2022年考博英语-南昌大学考前模拟强化练习题39（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-南昌大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 填空题The Food and Drug Administration on Friday proposed two important rules _1_ at preventing the contamination of produce and processed foods. The _2_ rule represent a sea change in the way the agency polices food, a process that currently _3_ taking action after con

2、tamination has been identified.Changes include requirements for better record keeping, contingency （应急的）plans for handling outbreaks and measures that would prevent the spread of contamination in the first place. While food producers would have latitude in 4 how to execute the rules, farmers would h

3、ave to ensure that water used in irrigation meet certain standards and food _5_ need to find ways to keep fresh that may contain bacteria from coming into _6_ with food that has been cooked. New safety measures might include requiring that farm workers wash their hands, _7_ portable toilets in field

4、s and ensuring that foods should be cooked at temperatures high enough to kill bacteria.Whether consumers will _8_ bear some of the expenses of the new rules was unclear, the agency estimated that the proposals would cost food producers tens of thousands of dollars a year. President Obama requested

5、$220 million in his 2013 _9_, but Dr. Margaret Hamburg, commissioner of the F. D. A, said “resources remain an ongoing concern.” Nonetheless, agency officials were _10_ that the new rules would protect consumers better.【答案】1.A 2.N 3.H 4. F 5.M 6.D 7.G 8.O 9.C 10.I【解析】1.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：美国食品和

6、药物管理局在周五提出了两项重要规定，_防止生产和加工食品的污染。从选项中的动词可以判断aim针对、目的在于符合句意，aim at为固定搭配。2. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由上文内容“proposed two important rules ”可判断空格部分“The _rule”。从选项中的形容词可以判断 proposed 被提议的、建议的符合句意。3. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：这项规定标志着该机构监管食品的方式发生了巨大变化，目前这一过程_在确定污染后采取行动。从选项中的动词可以判断involve包含符合句意，involve doing sth包含

7、。4. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商可以自由_如何执行这些规定。从选项中的动词可以判断determine决定符合句意。5. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。由上文内容“While food producers would have”可判断空格部分“food _”。句意为：食品_需要找到保持新鲜的方法。从选项中的名词可以判断producers生产者、制造者符合句意。6. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商需要找到保持新鲜的方法，防止可能含有细菌的食品_煮熟的食品。从选项中的动词可以判断contact接触符合题意，come int

8、o contact with和接触、接触到。7. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：新的安全措施可能包括要求农场工人洗手，在田地里_便携的洗手间，确保食物在足够高的温度下烹饪以杀死细菌。从选项中的动词可以判断install安装符合句意。8. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入副词。句意为：消费者_是否会承担新规定的部分费用尚不清楚。从选项中的动词可以判断ultimately最后、最终符合句意。9. 根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。句意为：奥巴马总统在2013年的_中要求2.2亿美元。这里提到金额，因此从选项中的名词可以判断budget预算符合句意。10. 根据句意和

9、句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由Nonetheless尽管如此可以判断空格部分需要填入一个与前文相反的态度，从选项中的动词可以判断optimistic乐观的符合句意。2. 单选题TBA Industrial Products produces asbestos (石棉) textiles for brake linings. The company is just instituting a programme to reduce the asbestos in the air at the plant to a maximum 0.5 fibers per milliliter of a

10、irthe control limit imposed by the Health and Safety Executive irresponsible. With constant exposure to that level, according to a report by an Ontario Royal Commission, between one and four out of 100 people working for 25 years could expect to die of a asbestos-related cancer. Yet David Gee, healt

11、h and safety officer of the General, Municipal and Boiler-makers Union, accepts that the company should go no lower. Why?Problem number one is assessing the risk and the difference that proposed safety measures would make to it. There are three basic categories, to which the HSEs policy-makers worki

12、n the jargon, corpses, cancers and catastrophes.“Corpses” are the victims of one-off accidents. A wealth of evidence on such accidents exists, and the effects of measures to combat them are easily calculated.“Cancers”, the killer diseases that can arise from working long periods in unsafe environmen

13、ts, are harder to assess. The diseases may not appear until years after the process was first initiated, and the relationship between cause and effect is often controversial.Assessing the potential for “catastrophes” -like Bhopal, Seveso or Flixborough_ in which tens of thousands of people can be af

14、fected is harder still. Such events are exceedingly rare so they cannot be predicted on the basis of past experience. Instead engineering experts think of everything that could go wrongand of the things that could go wrong with the precautions. The probability of an accident is then expressed in ter

15、ms of the number of likely catastrophes per 10,000 years, usually a fraction of one. This process yields an estimate of the risk of loss of life for each plant or process. The next stage is to put a money value on it.The classic economists calculation uses what is called the “human capital” approach

16、. The dead person is valued as a machine who would otherwise have produced goods.This callous calculus made no allowance for what most people would regard as the main cost of a lost life-the pain, grief and suffering. That has now changed, thanks to work by Professor Michael Jones-Lee and his collea

