自动化立体停车库的设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书设计(论文)题目: 自动化立体停车库的设计 学生姓名:专 业:所在学院:指导教师:职 称:发任务书日期:年月日 任务书填写要求1毕业设计(论文)任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写,经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系(院)领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计(论文)开始前一周内填好并发给学生。2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写,不得涂改或潦草书写;或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式(可从教务处网页上下载)打印,要求正文小 4 号宋体,1.5 倍行距,禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。3任务书内填写的内容,必须和学生毕业设计(论文)完成的情况相一致,若有变更,应当经过所在专业及系(院)主管领导审批后方可重新填写。4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写,应写中文全称,不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号,不能只写最后 2 位或 1 位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写,应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求书写。6有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标 GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002 年 4 月 2 日”或“2002-04-02”。毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的:通过进行本次毕业设计,全面系统地对学生进行设计方法和研究方法的基本训练。要求学生树立正确的设计思想,培养学生进行科学的研究。学生能独立进行资料的收集、加工与整理,能综合运用科学的理论、知识和技能,锻炼独立解决设计问题的能力,图纸绘制规范,符合国家标准,编写符合要求的设计说明书并答辩,从而使学生树立严谨、实事求是的科学态度,并掌握工程设计的一般程序规范和方法。 2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求(包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等):本论文设计的自动化立体停车库需要满足以下的要求:停车库的框架结构强度要求较高、轻便漂亮、便于拆卸安装以及运输;能够实现每一个载车板都有着自己完整的电机和传动系统,以实现载车板能够实现升降和横向的移动;需要设置一定的安全防护措施,避免制动器故障时下降压坏下面的汽车,在移动的过程中遇到不应该触碰的物体电机需要停止运行;设计出自动控制和手动控制一体的控制系统,使最终设计出的停车库有实际的使用价值和现实意义。二、毕业设计课题任务的要求:1、原始数据:1.七个车位,分为三层,最上面有三个车位,下面两个只有两个车位,大致需要的空间为:长 8m,宽 6m,高 6m。2.从保护环境和减少噪音的角度考虑选择电动机作为驱动机构3.为了实现升降的平稳性,选择钢丝绳作为载车板的传动链2、技术要求和工作要求(1)停车库的框架结构强度要求较高、轻便漂亮、便于拆卸安装以及运输。(2)能够实现每一个载车板都有着自己完整的电机和传动系统,以实现载车板能够实现升降和横向的移动。(3)需要设置一定的安全防护措施,避免制动器故障时下降压坏下面的汽车,在移动的过程中遇到不应该触碰的物体电机需要停止运行。(4)设计出自动控制和手动控制一体的控制系统,使最终设计出的停车库有实际的使用价值和现实意义。毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书3对本毕业设计(论文)课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求: 详细完整的毕业设计说明书一份;相关图纸一套;外文参考资料及译文。 4主要参考文献: 1 张启君.立体车库的主要型式及技术特点 M. 北京:高等教育出版社,1999.2 付翠玉,关景泰.立体车库发展的现状与挑战 M. 北京:机械工业出版社,2005.3 中国重型机械工业协会停车设备管理委员会编. 机械式立体车库 M.北京:海洋出版社, 2001.4 陈立德.机械设计基础 M.北京:高等教育出版社,2008.5 任伯森.机械式立体车库M.北京:海洋出版社,2001.6 国家机械工业局.简易升降类机械式停车设备 M. 北京:机械工业出版社,1999.7 陈立德.机械制造装备设计M.北京:高等教育出版社,2008.8 国家机械工业局.升降横移类机械式停车设备 M. 北京:机械工业出版社1999.9 王淑英.电器控制与 PLC 控制技术M.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.10 卢金鼎,山静民. 机电一体化技术 M.北京:中国轻工业出版社,1996.11 中华人民共和国机械行业标准.升降横移类机械式停车设备M.北京: 机械工业出版社,2000.12 徐颧.机械设计手册M.北京:机械工业出版社,1991.13 任伯森.机械式立体停车库M.北京:海洋出版社,2001.14 哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学M.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.15 王芳卿.立体停车库及其控制电器传动M. 北京:高等教育出版社,1998.毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书5本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划:2015.12.15 选题审题截止2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成任务书、开题2016.2.25-2.16.3.9 毕业实习调研,完成开题报告、中英文翻译、论文大纲2016.3.19-2016.4.25 完成并提交论文草稿,4 月中旬中期检查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 完成并提交论文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 准备答辩2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辩,成绩评定,修改完成最终稿所在专业审查意见:同意通过 负责人: 2016 年 1 月 8 日 毕 业 设 计(论 文)开 题 报 告设计(论文)题目: 自动化立体停车库的设计 学生姓名:专 业:所在学院:指导教师:职 称:年 月 日 开题报告填写要求1开题报告(含“文献综述”)作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效;2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见;3“文献综述”应按论文的框架成文,并直接书写(或打印)在本开题报告第一栏目内,学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于 15 篇(不包括辞典、手册);4有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标 GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2004年 4 月 26 日”或“2004-04-26”。5、开题报告(文献综述)字体请按宋体、小四号书写,行间距 1.5 倍。毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写不少于1000 字左右的文献综述: 一、前言立体停车库,是用来最大量存取储放车辆的机械或机械设备系统。随着经济的增长,轿车进入了每一个家庭,停车变得十分困难,立体车库可以完美的解决这个问题,尤其对一些企业,小区来说更显得尤为关键。立体停车库的种类众多,目前使用最为广泛的、最为典型的是升降横移式立体车库。我国好多的大城市已经通过使用立体车库有效的解决了停车难的问题。现代停车产业的发展已具有一定规模,并积极拓展停车设施的辅助功能,为社区提供多种服务。在有些停车设施的规划建设中,以建筑机械停车设施为中心,充分考虑周边环境、地形地貌、服务群体的多种需求,把停车设施建成区域服务中心,开发其综合效益。二、选题目的和意义随着城市的发展、人口的增长及人们生活水平的提高, 汽车这一现代化的交通工具与日俱增, 停车难成为困扰城市发展的一大难题。作为解决城市静态交通的有效措施向空间、向高层发展的自动化立体停车设备,以其占地面积少、停车率高、布置灵活、高效低耗、性价比高、安全可靠等优点,越来越受到人们的青睐。目前市面上常见的机械式立体停车库有:升降横移类、垂直循环类、多层循环类、水平循环类、平面移动类、巷道堆垛类、垂直升降类和简易升降类等 8 种,其中升降横移类以其结构简单、操作方便、安全可靠、造价低等优点,在国内车库市场占有绝对优势的市场份额。