龙门式起重机的设计【10吨】【27张CAD图纸+文档全套文件】
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常州工学院成人(继续)教育学院毕业设计(论文)任务书系:机电工程系 专业:数控 班级:数控50303 学生姓名王浩指导教师景魏职称讲师课题名称龙门起重机课题工作内容龙门起重机指标目标要求对龙门起重机设计(包括工艺过程设计)图纸不少于2张A0进程安排2008.03.172008.04.01 了解课题,收集资料2008.04.012008.04.20 结构设计,工艺设计2008.04.202008.05.10 CAD绘图2008.05.102008.05.15 整理说明书主要参与文献1 濮良贵,胡综武,张邻康机械设计M沈阳:西北工业大学,2 许林发.建筑材料机械设计M.武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,3 最新起重机械设计、制造、安装调试、维护新工艺、新技术与常用数据及质量检验标准实用手册4机械CAD/CAM技术 魏生民 机械工业出版社地点无锡技师学院起止日期2008.3.172008.5.16系主任: 指导教师:年 月 日 年 月 日说明:毕业设计(论文)任务书由指导教师根据课题的具体情况填写,经系部审核签字后生效。龙门起重机目录前言 4第一章 起重机械应用管理概述 5第二章 起重机管理的意义、现状及其发展 6第三章 起重机的涂漆 9第四章 操作保养规程 11第五章 设计计算书 13第六章 拆装管理 24结束语 26 前言随着我国经济建设步伐的加快,生产和生活各个领域的建设规模逐年扩大,也促进了施工机械化程度的迅速提高。先进的施工机械已成为加快施工速度,保证工程质量和降低成本的物质保证。起重机械是工矿企业、车站码头、各企事业实现运输机械化、自动化,提高劳动生产率的重要工具和设备。有些起重设备还能在生产过程中进行某些特殊的工艺操作,如担任危险的、对人体有严重危害的特殊作业,使操作程序更加简化、可靠,操作人员更加省力,也更加安全。随着科学技术的发展,先进的电气控制技术和机械技术逐渐应用到起重机械上,使起重机械的自动化程度更加完善、结构日趋简单、性能更加可靠、品种也越来越全。起重机械是以间歇、重复的工作方式,通过取物装置的起升、下降或升降与运移物料的设备。在其工作过程中,经历上料、运送、卸料及返回原处的过程,工作范围较大,危险因素很多。如施工电梯和升降机在用吊笼(或轿厢)输送人员和物料时,被提升在空中的人员、物料等的安全取决于提升钢丝绳和一些安全装置的有效性、可靠性。因此,在起重机械设计、制造过程中,设计数据与参数就尤为重要,基于上述原因,本书收集了有关起重吊装各种常用数据和必要的简易计算公式与图表。主要内容包括:起重绳索,辅助工具,各式滑车、滑车组,千斤顶、绞车及锚碇,桅杆起重机构,汽车起重机和轮胎起重机,履带式起重机,塔式起重机,缆索起重机,桩基施工,构件(设备)装卸运输与堆放,吊装设计通用计算公式以及安全技术要点及常用数据等。设备管理是以企业生产经营目标为依据,运用各种技术、经济和组织措施,对设备从规划、设计、制造、购置、安装、使用、维护、修理、改造、更新直至报废的整个寿命周期进行全过程的管理。其目的是获取最佳的设备投资效果,也就是说,要充分发挥设备效能,并谋求寿命周期费用最经济。要规范安装,使用起重机械,从而减少安全生产事故。起重机械事故的直接原因往往是设计不当、制造质量(包括材料质量)低劣、使用中违章操作以及拆装不按规定顺序等诸方面。但在不少的案例中可以看到生产管理不善、安全生产观念淡薄常是引发事故的主要因素。我们国家历来十分重视安全生产,但是由于具体执行者、生产指挥者主观上和生产条件客观上两方面都存在许多不安全因素,龙其是主观方面人为的忽视安全生产因素的作用,造成了一些重大事故。如何从这些机毁人亡,以鲜血和生命为代价的事故中吸取教训,防患于未然,就要从起重机械的设计、制造、使用和管理一系列环节上下工夫。本书涉及范围广,极具指导意义。 第一章 起重机械应用管理概述起重机是现代工业在实现生产过程机械化、自动化,改善物料搬运条件,提高劳动生产率必不可少的重要机械设备。它对于发展国民经济,改善人们的物质、文化生活的需要都起着重要的作用。随着经济建设的迅速发展,机械化、自动化程度也在不断提高,与此相适应的起重机技术也在高速发展,产品种类不断增加,使用范围越来越广。一些企业由于没有起重机械,不仅工作效率低,劳动强度大,甚至难以工作。高层建筑的施工,上万吨级或几十万吨级的大型船舶的建造,火箭和导弹的发射,大型电站的施工和安装,大重件的装卸与搬运等,都离不开起重机的作业。起重机不仅可以作为辅助的生产设备,完成原料、半成品、产品的装卸、搬运,进行机电设备、船体分段的吊运与安装,而且也是一些生产过程及工艺操作中的必须的装备。再如冶金工业生产中的炉料准备、加料、钢水浇铸成锭、脱模取锭等,必须依靠起重机进行生产作业。