2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）

《2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）（24页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully（ ）the risks and benefits.问题1选项A.weighingB.valuingC.evaluatingD.distinguishing【答案】A【解析】句意:所有专家都认为，在对减肥药所做的各方面的考虑中，最重要的是仔细权衡风险和益处。考查动词辨析。weight 使变重，权衡；value 评价，重视；evaluate 评价，估价；d

2、istinguish区分，辨别，使杰出。根据题干关键词the risks and benefits (风险和益处)可知A项符合句意。2. 单选题Any negative statements and accusations should be made（ ）and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.问题1选项A.promptlyB.thoroughlyC.punctuallyD.exactly【答案】A【解析】句意:任何否定的言论和指控都应迅速、直接地作出答复，最好是在它们产生的层面上。

3、考查副词辨析。promptly 迅速地;敏捷地；thoroughly 充分的；彻头彻尾 的；punctually 按时地；如期地；exactly 正确地；严密地。并列连词and连接空格跟forthrightly(直接地)，因此四个选项中，A项正确。3. 单选题Airplane and television are among the（ ）of science.问题1选项A.masksB.martyrsC.marvelsD.marrow【答案】C【解析】句意:飞机和电视都是科学的奇迹。考查名词辨析。mask 面具，口罩；martyr 烈士; marvel 奇迹；marrow 骨髓，精华。四个选项

4、中，只有C项符合句意。4. 单选题The vast majority of people in any given culture will （ ） to the established standards of that culture.问题1选项A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项confine“限制；禁闭”；B选项conform“符合；遵照；适应环境”；C选项confront“ 面对；遭遇；比较”；D选项confirm“ 确认；确定；证实”。句意：在任何特定文化中的绝大多数人都将遵守该文化既定的标准。空格处的动词

5、既要符合句意，又要与to构成搭配。因此B项正确。Conform to表示“符合，遵照”。5. 单选题（ ）his knowledge and academic background, he is basically stupid.问题1选项A.But forB.According toC.For allD.Thanks to【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管他有一定的知识和学术背景，但是从根本上来说他还是很笨的。考查短语辨析。but for 要不是，如果没有；according to 按照，根据；for all 尽管，虽然；thanks to由于，幸亏。根据后半句句意 “从根本上来说他还是很笨的”可

6、知前半句表示让步，故选C项。6. 单选题Although most birds have only a negligible sense of smell, they have（ ）vision.问题1选项A.vigorousB.exactC.acuteD.vivid【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管大多数鸟几乎没什么嗅觉，但它们的视力却很敏锐。考查形容词辨析。vigorous 精力充沛的;exact 准确的，精确的；acute 严重的，敏锐的；vivid 生动的，鲜明的。根据前半句句意 “尽管大多数鸟几乎没什么嗅觉”可知这里在对比鸟的嗅觉跟视觉，故C项符合句意。7. 单选题The shift fr

7、om the more political to the more individualistic view of liberty may be seen in how the constitutional guarantees with respect to speech and the press are typically spoken of in the United States today. Restraints upon speaking and publishing, and indeed upon action generally, are fewer than at any

8、 time in the history of the country. This absence of restraints is reflected as well in the very terms in which these rights and privileges are described. What would once have been referred to as “freedom of speech and of the press” (drawing upon the language of the First Amendment to the Constituti

9、on of the United States) is now often referred to as “freedom of expression”.To make much of freedom of expression is to encourage a liberation of the self from the constraints of the community. It even can assume that the self has, intrinsic to it or somehow available to it, independent of any soci

10、al guidance, intimations of what it is and what it wants. Thus, liberation may be seen in the currently fashionable insistence upon “doing ones own thing” -which can include a reliance upon standards and objectives that are solely ones own. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to avoid a radical

11、subjectivism that tends to result in thoroughgoing relativism with respect to moral and political judgments. One consequence of this approach is to identify an ever-expanding array of forms of expression that are believed to be entitled to immunity from government regulation.On the other hand, if th

12、e emphasis is placed upon the more traditional language, “freedom of speech and of the press”，the requirements and prerogatives of a self-governing people are apt to be made more of. This means, among other things, that a people must be prepared and equipped to make effective use of its considerable

13、 political power. Even those rulers who act without the authority of the people must take care to shape their people in accordance with the needs and circumstances of their regime. This kind of effort need not be altogether selfish on the part of such rulers, since all regimes do have an interest in

14、 law and order, in common decency, and in a routine reliability or loyalty.What is particularly difficult to argue for, and to maintain, is an arrangement that, while it leaves a people clearly free politically to discuss fully all matters of public interest with a view toward governing itself, rout

15、inely disciplines and otherwise prepares that same people for an effective exercise of its considerable freedom. In such circumstances, it is tempting for a people to take the case for, and the rhetoric of the liberty one step further -and thus to insist that no one, should try to tell anyone else w

