2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考前模拟强化练习题36（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题What, can rigid, cold calculating mathematics possibly have in common with subtle, creative, lofty, imaginative art? This question faithfully mirrors the state of mind of most people, even of most educated people, when they regard the numbers and symbols that po

2、pulate the world of mathematics. But the great leaders of mathematics thought have frequently and repeatedly asserted that the object of their pursuit is just as much an art as it is a science, and perhaps even fine art. Maxime Bocher, eminent mathematician living at the beginning of last century, w

3、rote, “I like to look at mathematics almost more as an art than as a science; for the activity of the mathematician, constantly creating as he is, guided although not controlled by the external world of the senses, bears a resemblance, not fanciful, I believe, but real, to the activities of the arti

4、stof a painter, let us say. Rigorous deductive reasoning on the part of the mathematician may be likened here to the technical skill in drawing on the part of the painter. Just as one cannot become a painter without a certain amount of skill, so no one can become a mathematician without the power to

5、 reason accurately up to a certain point.“Yet these qualities, fundamental though they are, do not make a painter or a mathematician worthy of the name, nor indeed are they the most important factors in the case. Other qualities of a far more subtle sort, chief among which in both cases is imaginati

6、on, go into the making of a good artist or a good mathematician.”If mathematics wants to lay claim to being an art, however, it must show that it possesses and makes use of at least some of the elements that go to make up the things of beauty. Is not imagination, creative imagination, the most essen

7、tial element of an art? Let us take a geometric object, such as the circle. To the ordinary man, this is the rim of a wheel, perhaps with spokes in it. Elementary geometry has crowded this simple figure with radii (半径), chords, sectors, tangents (切线), diameters, inscribed and circumscribed polygons,

8、 and so on.Here you have already an entire geometrical world created from a very rudimentary beginning. These and other miracles are undeniable proof of the creative power of the mathematician; and, as if this were not enough, the mathematician allows the whole circle to “vanish”, declares it to be

9、imaginary, then keeps on toying with his new creation in much the same way and with much the same gusto (爱好，兴趣) as he did with the innocent little thing you allowed him to start out with. And all this, remember please, is just elementary plane geometry. Truly, the creative imagination displayed by t

10、he mathematician has nowhere been exceeded, nor even paralleled, and I would make bold to say, not even closely approached anywhere else.In many ways mathematics exhibits the same elements of beauty that are generally acknowledged to be the essence of poetry. First, let us consider a minor point: th

11、e poet arranges his writings on the page in verse. His poem first appeals to the eye before it reaches the ear or the mind; and similarly, the mathematician lines up his formulas and equations so that their form may make an aesthetic impression. Some mathematicians are given to this love of arrangin

12、g and exhibiting their equations to a degree that borders on a fault. Trigonometry, a branch of elementary mathematics particularly rich in formulas, offers some curious groups of them, curious in their symmetry and their arrangement.The superiority of poetry over other forms of verbal expression li

13、es first in the symbolism used in poetry, and secondly in its extreme condensation and economy of words. Take a poem of universally acknowledged merit, say Shelleys poem “To Night”. Here is the second stanza: Wrap thy form in a mantle gray, star-in wrought! Blind with thine heir the eyes of Day; Kis

14、s her until she be wearied out; Then wander our city, and sea, and land; touching all with thine opiate wandCome, long-sought!Taken literally, all this is, of course, sheer nonsense and nothing else. Night has no hair, night does not wear any clothes, and night is not an illicit peddler or narcotics

15、. But is there anybody balmy enough to take the words of the poet literally? The words here are only comparisons, only symbols. For the sake of condensation the poet doesnt bother stating that his symbols mean such and such, but goes on to treat them as if they were realities.The mathematician does

16、these things precisely as the poet does. Take numbers, for example, the very idea of which is an abstraction, or symbol. When you write the figure 3, you have created a symbol for a symbol, and when you say in algebra that a is a number, you have condensed all the symbols for all the numbers into on

17、e all-embracing symbol. These, like other mathematical symbols, and like the poets symbols, are a condensed, concentrated way of stating a long and rather complicated chain of simple geometrical, algebraic, or numerical relations.1. The similarity between the activities of mathematicians and those o