据统计,在国内的冶金、煤炭部门的机械设备总数量或总自重中,起重运输机械约占。起重机是机械化作业的重要的物质基础,是一些工业企业中主要的固定资产。对于工矿企业、港口码头、车站库场、建筑施工工地,以及海洋开发、宇宙航行等部门,起重机已成为主要的生产力要素,在生产中进行着高效的工作,构成合理组织批量生产和机械化流水作业的基础,是现代化生产的重要标志之一。现代企业管理,也应该重视围绕生产力管理这个中心。起重机的管理与正确使用,就是按照这种生产力本身的客观规律,运用组织、计划、指导、监督、检查等基本活动,科学地对起重机、人员和资金等因素进行综合管理,充分发挥起重机效能,努力提高这种装备的技术素质和作业水平,高效、优质、低消耗地完成施工、生产、装卸作业任务,追求其寿命周期费用最经济,获取最佳的经济投资效益,促进企业生产持续发展,增强企业活力。 第二章 起重机管理的意义、现状及其发展在企业生产活动中,人员、设备及原材料作为输入,经组织和处理后输出产品。输入项目的管理是定员管理、设备管理、物质管理,输出的管理则是生产管理、质量管理、成本管理、劳动管理等。生产产品的质量、产量,以及安全、环境、卫生、职工劳动情绪等都与设备紧密相关。可见,设备是影响企业经济效益的主要因素之一,设备管理在企业管理中有着举足轻重的地位。一、起重机管理的意义起重机在一些行业与部门得到广泛使用,并在企业设备中占有相当的比重,如港口公司和冶金车间,起重机则是命脉性设备,其作业情况直接影响到企业的经营管理。因此,起重机管理是这些企业和部门企业管理的重要内容,是施工、安装、生产和装卸作业的保证,是提高企业经济效益的重要环节。(一)起重机管理关系到企业生产力要素的管理一个生产企业在生产活动中的首要任务是按照生产运动规律、自然规律和生产关系运动规律,科学地组织好生产力要素,优质、高效、低耗地进行生产,创造出最佳的经济效益。生产力中的劳动力、劳动手段和劳动对象中,具有活力的要素是劳动力和劳动手段。起重机是一种机械方式作业的劳动手段。起重机通过司机的操作来实现对物料的装卸搬运或对机械电器设备进行吊运与安装,在生产过程中形成了生产力。因此,起重机的管理不仅是管理起重机这种劳动手段,而且直接或间接地管理着操作和使用起重机的司机、机组人员和管理者等劳动力。起重机管理实际上管理着生产力三要素中最具有活力的要素,即一部分劳动力和主要劳动手段,亦即管理着企业生产力的重要要素。(二)起重机管理关系到企业固定资产管理大型专业化港口装卸码头、专业建筑安装企业的起重机是其固定资产的重要组成部分,固定资产管理又是企业管理的重要成分。随着改革开放与建设事业的发展,一些专业化企业拥有和使用着引进的或国产的起重机,这些机型所共有的特点是:大型化、高速化、高效化、技术先进、结构复杂、单机价格昂贵、管理要求严格,而这些大型起重机都是安装、装卸作业中的关键设备。如果对起重机只重使用,而管理不善,则容易发生损机故障。加强起重机管理,有利于企业固定资产管理。(三)起重机管理关系到企业经济效益固定资产在企业经营活动中产生经济效益,作为固定资产的起重机在使用中发挥效能而取得经济效益。随着生产自动化程度提高和技术进步,物流过程和设备安装工艺对起重机的依赖程度也不断提高,起重机管理和企业生产经营的方针目标的关系更加密切,即这些企业生产发展要依靠起重机技术水平的提高和对起重机管理素质的改善,实行对起重机规范化管理,也是企业管理中的重要组成部分。(四)起重机管理关系到企业机械化生产的实现“工欲善其事,必先利其器”明确阐明了劳动手段与生产力之间的辩证关系,也表达了起重机和起重机管理对生产发展的重要作用。目前,随着起重机行业技术的发展,起重机及其管理技术在许多部门的生产建设中发挥着重要作用。有了精良的起重机械,并不等于实现了物料搬运、装卸、设备安装的机械化。众多的重生产、轻管理,重使用、轻维修的起重机管理方式造成损机伤人事故,以致导致重大经济损失的实例,充分说明了只有科学地遵循起重机管理规律,重视管理工作,才能保证其在经济建设中的机械化作用。(五)起重机管理关系到先进技术的发展近年来国内外起重机行业的先进技术高速发展,给起重机管理工作提出了新的要求。如起重机的操纵控制已由司机室作业发展到遥控,一改由司机操作为起重工或其他生产工人在工作位置借助于微型携带式控制台,运用遥控系统命令起重机动作。如前苏联亚历山大起重运输设备厂,已将遥控系统运用于通用桥式起重机上;别尔戈罗德金属结构厂将原有台双小车桥式起重机全部采用了遥控系统。另外一点是由常规的继电器控制装置发展到利用微机实现半自动或自动化控制。先进技术的研究与应用对人机管理问题更有着重要性。起重机遥控技术和微机控制系统的操作与维护,只有受过专门训练和考核合格的人员才能胜任。制定操作保养人员的培训大纲,严格培训教育,考核合格上岗等实施的教育管理,也是为了适应先进技术的发展。所以,我们要充分认识起重机管理现状,重视起重机管理在企业经营活动中的重要性。二、起重机管理现状发达国家的起重机现代管理状况是强调理论性、科学性、全面性、经济性、综合性、生产性和全员性。