升降横移类停车库指的是采用以载车板升降或横移存取车辆的机械式停车设备的立体停车库。由于升降横移类停车设备的形式比较多,规模可大可小,对场地的适应性较强,因此,采用这类设备的停车库十分普遍。其工作原理为:每个车位均有载车板,所需存取车辆的载车板通过升、降、横移运动到达地面层,驾驶员进入车库,存取车辆,完成存取过程。停泊在这类车库内地面的车只作横移,不必升降,上层车位或下层车位需通过中间层横移出空位,将载车板升或降到地面层,驾驶员才可进入车库内将汽车开进或开出车库。运行特点: 最下层只能进行平移, 顶层只能进行升降, 中间层既可平移又可升降。除顶层外, 中间层和底层必须留一空车位, 保证上下车通道的畅通。总的原则: 升降复位, 平移不复位。采用以载车板升降或横移存取车辆的机械式停车设备的立体停车库。此类型立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场 配置灵活,造价较低。这种类型立体车库的特点是结构简单。形式较多,规模可大可小 采用模块化设计 ,每单元可设计成 25 层 、半地下等多种形式 ,车位数从几个到上百个。对场地的适应性强 约占国内停车市场份额 70%以上。而现有停车位缺口严重据预计 2015年轿车保有量将达到 2000 万辆, “十二五”期间轿车保有量将增加 400 万辆。停车位需求按 1:1.2(100%的基本停车位和 20%的公共停车位)计算,总需增加停车位 480 万个。平均每年需求 96 万个车位。如仅考虑 10%进机械式停车库,这每年需提供机械式停车库 9.6 万个车位。因此从现有的停车位的缺口情况和今后市场的需求可以看出,机械式停车设备的国际、国内市场前景十分良好。因而我对立体停车库中的升降横移停车库进行分析。三、现如今发展现况自动立体停车装备系统在世界各地的发展是极不均衡的,德国开发最早,技术居于领先地位,在二层及多层平面式立体停车库系列中,它已发展了 H 型、U 型和 V型。日本由于国土面积小而应用最广,自从 1959 年引进了建造机械式立体停车库技术之后,到 1983 年,就已经在本土上共建造了 25454 座多种形式的机械式车库,平均每座容车量达到十辆左右,最多的能达到百辆以上。从上世纪七十年代末期起,车库容量年递增率为 5%-7%,已经赶上了同期汽车拥有量的年递增率 4%-6%,从技术特征上看,日本更重视竖式自动立体车库的发展,即密集型自动立体停车库的发展。进入 20 世纪以来,在国内举办了多个与停车设备相关的展览会,全自动立体停车设备的容车能力及其技术完备,先进程度已被世界广泛承认和接受。国外停车设备在国内市场上也开始推广使用。停车问题是城市发展中出现的静态交通问题。静态交通是相对于动态交通而存在的一种交通形态,二者相互关联,相互影响。对城市中的车辆来说,行驶时为动态,停放时为静态。停车设施是城市静态交通的主要内容。随着城市中各种车辆的增多,对停车设施的需求量也在不断的增加,如果两者之间失去平衡,停车设施难以满足车辆增长对停车空间的需求,就会出现车是停车难的问题。 2000 年以来我国车市机动车增长速度平均在 10%15%,而城市道路平均增长速度只有2%3%,特别是大城市的机动车拥有量和交通的增长远远超过交通基础设施的增长速度。如北京市,在 20 世纪 90 年代,小汽车年平均增长速度达到 30%左右,尤其是私人轿车增长更快,19921995 年年递增率达到 45%以上,是全市机动车平均年递增率的三倍,有的年份增长率达到 100%,但城市道路平均增长率仅为 1.2%,道路面积增长率为 3.7%。在国际上一般认为城市道路面积率(城市道路面积与城市总面积之比)应当在 25%为宜。美国华盛顿市为 43%,纽约、曼哈顿市为 35%,英国伦敦市为 23%,日本东京为 13%,北京市仅为 11%。随着机动车数量的日益剧增,很多大中城市不仅出现了道路上动态交通的严重堵塞,而且占用道路停车和占用居住区绿地停车的现象越来越严重,从而进一步加剧了交通个拥挤,破坏了城市的居住环境。城市的停车难、乱停车的状况日益严重,已经影响到投资环境和城市形象,引起了各方人士的普遍关注,专业的车场管理公司已经开始关注这一问题。从总体上看,城市停车难问题的出现主要体现在停车需求与停车空间不足的矛盾、停车空间扩展与城市用地不足的矛盾上。参考文献: 1 付翠玉,关景泰, 立体车库发展的现状与挑战 ,机械设计与制造,2005. 2 中国重型机械工业协会, 停车设备管理委员会编 ,机械式立体车库,海洋出版社,2001. 3 任伯森等, 机械式立体车库 ,海洋出版社,2001. 4 中华人民共和国机械工业部,机械行业标准 , 机械式停车设备类别、型式与基本参数 ,1998. 5 机械设计手册、,北京,机械工业出版社,2004. 6 张春雷电机选用安装与故障检修 ,北京,中国电力出版社,2007. 7 王三民,机械原理与设计 ,北京,机械工业出版社,2007. 8 宋曼华等编, 钢结构设计与计算 ,机械与电子,2001. 9 程子华, PLC 原理与编程实例分析 ,国防工业出版社,2007. 10 张还, 三菱 FX 系列 PLC 设计与开发 ,北京,机械工业出版社,2009. 11 陈立德, 机械设计基础课程设计 ,高等教育出版社,2011. 12 陈立德, 机械设计基础课程设计 ,高等教育出版社,2011. 13 范钦珊,材料力学 ,清华大学出版社,2008. 14 陈立德, 机械制造制造技术基础课程设计 ,高等教育出版社,2009. 15 濮良贵, 机械设计 ,高等教育出版社,2013. 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段(途径): 一、研究的主要内容:本论文所设计的升降横移式立体车库,在实际设计过程中可以分为结构框架、上载车板和他的提升系统、下载车板及其横移系统、安全装置、控制系统等几大部分,各个部分都有着他们各自的作用,通过他们之间的相互配合实现了车辆的存取,论文主要对每个部分进行逐步的分析。二、拟采用的研究手段(途径):(1)方案的总体设计 1)传动方案的设计 2)传动方案的选用 (2)主框架的设计 1)框架结构形式的选用 2)框架结构材料的选用(3)升降与横向传动系统的设计 1)电动机、传动链条、轴与轴承的选用 2)轴与轴承的强度校核(4)控制系统和安全防护系统的设计 1)控制系统的设计 2)安全防护系统的设计 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见:1对“文献综述”的评语:查阅了相关的文献资料,对立体车库的研究背景与目的、国内外的研究特点以及各种常见结构方案的特点与局限性有了一定的了解。论述基本清楚,符合规范要求。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计(论文)结果的预测:本课题具有一定的广度和深度,工作量适度,通过对相关文献的查阅和实际调研,相信可以完成本次设计。3.是否同意开题: 同意 不同意指导教师: 2016 年 03 月 07 日所在专业审查意见:同意 负责人: 2016 年 03 月 08 日 AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATESADVANTAGES AND CRITERIARICHARD S. BEEBE, DIRECTOR PARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP, INC. 55 E. EUCLID AVE., MT. PROSPECT, IL 60056 USA PRESENTED AT WORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM III ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 2001AUTOMATED PARKING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGE ADVANTAGES AND CRITERIA GUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENTThe current state-of-the-art automated parking systems Types Capacities Operating Systems Site Area Criteria Financial/Operating Advantages Land Area and Savings Operations Savings Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security Time and Motion Environmental Advantages Reduced Miles of Interior Travel Reduced Emissions Production Reduced Noise Generation Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity System Applications Location Freestanding or Inside Buildings Capacity and Structure Design User Populations and Specific Needs Traffic and Exterior Conditions Typical Installations Above Ground Below Ground Site and Operating