16、hat kind of human being he should be. Yet cannot it be said that only they are truly free who know what they are doing and who choose to do what is right? All others are, in varying degrees, prisoners of illusions and appetites, however much they may believe themselves to be freely expressing themse

17、lves.There are, then two related sets of concerns evident in any consideration today of the forms and uses of censorship. One set of concerns has to do with the everyday governance of the community; the other, with the permanent shaping of the character of the people. The former is more political in

18、 its methods, the latter is more educational.1.In the United State,（ ）.2.Freedom expression represents（ ）.3.It is TRUE that（ ）.4.In the authors opinion,（ ）.5.Which of the following statement can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.there is an absolute absence of restraints upon speaking and publishi

19、ngB.there are no more restraints upon speaking and publishing than at any time in historyC.there are no fewer restraints upon speaking and publishing than at any time in historyD.there are constitutional guarantees with regard to speech and the press问题2选项A.little more than a political view of libert

20、yB.not so much a political as an individualistic view of libertyC.a reliance upon social standards and objectivesD.a radical subjectivism问题3选项A.freedom of expression means nothing but an insistence upon “doing ones own thing”B.freedom of expression tends to spoil the everyday governance of the commu

21、nityC.few rulers rules without the authority of the peopleD.the permanent shaping of the character of the people lies mainly in education问题4选项A.there is no use maintaining an arrangement in which people can effectively exercise their considerable freedomB.all people are in fact prisoners of illusion

22、 and appetitesC.only people who know what they are doing and who choose to do what is right are truly freeD.only people who believe themselves to be freely expressing themselves are truly free问题5选项A.A more individualistic view of liberty will probably lead to moral relativism and objective political

23、 judgment.B.An individualistic view of liberty is based on the assumption that individuals know who they are and what they want.C.The traditional view of liberty involves more social guidance and less use of political power by the individualD.The censorship related with the individualistic view of l

24、iberty is related with everyday governance of community and thus it is political in its method.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段指出: Restraints upon speaking and publishing, and indeed upon action generally, are fewer than at any time in the history of the country (有关言论和出版方面的限制以及行为上的限制比历

25、史上任何一个时期都要少)。由此可知前面三项不符合文章所述，D项“在言论和出版方面有宪法保障”正确。第2题:细节事实题。第一段第一句指出:The shift from the more political to the more individualistic view of liberty may be seen in how the constitutional guarantees with respect to speech and the press are typically spoken of in the United States today (在自由的问题上，从政治性的观点向

26、个人主义观点的转变可以通过如今美国宪法中有关言论和出版条例的陈述方式显现出来)，第一段最后一句指出: What would once have been referred to as “freedom of speech and of the press” is now often referred to as “freedom of expression” (曾经的言论和出版自由如今被称为表达自由)。由此可知“表达自由”代表的是个人主义观点，故选B项“与其说是政治观点，不如说是个人主义的自由观”。第3题:细节事实题。A:言论自由意味着坚持“做自己的事”。B:言论自由往往会破坏社区的日常管理。

27、C:没有人民授权，统治者很难统治。D:人性格的永久塑造，主要在于教育。A项的nothing but和B项中的spoil the everyday governance与文章意思不符。第二段指出:Even those rulers who act without the authority of the people must take care to shape their people in accordance with the needs and circumstances of their regime (即使是那些未具备权力的管理者也必须要注意根据自己政权的需要和情况来塑造民众的性格

28、)。因此C项不正确。答案为D。第4题:细节事实题。第四段指出:Yet cannot it be said that only they are truly free who know what they are doing and who choose to do what is right? (难道不能说只有那些知道自己正在做什么以及选择做正确的事情的人才是真正地获得自由？)。此句的意思是:只有那些知道自己正在做什么以及选择做正确的事情的人才是真正地获得自由。故选C项“只有那些知道自己在做什么，选择做正确的事的人才是真正自由的”。第5题:判断推理题。第二段指出: To make much o

29、f freedom of expression is to encourage a liberation of the self fi-om the constraints of the community (表达自由的意思就是鼓励自我从社会的各项束缚中解脱出来)。第三段指出: This means, among other things, that a people must be prepared and equipped to make effective use of its considerable political power (这意味着每个人都需要准备好有效利用其巨大的政治权力

30、)。由此推断C项 “传统的对自由的理解涉及更多的社会指导，个人较少使用政治权力”正确。8. 单选题If you plant two apple trees in one square yard of land, and the trees productivity（ ）decline.问题1选项A.is bound toB.is determined toC.is unlikely toD.is related to【答案】A【解析】句意:如果你在一平方米的土地上种两棵苹果树，那么树的产能肯定会下降。考查短语辨析。is bound to 必然，注定，势必:is determined to 坚决