18、f artists is _.2. In the writers opinion, what is the most fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician?3. In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet?4. Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its _.5. Just like poets, mathematicians may us

19、e _.问题1选项A.both are controlled by the external worldB.both resemble the senses of the worldC.both are not fanciful but realD.both involve constant creating问题2选项A.Numerical skills.B.Creation.C.Imagination.D.Sense of beauty.问题3选项A.Mathematicians, love to arrange their formulas and equations so that th

20、ey take a beautiful form.B.Mathematicians would like to spare no effort to make their proofs elegant.C.Mathematicians seldom arrange their formulas and equations in symmetry.D.Mathematicians like to arrange their formulas in verse.问题4选项A.unusual dictionB.imaginative expressionC.symbolism, condensati

21、on and economy of wordsD.condensation and imaginative diction问题5选项A.numbers to signify beautyB.symbols for the sake of comparisonC.poems as a kind of symbolsD.symbols for the sake of condensation and concentration【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The similarity between the activities of mat

22、hematicians and those of artists is _. 数学家的活动和艺术家的活动之间的相似之处是_。A. both are controlled by the external world A. 两者都受外部世界的控制B. both resemble the senses of the world B. 两者都类似于世界的感觉C. both are not fanciful but real C. 两者都不是幻想的，而是真实的D. both involve constant creating D. 两者都涉及到不断创造【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关

23、键词similarity和the activities of mathematicians and those of artists定位到原文第1段第4句，后半句提到“数学家的活动（the activity of the mathematician），虽然不受外部感官世界的控制，却需要不断地创造（constantly creating），这与艺术家的活动（to the activities of the artist），比如说画家的活动，有相似之处（bears a resemblance），我相信这不是幻想的，而是真实的。”由此可知，数学家的活动和艺术家的活动之间的相似之处在于两者都需要不断创

24、造。因此，D选项“两者都涉及到不断创造”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“两者都受外部世界的控制”，原文提到数学家的活动“不受外部感官世界的控制（not controlled by the external world of the senses）”，该选项表述错误；B选项“两者都类似于世界的感觉”，原文只提到了“外部感官世界（the external world of the senses）”，并没有提到所谓“世界的感觉（the senses of the world）”，该选项属于偷换概念；C选项“两者都不是幻想的，而是真实的”，原文作者是说数学家与艺术家之间的相似性不是幻想的而是真实的，并

25、不是说数学家和艺术家的活动，该选项属于曲解原文。第2题:【选项释义】In the writers opinion, what is the most fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician? 在作者看来，成为一名优秀的艺术家或数学家最重要的要素是什么？A. Numerical skills. A. 数学技巧。B. Creation. B. 创造力。C. Imagination. C. 想象力。D. Sense of beauty. D. 美感。【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词makes

26、a good artist or mathematician定位到原文第2段。本段最后一句提到“还有一些更微妙的品质，其中最主要的就是想象力（chief among which in both cases is imagination），这些品质有助于成为优秀的艺术家或数学家（the making of a good artist or a good mathematician）。”由此可知，作者认为成为一名优秀的艺术家或画家，最重要的是C选项“想象力”。【干扰项排除】A选项“数学技巧”，可定位到原文第2段第1句，该句提到“然而，这些品质，尽管是最基本的，却不能使一个画家或数学家名符其实，它们

27、也不是最重要的因素。”由此可知，上一段提到的品质，如一些技巧（a certain amount of skill）和精确的推理能力（the power to reason accurately up to a certain point），并不能使他们被称之为好的艺术家或数学家。该选项属于曲解原文；B选项“创造力”，原文并未提及；D选项“美感”，原文并未提及。第3题:【选项释义】In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet? 数学家是怎样和诗人一样展现美的？A. Mathematicians,

28、 love to arrange their formulas and equations so that they take a beautiful form. A. 数学家们喜欢把他们的公式和方程式排列成一种美丽的形式。B. Mathematicians would like to spare no effort to make their proofs elegant. B. 数学家们愿意不遗余力地使他们的证明变得优雅。C. Mathematicians seldom arrange their formulas and equations in symmetry. C. 数学家很少把公

