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On crane safety inspection technologyAuthor : Liangkun Shing article Source : Business and Technology coastal 更新时间:2006-3-16 【字体:小大】Update : 2006-3-16Abstract : The article presents a crane safety technical inspection points, and based on that examination, timely maintenance, equipment maintenance to extend the life, integrity and improve equipment utilization, eliminating the danger of accidents. guarantee safe production is of great significance. 【关键词】轨道;行走部分;金属结构;主要机构零部件;液压;电器Key words: orbit; Running; Metal structure; Major components; Hydraulic; Appliances1 cranes surrounding environment inspection 运行环境和轨道对起重机的安全运行有直接关系,故也是对起重机进行安全检查时必不可少的内容。Operational environment and to track the safe operation of cranes have a direct relationship it is also right to carry out safety inspection crane indispensable content. 其检查要点如下:Inspections are as follows :(1). 查看起重机运行区间有无电力线路(特别是高压线路)。View Crane interval whether power lines (especially the high-voltage lines). 起重机在运行时应与之保持足够的安全距离。Crane with the operation should be sufficient to maintain a safe distance. 否则,就应采取相应措施,限制该起重机的运行范围。Otherwise, they should take corresponding measures to restrict the scope of the operation of a crane. ( 22). 检查周边的建筑物、临时设施等有无妨碍起重机的正常运行,起重臂、平衡物等部位是否会与之发生碰撞。Inspection of the surrounding buildings, such as the availability of temporary facilities hinder the normal operation of a crane, boom, balance etc. parts will collide with them. 特别在起重机在轨道运行时或固定式起重机升高位移时,尤应注意检查。Special cranes in the orbit or stationary crane increased displacement, particular attention should be given to inspection. 对于轮胎吊和汽车吊还应检查其支脚的位置是否足够,地下有无空洞及地面承载能力的大小。For automobile tires and hanging suspended should check their foot position is adequate, whether empty underground and ground bearing capacity sizes. 二.起重机轨道的检查2 Crane orbit inspection (1). 11. 夹轨器或铁鞋有无丢失:应特别检查其在轨道上的牢固程度及离轨道末端是否保留有13m的安全距离。Rail Clamp or any loss of iron shoes : special inspections of its orbit in a strong degree from the track and whether to retain the end of a 686kg safe distance.( 22). 检查轨道两端的防撞装置有无丢失,松动,安装位置是否正确,同时检查行程开关是否有郊及位置是否正确。Inspection track ends of the protection device availability loss, loose, installation location is correct, also check whether the trip switch and a suburban location is correct. ( 33). 轨道的压板、连接板、道木、道钉等是否完整,轨道上有无妨碍运行的障碍物。Orbit platen, interconnects, Dao, spike and whether the integrity, availability track obstacles impeding the operation. ( 44). 要注意有无啃轨情况,严重啃轨会将轨道内外侧磨成光亮带状斑痕,并伴有起动困难,运行阻力增大,长期下去会使驱动电机过载烧毁,且车轮与轨道均很快磨损。To watch skew, will seriously skew the flowers into orbit within the lateral band Scars bright, and the difficulties associated with starting, running resistance increases, the long run will drive motor overload burned, and with the wheel wear track very soon. 此外还应对起重机本身及轨距等作进一步检查,以便及时消除啃轨现象。It should also have its own cranes and other gauges for further inspection, in order to eliminate skew phenomenon. ( 55). 轨道接头间隙应保持26mm之间,两轨道接头位置适宜错开布置,其错开距离不应等于起重机前后车轮的基距。Track joints should maintain mm gap between two rail joints staggered arrangement suitable location, not stagger their distance before and after the crane wheels to the basic distance. 如不符合,大车运行至接头处时,会引起较大震动。If not, truck operations to the joints, leading to greater vibration. 三、起重机行走部分的检查3 walk part of the crane inspection (11). 检查各开式齿轮、联轴节是否配有防护罩。Inspection of the open-wheel, whether coupling equipped with protective masks. ( 22). 