我国起重机管理现状正处在传统管理向现代化管理过渡的阶段。(一)理论性我国起重机管理与其他机械管理一样,以磨损理论为基础,以传统的科学管理理论为指导思想,以预防维修和生产维修方式等管理理论指导起重机管理。(二)科学性在科学性方面,起重机的管理方法比较落后,目前正在开始学习和应用先进的理论、方法、技术和设备,如电子计算机技术、网络计划技术、系统工程、价值工程、概率论、线性规划、以及状态监测和故障诊断技术及设备。(三)全面性起重机管理大多数是由选型开始,包括运输、安装调试、使用、维修、改造至报废为止,其现状实际上是大多数使用部门只管了起重机的后半生,设计部门和使用单位往往分工分家,各行其事,在管理工作上造成片面性,各管一段。使用部门只注重购买与使用,忽视合理选型,择优购置等管理过程。没有或极少有关于起重机使用管理的信息向设计制造部门反馈。近年来,行业开始强调产品售后跟踪服务,有的设计部门和制造厂走访用户和开展质量跟踪、信函或登门访问,使用部门也开始参与选型等管理,起重机管理工作正向着全面性迈开步伐。(四)经济性目前,许多部门对起重机投资的经济效益不够重视,基本上是以能够完成生产任务为目标。起重机的技术经济性指标主要以完好率、利用率、生产率、机械效率为基本内容。然而,这些指标缺乏科学性与经济性,一般多为静态指标,强调经济论证和经济效益不够。起重机的来源主要的还是依靠购置,自有率接近百分之百。更新时间一般为年,基本折旧只考虑到起重机的有形磨损,没有考虑无形磨损,每年只按均衡比例提取折旧费用。起重机经济性管理指标有待审定评议。(五)综合性所谓综合性即技术、经济、组织管理紧密结合。我国起重机管理现状中存在着技术管理与经济管理相脱离的现象。有些只重视技术管理、忽视经济管理,随着企业经营机制的转换与社会观念的变革,目前已有所改进,尤其以港口、冶金部门起重机管理的步伐扭转较快。对起重机进行技术、组织、经济等方面的综合管理,在技术方面,把机械、电气、电子、化学、环保、安全、人机学等专门科学技术横向联系起来研究;在组织方面,运用管理工程、系统工程、价值工程、质量控制管理方法;在经济性方面,周密计算与起重机、人员、物质有关的各种经济数据。(六)生产性目前,起重机管理与生产相脱离,推行定期保养、计划修理,开始推广状态监测与故障诊断技术,而且存在着只用不养,养修不分,过度修理或过剩修理两种极端,也不太重视技术改造。这些现象主要是偏重生产、疏于管理所致。(七)全员性全员性即全员参与的起重机管理体制。国内一些企业中,只有部分部门和少数人参加机械管理,不能最大限度地动员所有人员参与管理。国有企业目前对起重机的管理现状出现过渡、转轨、强化意识,对综合管理认识提高了,尤其是在以下几个方面有了新的开端,即:(1)注重起重机前半生管理与后半生管理相结合。(2)注重技术管理与经济管理相结合。(3)注重维修专业化与协作化相结合。(4)注重专业队伍的技术素质与培训教育。第三章 起重机的涂漆起重机涂漆是为保护起重机钢结构构件不受锈蚀,而不锈蚀是延长钢结构使用寿命的有效手段。由于起重机在使用中受到太阳光照、气候冷热、风雨潮湿、霉菌侵蚀以及机械碰撞、摩擦、灰砂、酸碱或化学药品的腐蚀,以及原涂层下的锈蚀作用等,使原有涂层逐渐破坏而失去保护能力。这时如不认真对待,锈蚀会迅速发展,结果势必影响钢结构的强度和刚度。因此,对起重机每年应检查一次涂漆情况,一般单位 年重涂一遍漆,个别特殊单位需每年涂刷一遍。 涂层破坏的原因(1)氧化皮:一般存在于热轧钢材和焊接部位上。它是涂层的隐患,在受机械、大气腐蚀等作用后,引起漆膜凸起和剥落。(2)铁锈:即三氧化四铁,如涂漆前没有清除干净,则在漆膜下的氧化铁继续腐蚀金属,并发生膨胀而引起漆膜开裂脱落。(3)焊渣:由金属氧化物、无机盐类、氯化胺、氯化锌、松香等物质组成。能使漆膜下的金属腐蚀,最后破坏漆膜。(4)油污:金属表面上没有清除掉的各种油污、润滑脂等,不仅影响涂层的附着力和干燥性能,最后还会使漆膜破坏。(5)旧漆:重新涂漆时,如不清除已破坏的漆膜和金属上的氧化铁,或旧漆膜虽然完好但不能适应欲涂的新漆时,则新漆膜仍会脱落。(6)酸、碱等腐蚀性物质:化工厂的起重机设备与腐蚀性介质经常接触,涂漆或修补时应彻底清除于净,否则影响漆膜的干燥和附着能力。涂料的选择通常起重机上所用底漆为 铁红醇酸底漆或红丹油性防锈漆。而面漆为 醇酸磁漆或钢灰色醇酸磁漆。在一般化工厂中,为防止酸性气体腐蚀时可用酯胶耐酸漆为防止酸、碱气体腐蚀以及亚热带和潮湿地区可用 过氯乙烯外用磁漆。用过氯乙烯外用磁漆时,须用配套底漆铁红过氯乙烯底漆,有酸、碱腐蚀的场所还应在面漆之后再涂 1 层 过氯乙烯防腐清漆。起重机的面漆一般涂灰色,如果有钢灰色醇酸磁漆更好,没有时可自行调配。钢灰色漆可用白漆、蓝漆、黑漆调配。中灰色漆可用白漆蓝漆、黑漆,调配。也可涂其他颜色。调色时所用涂料的基料必须相同,如用醇酸漆绝不能与硝基漆相配,调色时一定搅拌均匀,应先试配小样,满意后再按比例配大样,并应掌握漆料颜色湿时较浅,干后变深的特点。 