29、式和方程式安排得对称。D. Mathematicians like to arrange their formulas in verse. D. 数学家喜欢把公式写成韵文。【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词exhibit the same elements of beauty定位到原文第5段第一句，该句提到“在许多方面，数学展现出的美与一般公认的诗歌的本质相同（exhibits the same elements of beauty）。”第2句后半句提到“诗人把他的作品按韵文排列在书页上”，第3句提到“他的诗在进入耳朵或思想之前，首先是视觉的（appeals to the

30、 eye）”；紧接着提到“类似地（similarly），数学家排列他的公式和方程式（lines up his formulas and equations），以便它们的形式可以产生美学印象（so that their form may make an aesthetic impression）。”由此可知，诗人把他的作品按韵文排列在书页上，产生视觉上的美感，而数学家也通过排列公式和方程式产生同样的美感，A选项“数学家们喜欢把他们的公式和方程式排列成一种美丽的形式”符合原文。【干扰项排除】B选项“数学家们愿意不遗余力地使他们的证明变得优雅”，原文没有提到“证明（proofs）”，该选项属于无中生

31、有；C选项“数学家很少把公式和方程式排列得对称”，原文没有提到“对称（symmetry）”，但是提到了数学家会排列他们的公式和方程式，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“数学家喜欢把公式写成韵文”，原文是说诗人会把他们写的作品按韵文排列，而数学家也会排列他们的公式和方程式，该选项属于张冠李戴。第4题:【选项释义】Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its _. 诗歌优于其他表达形式，因为它的_。A. unusual diction A. 不寻常的措辞B. imaginative expression B. 富有想象力的表达C. sym

32、bolism, condensation and economy of words C. 象征、词语的凝练和简洁D. condensation and imaginative diction D. 凝练和富有想象力的措辞【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Poetry和superior to other forms定位到原文第6段第1句，该句提到“诗歌相对于其他语言表达形式的优势，首先在于诗歌中使用的象征主义（first in the symbolism used in poetry），其次在于文字的极端浓缩和精简（extreme condensation and econ

33、omy of words）。”由此可知，C选项“象征、词语的凝练和简洁”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“不寻常的措辞”、B选项“富有想象力的表达”、D选项“凝练和富有想象力的措辞”，均不符合原文表述，属于无中生有。第5题:【选项释义】Just like poets, mathematicians may use _. 就像诗人一样，数学家也会_。A. numbers to signify beauty A. 使用数字代表美丽B. symbols for the sake of comparison B. 为了比较而使用的符号C. poems as a kind pf symbols C. 使用

34、诗歌作为一种象征D. symbols for the sake of condensation and concentration D. 为了凝练和集中而使用符号【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Just like poets和mathematicians定位到原文最后一段第1句“数学家所做的事情和诗人所做的完全一样。”本段最后一句提到“这些符号，就像其他的数学符号一样（mathematical symbols），也像诗人的符号一样（like the poets symbols），是一种凝练的、集中的方式（a condensed, concentrated way of）

35、，用来表述由简单的几何、代数或数字关系组成的长而复杂的数学链。”由此可知，数学家和艺术家都会使用符号，因为这是一种凝练而集中的表达方式，D选项“为了凝练和集中而使用符号”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“使用数字代表美丽”，这不是数学家与诗人相同的地方，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“为了比较而使用的符号”，数学家使用符合不是为了比较，该选项属于曲解原文；C选项“使用诗歌作为一种象征”，数学家不是用诗歌来表示象征，而是使用字母（in algebra that a is a number），该选项属于曲解原文。2. 单选题The wealth of a country should be measur

36、ed _ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.问题1选项A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard withD.by means of【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. in line with 与一致 B. in terms of 就而言C. in regard with 无此表达 D. by means of 通过方式【答案】D【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】空格前语义为“一个国家的财富应该被衡量”，空格后语义为“人民的健康和幸

37、福，以及它所能生产的物质产品”，由此可知，后者为衡量一个国家财富的两种方式或两个标准，D选项by means of“通过方式”最符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A选项in line with“与一致”，不符合原句语义衔接；B选项in terms of“就而言”，不符合原句语义衔接；C选项in regard with，其正确表达为in/with regard to“关于；至于”。【句意】一个国家的财富应该用国民的健康和幸福以及它所能生产的物质产品来衡量。3. 单选题Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a downswing in ridership along