17、gues at Newcastle University. They asked members of the public what risks they would be prepared to run for what overall rewards. This process yields estimates of the subjective value of lives. The answer seems to come out between lm and 2m.1. Why is TBA Industrial Products about to reduce asbestos

18、levels in the air at their plant?2. “Cancers” are harder to assess than “corpses” because .3. What does the assessment of the potential for “catastrophes” rely on?4. The writer suggests that the “human capital” approach is .5. A typical question posed by Professor Jones-Lee and his colleagues would

19、have been:问题1选项A.To comply with a report by the Ontario Royal CommissionB.Because the Union is demanding stricter safety measuresC.Because present levels are above those set by the HSED.To improve the quality of their brake linings问题2选项A.the safety measures employed vary a great dealB.Tthere are far

20、 more of themC.Tthe wealth of evidence has not yet been analyzedD.Iit is difficult to trace the cause of some diseases问题3选项A.An analysis of a few past disasters.B.Mathematical probability calculations.C.A comparison of “cancers” and “corpses”.D.Reports of a companys capital.问题4选项A.unreliable and ris

21、kyB.invaluable and subjectiveC.too rough and readyD.clinical and inhumane问题5选项A.How much do you think a persons life is worth?B.Would you say you enjoy taking risks at work?C.How much would you work in an asbestos factory for?D.What reward would you expect for saving someones life?【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:

22、B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一段提到公司计划减少工厂排放至空气中的石棉含量，即每毫升空气中纤维含量最多0.5，这是卫生安全局定下的范围（The company is just instituting a programme to reduce the asbestos in the air at the plant to a maximum 0.5 fibers per milliliter of airthe control limit imposed by the Health and Safety Executive irresponsible），因此可以推测目前

23、的含量超过了这个范围，才会需要降低，因此选项C符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第四段最后一句话提到这些致命的疾病可能要在多年后才出现，而其产生的原因和导致的结果之间的关系具有争议性（The diseases may not appear until years after the process was first initiated, and the relationship between cause and effect is often controversial），因此选项D符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第五段第四句话The probability of an accident i

24、s then expressed in terms of the number of likely catastrophes per 10,000 years, usually a fraction of one可知选项B符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段第一句话This callous calculus made no allowance for what most people would regard as the main cost of a lost life-the pain, grief and suffering中的callous（无情的，麻木的）可知人力资本方法是残忍

25、的，选项D符合题意。5.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话The answer seems to come out between lm and 2m，可知回答的是某种 事物的价格，因此选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Colin married my sister and I married his brother, makes Colin and me double in-laws.问题1选项A.thatB.whatC.whichD.it【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。通过分析句子，可知空格处需要填入一个引导非限制性定语从句的关系词，因此选项C符合题意。句意：科林娶了我妹妹，我嫁给了他哥哥，

26、这让我们俩亲上加亲。4. 单选题Though he wheedled and threatened, she didnt any details of the plan.问题1选项A.give offB.give awayC.give overD.give up【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。give off “发出（光）等”；give away “赠送，丧失；泄露”；give over “停止；交出”；give up “放弃；交出”。句意：尽管他时而甜言蜜语，时而威胁，她没有透露计划的任何细节。5. 单选题Competition, many people believe, the natio

27、nal character rather than corrupt it.问题1选项A.enforcesB.confirmsC.intensifiesD.strengthens【答案】D【解析】than决定了这里的corrupt(腐坏，破坏)与空格处的词相对，所以空白处应填入D，表示“加强”的意思。句意：很多人相信竞争会加强民族性格而不是破坏它。6. 翻译题人类社会沧桑巨变，国际舞台风云变幻。联合国经历了种种考验，走过了不平凡的历 程。尽管地区动荡和局部冲突时有发生，但是各国更加重视以谈判解决争端。【答案】With the tremendous changes of human society

28、 and the international relations, the United Nations have also experienced extraordinary process after sundry tests. Although constant regional chaos still exist, often conflicted, countries pay more attention to resolve disputes through negotiations.7. 单选题Geoffrey had been completely exhausted but

29、felt considerably after a meal and a good rest.问题1选项A.refreshedB.renewedC.regainedD.reshaped【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。Refresh “使恢复”；renew “使更新”；regain “恢复”；reshape “改造”。句意：杰弗里已经完全筋疲力尽了，但在吃了一顿饭并好好休息了之后，他重新恢复神气。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would

30、 prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it werent for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can b

31、e frightening places. The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervo

32、us - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. D.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks dont even say hello to each other.Country life, o

33、n the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it i

34、s true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Theres little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordin

35、ary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off;

36、the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesnt come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have exp

37、ressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they for

38、ce on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. Im keen on the idea, but you see theres my cat, Toby. Im not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the

39、 long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.1. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author .2. In the authors opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy

40、EXCEPT .3. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT_.4. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?5. Do you think the author will move to the country?问题1选项A.used t

41、o live in the countryB.used to work in the cityC.lives in the countryD.works in the city问题2选项A.lack of communicationB.a strong sense of fearC.housing conditionsD.a sense of isolation问题3选项A.designer clothesB.daily necessitiesC.fresh fruitsD.fresh vegetables问题4选项A.OriginalB.HospitableC.ArrogantD.Insen

42、sitive问题5选项A.Yes, he will do soB.It is difficult to tellC.No, he will not do soD.He is in two minds【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一句话I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a

43、 large city可知选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第二段第二句话The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal可以排除选项C；根据第二段第三句话可以排除选项A；根据第二段倒数第二句话可以排除选项D，因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第三段倒数第二句话提到购物成了一个重要的问题（Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you

44、have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town），因此在乡村中很难买到时尚的衣服，选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。文章第四段最后一句话提到他们把这些想法强加给那些不情愿的原始村民（They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the u

45、nwilling original inhabitants of the villages），由此可以推测出这些人是傲慢的，选项C符合题意。original “原来的；首创的”；hospitable “热情友好的”；insensitive “未意识到的”。5.推理判断题。作者在最后一段提到了他的猫，以猫喻人，来说明自己更有愿意待在城市中（No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening），因此选项C符合题意。9. 单选题That young woman there was a shop assistant

46、; she is now a manager in our supermarket.问题1选项A.beforeB.preliminarilyC.formallyD.formerly【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。Before “以前，过去”；preliminarily “初步地”；formally “正式地”；formerly “以前，原来”。句意：那个女人之前是店员；现在成了一家超市的经理。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with elect

47、ronic instruments. First, a human “guinea pig” is tested using a regular tool. Measurements are taken of the amount of work done, and the buildup of heat in the body. Twisted joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions. The

48、same person is then tested again, using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr. Tichauer. All these tests have shown the great improvement of the new designs over the old.One of the electronic instruments used by Dr. Tichauer, the myograph, makes visible through electrical signals t

49、he work done by human muscle.Another machine measures any dangerous features of tools, thus proving information upon which to base a new design. One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs.This work has attracted

50、the attention of efficiency experts and time-and-motion-study engineer, but its value goes far beyond that. Dr. Tichauers first thought is for the health of the tool user. With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs, even light manual work can put a heav

51、y stress on one small area of the body. In time, such stress can cause a disabling disease. Furthermore, muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.Efficiency is the by-product of comfort, Dr. Tichauer believes, and his new designs fortraditional tools have proved his point.1. What are involved in th

52、e design of a new tool according to the passage?2. From the passage we know that joints and muscles perform best when .3. A “myograph” (Para. A.2, Line 1) is an electronic instrument that .4. It can be inferred from the passage that .5. Dr. Tichauer started his experiments initially to .问题1选项A.Elect

53、ronic instruments and a regular toolB.A human “guinea pig” and a regular toolC.Electronic instruments and a human “guinea pig”D.Electronic instruments, a human “guinea pig” and a regular tool问题2选项A.they are twisted and stretchedB.they are in their normal positionsC.they are tested with a human “guin

54、ea pig”D.they are tested with electronic instruments问题3选项A.is able to design new toolsB.measures the amount of energy usedC.enable people to see the muscular movementsD.visualizes electrical signals问题4选项A.a stepladder used to have four legsB.it is dangerous to use toolsC.a tripod is safer in a tool

55、designD.workers are safer on production lines问题5选项A.improve efficiencyB.increase productionC.reduce work loadD.improve comfort【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段前面两句Design of all the new tools and implements is based on careful experiments with electronic instruments. First, a human “gu

56、inea pig” is tested using a regular tool可知做该实验涉及到了electronic instruments, a human “guinea pig”和a regular tool，选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第四句话Twisted joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well, it has been found, as joints and muscles in their normal positions可知选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段内容the myogr

57、aph, makes visible through electrical signals the work done by human muscle可知选项C符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章第三段第二句提到用新机器做实验的一个结论是，三脚架的活梯比四脚活梯用起来更稳定、更安全（One conclusion of tests made with this machine is that a tripod stepladder is more stable and safer to use than one with four legs），由此可知以前的梯子都是四脚的，因此选项A符合题意。5.推理

58、判断题。文章倒数第二段第二句提到Dr. Tichauer最初的想法是为了工具使用者的健康（Dr. Tichauers first thought is for the health of the tool user），随后提到使用新机器可以减少人的压力，由此可知选项D符合题意。11. 单选题To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industr

59、ies concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, foc

60、uses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produ

61、ce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always

62、 two sides to every business transactionthe firm and the consumerand each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to consumers. A striking example of the importance of catering

63、 to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985 when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!1. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _.2. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?3. In Paragraph 1, “to mo