涂漆方法和程序最常用的涂漆方法是刷涂。刷涂施工的好坏,与所选用的漆刷有直接关系,一般鬃厚、口齐、根硬、头软的为上品,这种刷子比较好用。涂刷磁漆、调合漆和底漆的刷子应选用扁形、圆形或歪脖形硬毛刷,刷毛的弹性要大,因为这类漆的黏度大。在涂刷水平面时,最后一次的涂刷应沿光线照射的方向进行;在涂刷垂直面时,最后一次的涂刷应由上向下地进行。漆膜的厚薄要均匀适宜。另一种常用的涂漆方法是喷涂,它是以压缩空气的气流通过喷枪的喷嘴,把雾状的油漆喷到金属表面上。喷涂法可获得薄而均匀的漆膜,适于喷涂大面积的物体,且大部分涂料都可以用喷涂法喷涂,尤其是对快干挥发性漆,如硝基漆、过氯乙烯漆等更适宜。喷涂法的效率高,劳动强度低,已被广泛的应用。但应注意的是,油漆将随着空气扩散而有一定的损耗。要得到相当厚的涂层,须反复喷涂几遍才能获得。扩散在空气中的涂料和溶剂对人体有害;通风不良时,容易引起失火,甚至在空气中溶剂蒸发达到一定浓度时会发生爆炸。因此,对喷涂要注意安全防护工作。涂漆时可能发生的缺陷:流挂。垂直面上涂料在重力作用下有淌流现象,称为流挂。原因是漆料太稀、漆膜太厚,场地温度过高,漆本身干燥较慢,涂料本身的附着力差,以及物体表面有凸凹不平或含油、水等物。如果用刷涂法,也可能是蘸漆大多,刷子太小太软;如果是用喷涂法,则是由于喷枪距离涂面不一致或压力不均等所造成。一般喷枪距涂面为为合适。咬底。指面漆中的溶剂很容易把底漆漆膜软化而破坏。它多因底漆膜未充分干燥或底、面漆不配套所致。如油脂底漆与物面虽有一定的附着力,但不能与硝基漆、过氯乙烯涂料配套。渗色。指面漆把底漆溶解,使底漆颜色渗到面漆上。多因施工中未待底漆干透就涂具有强溶剂的面漆所致。表面粗糙(起粒)。因涂料过粗,工具、漆桶、刷子中夹带了沙土,留有漆皮,枪口小、压力大,喷枪与涂面距离太远,漆面未擦干净及环境有灰尘飞扬等原因造成。形成漆膜后可能发生缺陷发笑。指漆膜表面收缩,好像把水抹在蜡纸上一样,斑斑点点,露出底漆,也称“花脸、麻点、笑口”等。收缩常见于红丹漆、清漆、环氧漆、聚氨酯漆等。原因是漆面太滑,底漆光泽度高,涂面上有油污或潮湿,喷枪管路中混入油或水等。绉纹。漆膜不光,收缩成很多弯曲的棱脊(非特殊要求的美术漆),主要是漆膜太厚,干燥不均匀,涂漆后在强烈的日光下暴晒或烘烤等造成。起泡。漆膜在高湿度环境,浸水或日晒中容易出现这种现象。多因施工不良而引起,如膜下有潮气或挥发性液体。漆膜过厚易起泡。失光。成膜后经过一段时间(几小时或数星期)光泽慢慢消失(非指室外长期氧化而失光),这除涂料本身问题外,还与施工时涂面上留有矿物油、碱类、水分、脏物、杂质及物面高低不平有关,较冷天气施工、新涂漆膜遇雨或露水等,都易造成失光。粉化。这是随着失光而出现的一种缺陷。手摸漆面有粉末粘在手上,说明涂料已失去黏着力。失光后再受紫外线、水气、氧化、海洋气候、化学用品等作用便出现粉化。开裂。开裂从外表看有粗裂、细裂和龟裂之分,都是漆膜老化现象。粗、细裂是漆膜在老化中产生的收缩,即漆膜下部的收缩力较漆膜本身的内聚力大而出现的膜面破裂,这与涂层过厚、底漆未干、空气中有污气存在有关。龟裂是漆膜一裂到底,露出物面或较深地不露物面的裂缝。底、面漆不配套或涂层厚且底漆未干最易龟裂。有时连续在旧漆膜上,补修漆层数次后也会龟裂。在热带,温度很高,潮气又重,漆膜受冷热而伸缩,也易龟裂。 第四章 操作保养规程一、操作保养规程的编制原则操作保养规程是起重机使用管理中重要的指导性技术文件,直接关系到使用部门能否正确使用起重机。因此,操作规程的编制要具有指导性和约束性,操作保养规程的编制一般遵循以下原则。(1)力求内容精炼、重点突出、全面实用。参照使用环境、作业条件接起重机操作顺序及班前、工作时、班后的工作内容和注意事项编写,一般为了便于记忆,采用分条排列。(2)机型、作业对象和作业方式相同的起重机,可以编制通用规程。(3)应按照具体机型、主要技术性能、结构特点、操作保养内容、要求和注意事项按顺序编制,便于操作保养人员掌握要点、执行与实施。(4)对于大型以上、重点和生产线上的关键型起重机,要用专制的板牌显示在机房、休息室、司机室内部的围壁上,要求及提醒操作保养人员特别注意。二、起重机操作保养规程的内容对于不同机型、不同使用环境条件的起重机,操作保养规程有部分内容是通用的,其余部分则有一定差异,以下列出通用桥式起重机的操作保养规程,其它机型可参阅有关章节中的相应内容。(1)操作者必须熟悉起重机的结构和性能,经考试合格取得“特殊工种操作证”后,方能进行独立操作,并应遵守安全守则。(2)按照润滑规定加足润滑油料,加油后要将油箱、油杯的盖子盖好。(3)每班开动前必须进行以下各项检查。(4)吊钩钩头、滑轮有无缺陷。(5)钢丝绳是否完好,在卷筒上的固定是否牢固,有无脱槽现象。(6)大车、小车及起升机构的制动器是否安全可靠。(7)各传动机构是否正常,各安全开关是否灵敏可靠,起升限位和大小车限位是否正常。(8)起重机运行时有无异常振动与噪声。