Statistics Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development Parking Interests Potential User Interests International Media Attention Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001 INTRODUCTION Mechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U.S. using freight elevators about the time of World War I. During the 1920s and 1930s a series of other patents were granted but it was not until the late 1940s that the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems became operational and installed in numerous locations. Some of these early systems were vertical elevator lift modules that placed cars on upper levels of a structure to be moved by attendant and others mechanical devices that could move vehicles into “slots” in a framework built around a central corridor. Capacities ranged typically from less than 100 spaces to more than 600. All of these “early days” systems shared common characteristicthe use of a site area much smaller than the area needed for a conventional garage. During the next twenty-five years many of these systems operated for up to twenty years or soa few remain in operation today. Problems related to the timely delivery of patron vehicles due largely to inoperative elevator and mechanical systems caused many units to be dismantled. For the next twenty-years there was some discussion of “advanced” mechanical garage systems appearing in Europe and Asia, but no major projects which were planned on were constructed in the U.S. During the past decade the constant demand for parking, especially in large urban centers, created a new U.S. interest in these high technology foreign systemsautomated, computer-based systems that added speed, reliability and safety to the basic garage types invented fifty years earlier. European and Asian manufacturers have begun to market their systems and establish offices in the U.S. Several U.S. firms also have entered the marketplace and created greater local interest in Automated Parking. System manufacturers or marketers now include such names as TREVI, Klaus, KRUPS, WOHR, Robotic, APS, HK Systems, Stokes, Auto Space, Sky Parking America and others. Some 100 of these projects are now in the planning stage. SYSTEM ADVANTAGES There are obvious advantages for automated parking facilities in almost any urban location. Significant reduction in land area requirements means conservation of land resources and smaller building bulk cubes and costs. Automated garage operation results in far lower vehicle miles of travel, emission volumes and utility services. Reduced personnel and maintenance costs help to offset any higher per-space cost of automated systems. These advantages have created a large scale market potential in the U.S. which needs to be satisfied as quickly as possible. The following basic elements of automated structure construction point out some of these advantages: A. Developmental 1) An important consideration of automated/mechanical parking has always been project cost. For comparison purposes costs must reflect total cost, including land. The higher cost of construction of an automated system can usually be offset by the value of the smaller land area required for automated construction. For example, a site area roughly 100 feet x 120 feet (12,000 square feet) could support a 400 space automated garage. A conventional ramp garage would require a site area at least 120 x 280 (or 33,600 square feet). The cost of land, at $100 per square foot, would equal $1,200,000 for the automated site versus $3,600,000 for the conventional garage. This differential translates into a per space allowance of $5,500 for the automated facility. This is usually the primary factor in establishing the need for, and interest in, an automated garage. In densely developed urban areas the availability of large sites for garage construction has become the number one problem. 2) In addition to the land area/cost factor there are other important reasons to consider an automated structure. These include the provision of unusual levels of patron and vehicle security: (This item is particularly appealing to owners of expensive vehicles wishing to protect their investment). Depending upon location, security issues where patrons do not move inside a garage can be a very important consideration to both owners and users. Negative noise and visual impacts of conventional garages are also eliminated. 