31、，下决心做；is unlikely to不可能的；is related to 与有关。因此A符合句意。9. 单选题The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its me

32、aning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. Th

33、ere is no danger as long as clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of

34、 any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward th

35、at end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interests are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge fo

36、r specific purposes - for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use, such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of

37、 its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information op

38、en the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are n

39、ot apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1.To define science we may simply call it（ ）.2.Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope（ ）.3.A scientist interested in adding to our general know

40、ledge about oxygen would probably call his approach（ ）.4.Which of the following statements does the author imply?5.The best title for the passage is （ ）.问题1选项A.the study of unrelated subjectsB.an attempt to explain natural phenomenaC.the study of unrelated fieldsD.classified knowledge问题2选项A.may lead

41、 to antiscientific, “impure” resultsB.necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cellC.is not always as pure as we supposeD.necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell问题3选项A.applied scienceB.agriculture scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题4

42、选项A.Scientists of theoretical research are not blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objecti

43、ves of pure science.问题5选项A.The Nature of Science and ScientistsB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段最后一句指出: Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classif

44、ied knowledge (facts) (为了尽可能简化该定义，假设科学被定义为分类知识（事实）)。因此D项“分类知识”正确。第2题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词the construction of a microscope 定位至最后一段: Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discove

45、ry of the cell (有些发现似乎如此简单，以至于人们惊奇地发现，它们在多年前没有被发现；然而，人们应该记住，显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现)。由此可知，B项“一定先于导致细胞的发现的应用科学”正确。第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出: One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes - for instance, improving health, raising standard

46、s of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use, such an approach is referred to as applied science (一种是为了满足好奇心，被称为纯科学。另一个是为了将知识用于特定目的，例如改善健康、提高生活水平或创造新的消费品。在这种情况下，知识被用于经济用途，这种方法被称为应用科学)，因此C项 “纯科学”正确。第4题:判断推理题。A:做理论研究的科学家不必为忽视其发现的应用方面而受到指责。最后一段最后一句指出: Th

47、e host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries (许多致力于纯科学的科学家并不为忽视他们发现的实际一面而感到抱歉)，由此可知A项正确。B:现在很少有人对科学的含义有任何概念。第一段第一句指出: The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of i

48、ts meaning (科学这个词在现代是经常听到的，几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念)，由此可知B项错误。C:在科学领域，不难辨别虚实。第二段第一句指出: Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy (即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构并不总是容易的)，因此C项错误。D:有实践头脑的人能理解纯科学的定义和目标。第五段第一句指出: Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking

49、only of its immediate application for economic rewards (有时，有实践头脑的人忽视了纯科学的意义，而只考虑即时的经济回报)，由此可知D项错误。第5题:主旨大意题。文章第一段至第四段探讨科学的本质，最后一段探讨科学家的本质，因此A项“科学和科学家的本质”最适合做文章标题。10. 单选题The Space Age（ ）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.

50、embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】句意:太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。考查动词辨析。initiate 开始；创始：发起（及物动词，其后不需跟介词）；originate 起源；发生；embark 着手；从事；上船或飞机；commence 开始（可充当不及物动词，后跟介词in）；着手。空格后有介词in，因此D项正确。11. 单选题In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world

51、 struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific ce

52、rtainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War II, the academic world turned

53、with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy. American scholars fanned out across much of the world with support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc. to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an

54、 effort to make the case for democratic freedoms.In the America of our own lime, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines （science, technology, engineering, and math）. There is considerable and justified concern that

55、 the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines. India, China. Japan and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities while still popular in elite colleges and universities h

56、ave experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because the

57、y do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials （资质）for most nonacademic careers.Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of

58、 “real world” education which means preparation for professional and scientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impover

59、ished （贫困的）without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do.It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our com

60、plicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both.1.In the early 20th century Americans believed science and technology could（ ）.2.Why did many American scholars become enthusiast

61、ic about humanistic studies after World War II?3.Why are American scholars worried about education today?4.What accounts for the significant decline in humanistic studies today?5.Why does the author attach so much importance to humanistic studies?问题1选项A.solve virtually all existing problemsB.help ra

62、ise peoples living standardsC.quicken the pace of industrializationD.promote the nations social progress问题2选项A.They wanted to improve their own status within the current education system.B.They believed the stability of a society depended heavily on humanistic studies.C.They could get financial supp

63、ort from various foundations for humanistic studies.D.They realized science and technology alone were no guarantee for a better world.问题3选项A.The STEM subjects are too challenging for students to learn.B.Some Asian countries have overtaken America in basic sciences.C.America is lagging behind in the STEM disciplines.D.There are not enough scholars in humanistic studies.问题4选项A.Insufficient fundingB.Shortage of devoted facultyC.Shrinking enrollmentD.Dim prospects for graduates问题5选项A.They promote the development of science and te