若发现缺陷或不正常现象,应立即进行调整、检修,不得迁就使用。(9)开车前,应将所有控制手柄扳至零位,关好门窗,鸣铃示警后方可开车。(10)起重机起动要求平稳,并逐档加速;对起升机构每档的转换时间可在;对运行机构每档的转换时间不小于;对大起重量的桥式起重机,各档转换时间在,视起重量而定,严禁高档起动。(11)严禁超规范使用起重机,必须遵守起重机械安全管理规程中“十不吊”的规定。(12)超过额定载荷不吊。(13)指挥信号不明、起重量不明、光线暗淡不吊。(14)吊索和附件捆扎不牢、不符合安全要求不吊。(15)起重机拴挂工件直接加工不吊。歪拉斜挂不吊。(16)工件上站人或工件上浮放有活动物件的不吊。(17)氧气瓶、乙炔发生器等具有爆炸性物品不吊。(18)带棱角刃口物件没有钢丝绳被切断保护措施的不吊。(19)埋在地下或水中的物件不拔吊。(20)干部违章指挥不吊。(21)每班第一次起吊重物(或者载荷在最大额定起重量)时,应在重物吊离地面后,将重物放下以检查制动器性能是否正常,确认可靠后继续起吊。(22)操纵控制器时,必须按档次进行。要保持被吊物平稳,吊钩转动时不允许起升,防止钢丝绳出槽或扭绕。(23)起重机或小车运行至接近终点时,应降低速度,严禁用终点开关作停车手段使用,也不允许用反车达到制动目的。(24)操作者在作业中应按规定对下列各项作业鸣铃报警。1)起升、降落重物,开动大、小车运行时。2)起重机在视线不清处行驶通过时,要连续鸣铃报警。3)起重机运行至接近同跨向另一台起重机时。4)吊运重物接近人员时。(25)禁止起重机悬吊重物在空中长时间停留。起重机在吊着重物时,操作者和起重工不得随意离开工作岗位。(26)起重机运行时禁止人员上下车,禁止在轨道或走台上行走,也不允许从事检修。(27)对于双吊钩(主、副钩)起重机,不准同时用两钩吊两个物件,不工作的吊钩必须开到接近上极限高度位置,并且不准带有吊索。(28)有主副吊钩的起重机,在主副钩换用或两钩高度相近时,必须一个一个单独工作,以避免两钩相碰。(29)同一跨度内有多台起重机工作时,两起重机之间必须保持的距离,以防碰撞。工作需要接近时,应经邻机司机同意,但最小距离应在以上。(30)禁止两台起重机同时吊一物件,在特殊情况下需要双机抬吊时,要采取安全措施,且每台起重机均不得超载荷,并由精通专业技术的主管工程师负责现场指挥。单机允许起吊最大载荷规定为该机额定起重量的。(31)在正常工作中变换运行方向时,必须将控制器手柄扳到“零位”,当机构完全停止转动后再换向开动。(32)电器各种保护装置必须保持完好,不得随意调整和更换。(33)起重机运行中电气设备注意的问题。1)电机有无过热、异常振动和噪声。2)配电箱内的起动器有无异常噪声。3)电机轴承、磁盘有无过热现象。4)直流电机换相器的火花大小。5)导线有无松动及摩擦现象。6)若发生故障,如电机过热、异常噪声、线路及配电箱冒烟等,应立即停机,切断电源进行检修。(34)露天工作的起重机,风力大于* 级和遇到雷雨时,应立即停止工作,不工作时,应将起重机开到停车位置,并可靠锚固。(35)如果为抓斗或电磁盘的起重机。还应遵守以下规定:1)使用抓斗或电磁盘工作时,必须保证电缆和钢丝绳运动速度一致,不得使抓斗、电磁盘转动,以免电缆和钢丝绳相互缠绕发生事故。2)不准用电磁盘吊运温度在#/以上的工件。3)使用抓斗时,不允许抓取整块物件,避免在吊运中滑落。4)当发现电磁盘有残磁时(切断电源后有部分重物不能掉离电磁盘),应停机进行检修。吊运作业完成后,将起重机开到指定地点,小车开到司机室一端,吊构升起,全部控制器扳到“零位”,切断电源,并清扫擦拭,保持清洁。做好当班运行记录和交接班工作。第五章 设计计算书一、 计算依据:GB3811-83 起重机设计规范起重机设计手册 中国铁道出版社1998二、 设计条件:1、起 重 量 Q=10000kg2、跨 度 S0=13500mm3、起升高度 H=6000mm4、工作级别 A45、起升速度 V起=7m/min大车速度 V大=23m/min小车速度 V小=20m/min6、起重机最大风压 80kg/ 起重机工作风压 25kg/ 7、地面操纵 三、主梁截面几何特性(见图一): 1、主梁截面积 2、主梁截面对轴的静矩 图一 3、主梁截面形心至轴距离 4、主梁形心以上截面的静矩 5、 6、 7、 8、 9、 10、四、支腿截面特性(见图二)图二 1、支腿大端截面惯性矩 2、支腿小端截面惯性矩 支腿小端截面3、支腿折算惯性矩 4、上横梁惯性矩 支腿折算截面 5、下横梁面积 五、主梁计算载荷与内力 上横梁截面1、在门架平面内(1) (2) (3) -电动葫芦重量=947kg(H=6m)(4) -支腿重量=12302=2460kg(5) -主梁重量=3800kg(6) (7) -动载系数=1.15(8) -冲击系数=1.05 (9) -大车起制动产生的加速度0.1m/s2(10)-小车起制动产生的加速度0.1m/s2(11)=2.18kg/cm(12)-起重机运行时主梁单位长度起制动产生的制动力 (13)-主梁单位长度由风载荷产生的力 - -1.4 -0.0025kg/cm2 (14) -满载小车起制动时产生的水平力 (15)-满载小车于跨中时起重机起制动产生的水平力(垂直于主梁) 2、由主梁自重产生的支反力及内力 3、由计算载荷(移动载荷)处于跨中产生的支反力及内力 当 -水平推力 - 代入式 得 5、满载小车在起制动时的惯性力产生的支反力及内力 6、由风载荷和起重机起制动主梁自重产生的水平反力及内力 7、由满载小车在跨中时因起制动产生的惯性力而引起的水平支反力和内力 8、总内力(主梁) -主梁跨中最大弯矩 -主梁跨中最大水平弯矩 六、主梁强度计算1、-主梁上面应力2、-主梁下面应力3、许用应力 剪应力忽略不计七、主梁工字钢下翼缘局部集中应力 1、 -2、 -3、 -4、 -5、 -式中系数 决定于 -式中-轮子与工字钢踏面接触点至腹板的距离=38.5mm 代入式 得根据起重机设计手册第599页 图4-3-6 图4-3-7当 时 代入式 得 式中-每个轮子的轮压 代入 得 八、合成应力1、工字钢下翼缘下表面1点处的合成应力 2、工字钢下翼缘下表面2点处的合成应力 3、工字钢下翼缘下表面3点处的合成应力 主梁合格九、支腿几何参数1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、 12、 式中 代入 得13、 14、 式中 15、-主梁自重=3800kg16、17、18、19、十、支腿强度计算1、在门架平面内由主梁自重产生的支反力及内力 由用于跨中时产生的支反力及内力 由满载小车处于端起制动时产生的引起的支反力及内力 由风载荷产生的支反力及内力 2、在支腿平面内由(主梁自重和计算载荷)产生的反力和内力 式中:由满载小车处于点时,大车起制动惯性力产生的反力和内力 式中:3、支腿总内力-在门架平面内支腿点的最大弯矩 -由主梁自重引起的弯矩 -由移动载荷引起的弯矩 -由满载小车起制动产生的弯矩 -由风载荷引起的弯矩-在支腿平面内支腿点的最大弯矩 -由移动载荷和主梁自重在点引起的最大弯矩 -由起重机制动产生的惯性力引起的弯矩 -由风载荷引起的弯矩-支腿点的最大应力 十一、主梁刚度计算 主梁挠度: 许用挠度:综上所计算结果,主梁、支腿强度和刚度均满足要求。第六章 安装管理一、拆装管理塔机的拆装是事故的多发阶段。因拆装不当和安装质量不合格而引起的安全事故占有很大的比重。塔机拆装必须要具有资质的拆装单位进行作业,而且要在资质范围内从事安装拆卸。拆装人员要经过专门的业务培训,有一定的拆装经验并持证上岗,同时要各工种人员齐全,岗位明确,各司其职,听从统一指挥,在调试的过程中,专业电工的技术水平和责任心很重要,电工要持电工证和起重工证,我们通过对大量的塔机检测资料进行统计,发现我市某拆装单位今年到目前一共安装54台塔机,而首检不合格47台,首检合格率仅为13%,其中大多是由于安装电工的安装技术水平较差,拆装单位疏于管理,安全意识尚有待进一步提高。因此,我们对该单位进行了加强业务培训的专项治理,并取得了良好的效果。另外还由于拆装市场拆装费用不按照预算价格,甚至出现400500元安装一台塔机,这也导致安装质量下降的一个重要原因。拆装要编制专项的拆装方案,方案要有安装单位技术负责人审核签字,并向拆装单位参与拆装的警戒区和警戒线,安排专人指挥,无关人员禁止入场,严格按照拆装程序和说明书的要求进行作业,当遇风力超过4级要停止拆装,风力超过6级塔机要停止起重作业。特殊情况确实需要在夜间作业的要有足够的照明,特殊情况确实需要在夜间作业的要与汽车吊司机就有关拆装的程序和注意事项进行充分的协商并达成共识。二、塔机基础塔机基础是塔机的根本,实践证明有不少重大安全事故都是由于塔吊基础存在问题而引起的,它是影响塔吊整体稳定性的一个重要因素。有的事故是由于工地为了抢工期,在混凝土强度不够的情况下而草率安装,有的事故是由于地耐力不够,有的是由于在基础附近开挖而导致甚至滑坡产生位移,或是由于积水而产生不均匀的沉降等等,诸如此类,都会造成严重的安全事故。必须引起我们的高度重视,来不得半点含糊,塔吊的稳定性就是塔吊抗倾覆的能力,塔吊最大的事故就是倾翻倒塌。做塔吊基础的时候,一定要确保地耐力符合设计要求,钢筋混凝土的强度至少达到设计值的80%。有地下室工程的塔吊基础要采取特别的处理措施:有的要在基础下打桩,并将桩端的钢筋与基础地脚螺栓牢固的焊接在一起。混凝土基础底面要平整夯实,基础底部不能作成锅底状。基础的地脚螺栓尺寸误差必须严格按照基础图的要求施工,地脚螺栓要保持足够的露出地面的长度,每个地脚螺栓要双螺帽预紧。在安装前要对基础表面进行处理,保证基础的水平度不能超过1/1000。同时塔吊基础不得积水,积水会造成塔吊基础的不均匀沉降。在塔吊基础附近内不得随意挖坑或开沟。