3) Automated structures can be built into larger buildings, either above ground or below ground, in significantly less floor area and within a structural framework compatible with that of the primary use. Since there is no need for open areas along perimeter walls to achieve ventilation requirements the parking facility can be enclosed by an architectural faade on those exposures visible to the public, eliminating the negative visual characteristics of a standard garage building. 4) These new systems offer another great benefit to owners and operators. Because of computerized control and report elements complete garage diagnostic review and warning is always on-line. Any potential problem is reported at once to a central control station where attention can be directed at once to the problem. B. Financial 1) The primary financial benefit of automated parking is usually the reduction in land cost. On the theory that an automated structure uses about one-half the land area, the cost savings in land can range from 100 percent to 400 or 500 percent depending upon the value of adjacent property. 2) Owner or operator savings may well be significant since many of these facilities can operate without any staff or with a single attendant. 3) Security aspects of the facility tend to lower insurance costs and maintenance, except for the automated system components, is also reduced. 4) In some locations there may be an added financial incentive. This is the classification of the automated system as machinery and not as structure which can materially reduce property tax burdens. C. Environmental 1) There is a keen awareness developing in the U.S. of environmental hazard created by vehicle operation in congested areas. Vehicle-generated solution can be significantly reduced by reducing miles of travel in the garage. In a typical 600 space conventional garage with twice daily turnover up to 300 miles to travel are eliminated every day. 2) Reduction in miles of travel equals reduction in emissions such as carbon monoxide and nitrates and oxides of nitrogen which are considered major problems in most urban places. 3) Less disruptive but equally important environmental issues, especially in any densely developed area, include light and noise created by vehicles moving into, through and out of a conventional garage. These elements are almost totally removed by use of an automated structure. 4) Another element here is the reduction in the amount of construction activity and disruption due to the reduction in site area and construction volume. CURRENT CONDITIONS IN THE U.S. An Automated Parking Garage was started in the City of Hoboken, New Jersey in January of 1999. This 320 space project was regarded as the first in a long series of new automated garages to be built across the country. At least 40 to 50 garages were “on the list” for construction and Hoboken was considered the beginning of a new era in parkingcatching up to the technology in use in Europe and Asia. More than a dozen U.S. and foreign manufacturers have been ready to sell their products and construct facilities. A series of delays and project completion problems have stopped work on the Hoboken garage for the past year. At this time it appears that this garage will not be completed until spring of 2002. The complex series of delays and problems has generated considerable adverse publicity and apprehension on the part of many possible clients. Nevertheless, there is still great interest in these automated garages throughout the U.S. The advantages of automated parking will overcome the problems now occurring in the Hoboken garage.The experience gained in Europe and Asia by major system manufacturers will be the important factor in starting new projects in the U.S. this year and next. We welcome the entrance to our mark of the European and Asian manufacturers. The international automated parking industry, although small in number and without demonstrable U.S. projects, needs to overcome the current conditions and forge a new understanding of the advantages of automated systems and the broad advantages and practicalities of their