检查各开式齿轮、联轴节的接合面是否有过度磨损情况。Inspection of the open-wheel, whether coupling washer of excessive wear. (33). 检查行走轮踏面。Inspection running round tread. 由于踏面要承受轨道很大的接触应力,如其表层硬度质量不好,可在检查中看到块状剥离现象。As the tread to bear orbit great contact stress, if not the quality of surface hardness, During the inspection, you can see the massive stripping. (44). 检查行走轮轴的油孔是否通畅。Wheelaxle check whether the hole open. 如油路堵塞加不进黄油,会造成轴瓦干磨,继而轴瓦碾成碎片跑出,使起重机四个支承点将不等高,台车以上结构会发生形变,对主要结构焊缝和主要联接部位将引起应力集中。Such as asphalt or not plugged into butter, Bush will be dry mill, and then ran Bearing Rolling debris. 4 so that cranes would have no bearing high, the car above structure will deform, Weld on the structure and location will be connected to the main cause stress concentration. 失去轴瓦的车轮在运行中会左右窜动,整个轨道将磨得发亮。Bush lost the wheel will be in operation around traverse the entire track will be raw and shiny. ( 55). 检查变速箱的固定基础螺栓是否松动。Inspection gearbox fixed basis whether bolts loosening. 由于起重机行走的频繁及巨大的惯性动能震动均易引起基础螺丝松动。As cranes running frequent and great inertial energy shock is easy to screw loosening basis. 如不及时拧紧,可撕裂变速箱底脚螺孔,进而影响联轴节,造成大车运行恶化;If not promptly tightened, tearing gearbox bottom screw, and then coupling, resulting in deterioration of truck operations; 四、起重机金属结构的检查4 the metal structure of the crane inspection ( 11). 金属结构的塑性变形问题。Metal structure plastic deformation. 由于超载、热幅射、过频使用等因素,主梁的上拱度会消失甚至产生下挠变形,因此,主梁上拱度是起重机结构检查的重点部位。Due to overload, thermal radiation, the frequent use of such factors, the main beam on the camber or even disappear under the deflection and, therefore, Main beam camber structural inspection crane is the key locations. 另外,起重臂的主肢有无碰弯、扭曲;臂杆根部、平衡臂根部插销的耳板有无焊缝裂开;桥机的主梁腹板与下盖板之间焊缝是否裂开等,都应作重点检查。In addition, the boom of the main limbs bend any collision, twist; Jib root, root arm balance the lug bolt whether Weld dehiscence; The bridge girder webs under cover and whether the split between Weld, should conduct inspection. ( 22). 对主要结构联接螺栓的检查。Connected to the main structure bolt inspection. 起重机臂杆、塔机的塔身、履带式起重机的底座、门座起重机的回转中心轴承座等重要部位的联接螺丝,在运动一段时间后可能会出现松动。Jib crane, tower crane tower, crawler cranes dock, Gantry cranes rotating center housings and other important parts of the screw connection, During the campaign for a period of time might be up. 我们在使用中还发现,上述部位的螺栓在频繁承受拉应力、剪切力及扭转力的综合作用下,甚至会发生从根部断裂的情况。We also found that the use of these parts of the bolts in frequent tensile stress, and the shear force of the Comprehensive reverse role, even occur from the root fracture. 应认真检查。Should be examined carefully.5 cranes and the main body parts inspection (11). 检查减速器主要看其是否漏油。Reducer check to see whether major oil spills. 运行时箱体内有异响,就要打开箱盖检查。Runtime pill is abnormal sound, it is necessary to open the Cover inspection. 一般是因轴承损坏或齿轮啮合侧隙过大、齿面磨损严重等原因所致。General Bearing is damaged or gear meshing backlash is too large, tooth wear serious reasons. (2). 检查制动器的性能、状况。Brake check the performance of the situation. 制动器是起重机上重要的部件,直接影响各机构运动的准确性和可靠性。Brake crane is important components directly affects the movement of accuracy and reliability. 因此,要认真检查起升与变幅两机构制动器的状况,观察制动闸瓦的开度及摩擦元件刹车皮的磨损情况。Therefore, we must carefully check up or luffing two institutions with the brake situation, Observation of the braking and opening friction brake pads components of the wear. 带式制动器要注意检查其制动带的钢背衬有无裂纹,制动器的传动是否灵活,刹车架是否完好和主弹簧和辅助弹簧的弹性是否符合要求。Bring to the attention of the brake-check with the steel brake lining back uncracked, the drive brake whether flexible, Brake longer intact and the main spring and auxiliary springs flexibility whether it meets the requirements. ( 33). 