二、安全距离塔吊在平面布置的时候要绘制平面图,尤其是房地产开发小区,住宅楼多,塔吊如林,更要考虑相邻塔吊的安全距离,在水平和垂直两个方向上都要保证不少于2m的安全距离,相邻塔机的塔身和起重臂不能发生干涉,尽量保证塔机在风力过大时能自由旋转。塔机后臂与相邻建筑物之间的安全距离不少于50cm。塔机与输电线之间的安全距离符合要求。塔机与输电线的安全距离不够表1要求的要塔设防护架,防护架搭设原则上要停电搭设,不得使用金属材料,可使用竹竿等材料。竹竿与输电线的距离不得小于1m还要有一定的稳定性的强度,防止大风吹倒。为了确保以上几个安全距离达到规范要求,尤其在成片小区施工时,我们在平时的安全检查中,将我们的工作重心前移,在工程开工的时候要求施工企业将现场施工机械的总平面合理布置好以后报给我们,对于不同施工企业不好相互协调的,就通知建设设单位统一协调,例如,在今年我们对市区香溢房地产小区、杏坛花园小区、颐和花园小区等施工现场都进行了专项治理取得了良好的效果。为了保证塔机的正常与安全使用,我们强制性要求塔机在安装时必须具备规定的安全装置,主要有:起重力矩限制器、起重量限制器、高度限位装置、幅度限位器、回转限位器、吊钩保险装置、卷筒保险装置、风向风速仪、钢丝绳脱槽保险、小车防断绳装置、小车防断轴装置和缓冲器等。这些安全装置要确保它的完好与灵敏可靠。在使用中如发现损坏应及时维修更换,不得私自解除或任意调节,2003年4月20日,我市灌云县一工地塔机司机擅自将力矩限制器拆除,在超载时作业导致塔机标准节角钢开裂,塔机起重臂倾覆,幸亏发现及时,没有人员伤亡。又如7月16日南通三建公司在北京施工导致2死3伤的重大塔机倾覆事故也是由于违章调大力矩限制器超载作业引起的,这些血的教训不能不引起我们对塔机安全保险装置的高度重视。结束语这次的毕业设计是最后一次在学校完成的报告了,马上就要离开学校的大门,这份毕业报告也是对我们五年来在学校学习所做的一个综合性的总结。这次的毕业报告由老师指导,自己独立完成,但由于是唯一一次自己独立完成的大型作业,没有同学在旁边的帮助,就这样在茫然中度过了一个星期。后来通过和老师的沟通才慢慢的了解到该怎么做。老师也对我们进行了指导。就这样开始了我的论文设计报告。关于数控专业的论题有很多,我写的是机械零件加工工艺分析及程序编制这道论题和我们五年来所学的专业是息息相关的,所以写起来也不是太难。把以前所有的专业书籍全部都找了出来,对于毕业设计中所需的资料都有了大概得了解,这样对毕业论文的设计才能做到更好。毕业设计其实和我们以前所作的课程设计很类似,只是比课程设计还要复杂得多,基于夹具设计,零件的加工工艺的分析等等。在这段时间的毕业设计过程中等于是让我从新把关于数控方面的专业知识都在巩固了一遍,对于以前不懂得地方,不是很精的地方又从新学习了一遍。在设计的过程中遇到的问题请教了很多同学,例如masetercam的绘制,在绘图的过程中有很多的符号健,用途都已经不太熟悉,这样画出来的零件图也不是很好,所以就去请教了我们班在绘图方面工作的同学,通过他们的帮助,绘图已不是难事,从中我也学到了与在学校所学不一样的东西,例如对程序的编制在学校中我们都是通过手动的自我编程,有段在校时间还对于编程进行了专门的培训,有很多人都是利用了自我编程,而我用了电脑的直接编制,这样比较的方便,对电脑软件的应用也是有很高的要求的。通过对计算机编程和手动编成的比较,发现计算机编出来的一系列程序都有很多,有些在手动编程中认为不必要的写出来,可以省略的计算机中还是会把他编出来。这样就造成了,计算机编制简单零件的程序很多。比手动的更为繁琐。但是在以后的社会中基本上都是利用电脑自动生成的。这次的毕业设计报告不同于以前的课程设计,从任何角度上来看都要以更认真的态度来对待,这也关系着我们是否能顺利地通过毕业答辩,也就是说,毕业论文最终也就是为毕业答辩而提前作的准备。所以在态度上一定要先摆正才行,只有把态度调整好才是解决论文的首要问题,然后才是对我们专业知识的考察。毕业设计也接近尾声了,我发现这段时间我也学到了不少东西,最起码我在遇到问题时不在毛毛燥燥,而是,静下心来冷静的思考解决的方法,并且,依赖性也没那么强了,学会了怎样独立面对问题,我丛老师布置下课题下来之后,我就一直处在该怎样写好论文的氛围中,我丛选题到毕业设计结束,这中间所经历的一切都是我独自走过来的,在这里我要感谢我的老师和同学对我的指导和帮助,他们给了我很大的助力,对我完成设计起到了非常大的帮助,也是通过老师认真地指导才能使我顺利的完成毕业报告。毕业报告中设置的不合理的地方还请老师多多指导,加以纠正,我一定会认真对待。 23英文原文:SHAFT AND GEAR DESIGNAbstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many waysKey words : Wheel gear ; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane .We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side byside on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is , a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same handWorm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gearsWorm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. . A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of doubleenveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand ofhelix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angleWhen gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity In these cases it is often go od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding alonga straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength tobe important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time The word shaft covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits Whenever possible, the power-transruission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliabilityBecause of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake two in ertias 11 and 12 traveling at the respective angular velocities Wl and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall beinterested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes3。 Band type4. Disk or axial type5 Cone type6. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactionsMiscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a greatmany teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to freewheel or overrun because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtainedIntroduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majorityof the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the largescale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece materialthe lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting To01We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vicebladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified partsAs Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This resultsfrom a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is ge
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