38、the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very

39、luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation at the time.However, time changed and the automobile became Americas standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances. Therefore, the task for DDB Needh

40、am was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious fliersthose concerned with safety, relaxation, and

41、cleanliness, and 2) travel-loversthose viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. I

42、t stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures.Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Bui

43、lder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its

44、Chicago to Seattle route.1. Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage?2. It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that _.3. To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized _.4. The train ads were placed among family-oriented

45、TV involving nature and America because _.5. According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits because _.问题1选项A.To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience.B.To stress the influence of the automobile on Americas

46、 standard of convenience.C.To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion.D.To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumers attitudes.问题2选项A.trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportationB.trains were not the fastest and most

47、 convenient form of transportationC.trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to beD.trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience问题3选项A.the freedom and convenience provided on trainsB.the practical aspects of train travelC.the adventurous aspect of train travelD.

48、the safety and cleanliness of train trips问题4选项A.they could focus on meaningful travel experience where they could enjoy freedomB.they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs which could bring more audienceC.their profit could be increased by 15 percent, which was what they expectedD.most

49、 travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audience问题5选项A.the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertisedB.it provided an exciting travel experienceC.its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoorsD.it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines i

50、n Chicago and Seattle【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage? 作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？A. To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience. A. 为了表明在速度和便利方面火车无法与飞机竞争。B. To stress the influence of the automobile on A

51、mericas standard of convenience. B. 为了强调汽车对美国方便标准的影响。C. To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion. C. 为了强调旅行社在市场推广中的作用。D. To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumers attitudes. D. 为了说明说服性沟通在改变消费者态度方面的重要作用。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】本题考查的是作者的写作意

52、图。本文的行文结构为“提出问题分析问题解决问题”，首段提出“铁路客流量下降”的问题，第二段及第三段前半部分分析该问题产生的原因，从第三段后半部分开始讲DDB Needham确定地解决问题的策略是“鼓励消费者（encourage consumers）考虑火车旅行的其他方面，以改变他们的态度（in order to change their attitudes），并增加在西方考虑火车旅行的可能性”，通过广告宣传把西部的铁路打造成火车旅行体验，最终的结果是，铁路线路的利润增长了。一篇文章的分析问题和解决问题部分是文章的重点，而本文重点部分是在讲DDB Needham的宣传策略和广告投放对于解决西部铁

53、路客流量下降问题的重要作用，因此，D选项“为了说明说服性沟通在改变消费者态度方面的重要作用”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“为了表明在速度和便利方面火车无法与飞机竞争”，火车和飞机的比较只在分析问题部分提到了，本不是文章话题的重点，不会是作者的写作目的，该选项属于本末倒置；B选项“为了强调汽车对美国方便标准的影响”，原文第三段第一句虽然提到了“汽车成为了美国交通便利的标准”，但是本文主要讨论的是铁路客运量的问题，该选项属于本末倒置；C选项“为了强调旅行社在市场推广中的作用”，原文虽然提到了火车旅行，但并未提及旅行社，进行广告宣传的是广告代理商，该选项属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】It ca

54、n be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that _. 从文章中可以推断，美国铁路公司客运量的下降是由于_。A. trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportation A. 火车不适合短途客运B. trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportation B. 火车不是最快最便捷的交通工具C. tra

55、ins were not as fast and convenient as they used to be C. 火车不像过去那样快捷方便了D. trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience D. 在豪华和便利方面，火车无法与飞机竞争【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词the drop in Amtrak ridership定位到原文第二段及第三段。第二段提到“曾经有一段时间，火车是穿越西部广大地区唯一可行的方法。与当时的其他交通工具相比，火车快速、豪华、便捷（fast, v