钢丝绳的检查。Rope inspection. 检查钢丝绳应着重观察断丝、磨损、扭结、锈蚀等情况,对某些磨损、断丝较为严重但尚未超标的位置,要做上记号,以便重点跟踪复检。Rope inspection should focus on the observation of broken wires, wear, kink, corrosion, etc., some wear, broken wires in a more serious but not yet the standard position, stabbing to be done to focus on tracking the review. 要注意检查钢丝绳在卷筒中的安全限位器是否有效,卷筒上的钢丝绳压板是否压紧及压板数量是否合适。To the attention of the rope reel check the safety Stopper effective, Reel on whether the rope platen clamping plate number and suitability. ( 44). 对滑轮的检查。Right pulley inspection. 重点在槽底磨损量是否超标和铸铁滑轮是否存在裂纹。Focus on the bottom wear and whether sub-standard cast iron pulley existence of cracks. 对于俯扬机构滑轮组的平衡轮,因平常情况它不动作,很易被忽视。Yang agencies for pandering to the pulley block balance round because of it is not unusual movements can easily be overlooked. 所以,在安装前一定要查其转动的灵活性,否则,安装中俯扬左右钢丝绳的长短和拉力不能通过平衡轮来自动调节,以致增加了在高空调整俯扬绳的难度和作业危险程度。Therefore, the installation must check before turning its flexibility, otherwise, Installation stoop Yang rope around the length and balance of force can not automatically adjusted round, resulting in high-altitude adjustment stoop Yang justice and the difficulty of operating risk. ( 55). 检查各联轴节有无松动甚至“滚键”。Check the availability of loose coupling or Rolling key. 着重检查弹性柱销联轴节的弹性橡胶圈有无异常磨损,对齿形联轴节要特别注意其齿轮齿圈磨损状况。Focus on flexibility inspection dowel pin coupling flexible rubber ring any abnormal wear, right profile coupling must pay special attention to gear gear wear. 因安装精度差,在两轴之间有较大偏移量的情况下,表现为短时间内整个齿圈很快会磨秃。By the installation of the accuracy of the axis between the two larger offset circumstances, the performance for the entire time soon gear grinding bald. 在起升机构中如有此种情形,易发生严重事故。Lifting the institutions if such cases, prone to serious accidents. 六、起重机液压传动部分的检查6 cranes, hydraulic transmission part of the inspection 对轮胎式和汽车式起重机来说,一般采用液压传动来进行起升、回转、变幅及支腿伸缩动作。Right tire and vehicle crane, hydraulic drive normally used for lifting, rotating, luffing and outrigger stretching movements. 对液压传动检查的要点如下:Hydraulic drive to check are as follows : ( 1.作标志检查伸缩臂油缸能否持久保持臂杆伸长长度,有无泄漏现象。1). Check for signs telescopic tank can endure the Jib elongation length, whether the leakage phenomenon. ( 2.检查变幅油缸及支腿油缸有无泄漏,在额定载荷下,其下沉与回缩量是否符合要求。2). Luffing tank inspection and availability of outrigger cylinder leakage at rated load, sink back to its Necking and whether it meets the requirements. 支腿有无“软腿”现象。Outrigger whether soft legs phenomenon. ( 3.检查液压油有无变质、污染,油箱液面高度是否不低于正常标记下限,各高压力管、接头是否有泄漏。3). Check availability of hydraulic oil metamorphism, pollution, highly liquid fuel tank is not whether the lower limit markers, the high-pressure piping, joints have leakage. (4.检查各油泵、各阀类、液压锁的运行是否正常;动作是否灵敏可靠;有无异常振动与噪声;密封件性能是否良好,有无内泄、渗漏液压油。4). Check the pumps, valves, hydraulic lock the normal operation; Action whether sensitive and reliable; any abnormal vibration and noise; Seals whether good performance, availability within the leaks, leaking hydraulic oil. 七、起重机电器检查7 cranes, electrical inspection 电器设备是起重机上较复杂的部分,它在冲击、震动与摆动的工况下作业,容易发生故障,特别在高温、多灰尘、潮湿等恶劣的环境下,更容易发生故障且可能引发事故。Electrical equipment crane is more complex, its impact, vibration and the swing Operating Conditions, prone to failure, particularly in the heat, dusty, humid, and other adverse circumstances, more prone to failure, which may cause the accident. 所以,对起重机电器部分应进行安全检查的主要项目如下:So, for the electrical portion of cranes to carry out safety inspection of the main projects are as follows : ( 1.