use. The objective today is to outline application options and to establish basic project criteria by which clients and manufacturers can assure the adequacy and functionality of the parking system when installed. Understanding of these new systems from several viewpoints is the essential key to expanding acceptance and installation. Public and private agencies need to become aware of performance, reliability, operation and maintenance cost considerations and patron acceptance. The automated parking industry has formed a trade group known as the Automated/Mechanical Parking Association to promote the benefits of these new systems. The subject of automated parking has not been widely recognized in this country for many years, even within parking and development industries. But the new systems are technologically and operationally far superior to the units built in previous decades. Owners, builders, agencies and patrons can be assured of cost-effective, reliable, safe and efficient services at competitive rates. A significant response to the benefits of these new systems is already forming, and use will accelerate rapidly as national awareness of the compelling reasons for the use of automated/mechanical parking systems gains momentum. We need to explore and expand the increased construction of automated parking facilities in the U.S. The advantages of this technology are just too significant to permit further delay in their development and construction. However, a number of important lessons have been learned that need to be addressed by any automated system manufacturer.APPLICATIONS In order to properly plan, design, construct, manage and operate an automated facility in the U.S. a number of vital issues must be considered. There follows a summary of these particular items: 1. Theoretically, automated parking requires about one-half the land area of a conventional garage to serve the same number of vehicles. However, this theory has several variables such as: The required capacity of the garage Availability of additional land for conventional garage construction Cost of additional land to facilitate conventional garage construction Garage user populations, turnover, rates, access patterns Parking rates and anticipated revenue compared to costs of garage construction and operation. Project costs of the automated facility versus the conventional facility, given the total cost comparison package. The simple fact that adequate land area is not available to construct a conventional garage does not, in any way, mean an automated facility will prove economically feasible in a particular location. 2. Details of the potential site can be very critical. For an automated facility good street access is essential and, in some cases, multiple frontages can be the difference between feasibility and failure. If primary ingress is from a major street, garage vehicle acceptance rates can be very important. Long queue lines awaiting entry affect the acceptance and use of the facilitymore importantly, local police may prohibit vehicles standing in the street to gain access. There are standard ratios of entry/exit portals to garage capacity with a sub-set of determinants based on street traffic patterns and interior garage space layouts and vehicle acceptance/delivery times. Project feasibility can be affected by street traffic operations and other external factors adjacent to the garage site. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand the impacts of these conditions on the design of the facility. 3. The true and total cost of the parking facilityboth the automated system and any shell enclosure buildingmust be properly defined. This leads to a number of questions concerning the project, the project team and the project proposal. For example: Is the automated system manufacturer the contractor or a sub-contractor. If the system manufacturer is the contractor (bidder) he/she must submit all required data and bid realistic costs to include the total price of bid package requirements. If the manufacturer is a sub-contractor will he/she provide project cost data to more than one prime contractor. In most instances the cost of the system and the cost of the shell building should be separated with individual unit