56、ery luxurious, and quite convenient）。”由此可知，火车曾经受欢迎的原因是“它的快速、豪华、便捷”。另外，第三段第一、二句提到“然而，时代变了，汽车（the automobile）成了美国的方便标准。此外，航空旅行（air travel）已经很容易地确立了自己作为长途旅行的最快方法的地位。”由此可知，现在，汽车和飞机成为了更便捷的交通工具。综上所述，铁路客运量下降的原因是，相比较而言，它已经不是最便捷的交通工具了，有其他交通工具取代了它的位置，B选项“火车不是最快最便捷的交通工具”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“火车不适合短途客运”，原文并未具体提及短途客运的

57、问题，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“火车不像过去那样快捷方便了”，原文并不是说火车没有以前快、没有以前方便了，只是有了更快、更方便的交通工具，取代了它的位置，这是相对来说的，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“在豪华和便利方面，火车无法与飞机竞争”，原文不仅提到了飞机，还提到了汽车，B选项的表述更完整，该选项属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized _. 为了鼓励消费者乘坐火车旅行，DDB Needham强调了_。A. the freedom and convenience pro

58、vided on trains A. 火车提供的自由和便利B. the practical aspects of train travel B. 火车旅行的实用性C. the adventurous aspect of train travel C. 火车旅行的冒险性D. the safety and cleanliness of train trips D. 火车旅行的安全和清洁【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词To encourage consumers和DDB Needham定位到原文第三段第三句，该句提到“DDB Needham的任务是鼓励消费者考虑火车旅行的其他

59、方面（other aspects），以改变他们的态度，并增加考虑在西部进行火车旅行的可能性。”前两句提到，“汽车是便利（convenience）的标准”、“飞机是最快的（fastest）交通工具”，那么，DDB Needham强调的应该是“便利和速度”以外的因素。第四段最后一句提到“它强调了乘坐火车所获得的经验，并把西部火车旅行描绘成奇妙的冒险（portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures）。”由此可知，DDB Needham强调的是西部火车旅行的冒险性，C选项“火车旅行的冒险性”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“火车提供的自由和便利

60、”，“便利”不是DDB Needham强调的方面，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“火车旅行的实用性”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“火车旅行的安全和清洁”，可定位到原文第四段第一句，该句提到“整个市场的两个部分是目标：1）焦虑的飞行者那些关心安全、放松和清洁（safety, relaxation, and cleanliness）的人”，但这并不是DDB强调的内容，该选项属于出处错位。第4题:【选项释义】The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV involving nature and America because _. 火

61、车广告之所以出现在以自然和美国为主题的家庭电视中，是因为_。A. they could focus on meaningful travel experience where they could enjoy freedom A. 它们可以专注于有意义的旅行体验，在这个过程中，他们可以享受自由B. they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs which could bring more audience B. 它们可以提高电视节目的效果，这可以带来更多的观众C. their profit could be increased

62、 by 15 percent, which was what they expected C. 它们的利润可以增加15%，这是他们所期望的D. most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audience D. 大多数旅行爱好者和忧虑的飞机乘客被认为是节目的观众【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV定位到原文最后一段第二句，该句提到“这些广告被战略性投放在面向家庭、涉及自然和美国的电视节

63、目中，以便最有效地触及目标受众（in order to most effectively reach target audiences）。”由此可得，这么做是为了“触及目标受众”，即他们认为自己的目标受众是这些节目的观众。第四段提到目标受众有两类，“忧虑的飞机乘客（anxious fliers）”和“旅行爱好者（travel-lovers）”。综上所述，D选项“大多数旅行爱好者和忧虑的飞机乘客被认为是节目的观众”最符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“它们可以专注于有意义的旅行体验，在这个过程中，他们可以享受自由”，可定位到第四段第二句，该句提到“该机构随后开展了一项活动，专注于旅行体验（focus

64、ed on travel experiences），如自由（such as freedom）、逃避、放松和享受西部旷野。”由此可知，该选项与本题无关，属于出处错位；B选项“它们可以提高电视节目的效果，这可以带来更多的观众”，广告并不能提高电视节目的效果，不是为了增加节目观众，而是为了吸引观众成为游客，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“它们的利润可以增加15%，这是他们所期望的”，可定位到原文最后一句，该句提到“帝国建造者在芝加哥到西雅图的航线上的利润增长了15%”，但这表达的是在这些节目投放广告的效果，而不是原因，该选项属于因果倒置。第5题:【选项释义】According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in