检查电动机的绝缘电阻是否在正常范围内,运行时有无异响、温升是否正常;停机时检查其滑环、电刷、导线接头有无明显的裂纹、磨损、松动和附着碳粉等;1). Motor check whether the insulation resistance in the normal range, running any abnormal sound, temperature normal; checked their stands slip ring, brush, wire connectors clear whether the cracks, wear, and loosening the toner adhesion; ( 2.检查集电器、电源滑线有无变形磨损,张紧装置是否正常,滑线与滑块的接触是否良好。2). Set check electrical, power sliding wear line availability of deformation, tensioning device normal, Smooth lines of contact with the slider sound. 由电缆来输送电源的,还应检查电缆绝缘层有无老化,电缆导向装置是否灵活及电缆收放是否灵活自如。By cables for the transmission of power, should also check whether cable insulation layer aging Cable-oriented devices and flexible cable release whether flexible. (3.检查电器元件及控制系统。3). Check the electrical components and control systems. 检查各开关外壳有无破损,合闸时接触部位压力是否适当,熔断器的容量是否符合要求;接触器主触头和辅助触头有无烧毛,接触时触头间的压力是否足够,触头脱开是否彻底;接触器动静铁芯吸合面有无附着物,吸合时有无异响,灭弧罩是否完好;以及配电柜上各继电器工作是否正常,各接线柱、接线螺丝是否紧固等。Coat check whether the switch is damaged, switch on the pressure when contacts were appropriate, whether the fuse the capacity to meet the requirements; Contactor main contact and auxiliary contact any singe, contact between the contact pressure is adequate, whether the contact was torn off completely; contactor core hybrid pull-face any fixtures, using timely availability of abnormal sound, whether good interrupter enclosures; and the distribution shop Relay normal work, Connection, Wiring whether fastening screws, etc. 驾驶室里应检查各主令控制器各动作方向是否接正确,注意检查有无零位保护,特别应检查操纵台上是否设有紧急断电开关,并确认遇紧急情况确能有效切断电源。Cab Lane should check the master controller of the action whether or not to accept the right direction, to check for the presence of zero protection, Special manipulation platform should check whether there are emergency power outages switch, and confirmed cases of emergency has been effective in cutting off the supply. 同样,要注意检查超载限制器、力矩限制器、和各行程保护装置的灵敏及可靠程度。Likewise, attention should be paid to check overloading limiter, the torque limiter, and the itinerary to protect sensitive installations and reliability. 八、结 语8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 本文讲述的是进行起重机专业检查的一些主要方面,其中,也涵盖了一些日常司机操作前应做的检查内容。This paper described the lifting of the professional inspection some of the major aspects, and also cover some day-to-day operation of the driver should be done before checking the contents. 班前做好起重机机电的安全检查是司机职责范围内的工作,这是起重机定期专业检查不能替代的。Cranes do before classes electromechanical safety inspections driver duties within the scope of the work, This is the regular professional inspection crane irreplaceable. 因此,做好起重机安全管理工作的一项重要内容,是必须加强对起重机操作人员的安全教育,督促司机自觉做好对本机的日常检查与维护保养。Therefore, to do a crane and security management as an important is the need to strengthen the operator of safety education consciously do urge drivers to the machine and check the day-to-day maintenance. 只有日常检查与专业检查相结合,才能保证起重机的安全运行。Only routine inspections and professional inspections combine to guarantee the safe operation of cranes. 【参考文献】References 1GB6067-19851GB6067-1985. 起重机械安全规程SHoisting Machinery safety regulations S. 2王福绵2Wangfumian. 起重机械技术检验SHoisting Machinery technical inspection S. 学苑出版社,2000School Press, 2000. 3 梁琨盛 (中山市锅炉压力容器与特种设备检验所,广东 中山 528400)Liang Kun-sheng Zhongshan City Boiler and Pressure Vessel and special testing equipment, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400
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