在这里是“被征募”的意思，因此A选项正确。16. 单选题The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of ideas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff（ ）.问题1选项A.moralB.mortalC.moraleD.mores【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项moral“道德；寓意”；B选项mor

48、tal“人类，凡人”；C选项morale“士气，斗志”；D选项mores“习惯；风俗；道德观念”。句意：员工集中培训已带来了更好的思想交流、更大的热情和更高的员工士气。由题干中的“staff员工”、“a good exchange of ideas更好的思想交流”和“greater enthusiasm更大的热情”可知“士气”符合语境，因此C选项正确。17. 单选题There were no tickets（ ）for Fridays performance.问题1选项A.preferableB.possibleC.considerableD.available【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析

49、。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的；更合意的”；B选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；C选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”；D选项available“可获得的；可购买的；可找到的；有空的”。句意：周五的演出已没有票可购买。根据句中“There were no tickets没有票”可知“可购买的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。18. 单选题Driving a car without insurance can have （ ）consequences.问题1选项A.uncertainB.disastrousC.potentialD.unworthy

50、【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项uncertain“无常的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的”；B选项disastrous“损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项potential“潜在的；可能的”；D选项unworthy“不值得的；无价值的”。句意：在没有保险的情况下驾车可能产生损失惨重的后果。根据句中“Driving a car without insurance在没有保险的情况下驾车”可知“损失惨重的”符合语境，因此B选项正确。19. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translati

51、on on the Answer Sheet II.The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have but confined. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were u

52、nable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaim

53、ed with Disraeli that he was “on the side of the Angels”.【答案】自然选择的假说可能不是一个完整的解释，但它引出了一个比它本身更伟大的东西对有机进化理论的接受，这一理论多年来一直受到限制。然而，起初有些博物学家加入了反对阵营。对许多无法判断生物学证据的人来说，进化论的影响似乎难以置信，而且是毁灭性的，它与常识背道而驰，压倒了所有哲学和宗教的里程碑。即使是受过教育的人，在创世纪和物种起源中做出选择时，也会和迪斯雷利一起宣称自己“站在天使一边”。20. 单选题Stressful environment leads to unhealthy b

54、ehaviors such as poor eating habits, which _ increase the risk of high blood pressure and heart disease.问题1选项A.in turnB.by chanceC.by fortuneD.in case【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“in turn”意为“反过来；转而；轮流”；B选项“by chance”意为“偶然；意外地”；C选项“by fortune”意为“由于幸运”；D选项“in case”意为“万一；假使”。句意：压力大的环境会导致不健康的行为，如不良的饮食习惯，而这些行为反过来增加了患高血压和心脏病的风险。由题干可知，unhealthy behaviors（不健康的行为）是由压力大的环境导致的，但它反过来又导致了high blood pressure and heart disease（高血压和心脏病）。因此A选项符合题意。