costs and payment schedules. Details of the owners project bid announcement should describe all project components and cost issues, as well as the total package of compliance items necessary for project acceptance. Bidders should review all background information and particularly the project planning or feasibility studies, to understand the required revenue stream necessary to fund the project and cover potential costs, and then to submit realistic bid data that can ensure feasibility of the completed garage. TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS Within the U.S. there are a wide variety of locations and parking facility needs that will attract the installation of automated parking structures. This variety of project types is one of the principal reasons why the market is strong for a number of different system manufactures. Some of the projects now being studied for automated parking facilities provide an interesting directory of potential developments: A 400 space garage on an L-shaped site. The garage will support a ten story residential building (120 units) above. A 164 space garage to be built underground as part of the foundation for a twelve story residence towers. An 800 space garage on the main shopping street in a large cityhalf of the spaces are to be for short-term parking. Two 75 space garages to be constructed in a five building apartment complex to reduce the amount of parking inside residence building. A 3,000 space garage as part of a large, mixed-use development with long-term and short-term parking requirements. A 56 space garage to serve a small resort hotel. A 4,000 space garage to provide on-site storage for rental car facility at a large airport. A 130 space garage to store new vehicle in a vehicle sales agency. SYSTEM CRITERIA There are two distinct sets of project criteria to be considered in the process of constructing an automated parking facility. The first Criteria Package is directed to ensuring that Manufacturers address all critical compliance issues and define system characteristics as required by the project plans and specifications. The second Criteria Package is directed to potential Owners as a means of ensuring that contractor bid submissions comply fully with project requirements. These criteria are very important in establishing the detail of the project; how it will be designed and constructed; how much it will cost; how it will be operated and if it will produce revenue to retire its debt.MANUFACTURER CRITERIA PACKAGE A. System Definition and Operating Characteristics Type of system pallet, comb, plate or other. Type of frame/slot arrangement and frame connection to building shell details Basic operating features of the system technology description Basic operating speeds for vehicle intake and delivery; elapsed time in seconds System use of turntable or vehicle thru in/out movement patterns Entry/exit bay details Singing, signals, vehicle/pedestrian controls and alarms Capacity Design formats Pallet, plate or comb movement throughout the garage Elapsed time of vehicle intake movement from bay to carrier to slot/from slot to carrier to bay for retrieval Average cycle time in/out per vehicle Control system functions via sensors, cameras or other devices and oversight of actual internal parking maneuvers Testing schedules and maintenance/warranty assumptions. B. System Design Features Redundancies Security systems Stand-by power Sensors-motion detection Weather conditioning Component cleaning methods and frequency Diagnostics and form of response to service/repair orders and alarms Spare parts inventory, location, re-order details Maintenance inspection program-schedules, procedures, reports Major component replacement program Life-cycle data and costs C. System Performance Standards Define system development, prior testing, patients, etc. and current status Describe completed system installations with detail of type, size, exact location, operating features and owner/operator references Describe the system warranty to be provided with purchase Describe subsequent system maintenance agreements and terms (one-year to multi-year) Describe typical operating and maintenance costs for system and for per-space cost comparison analysis Describe system-wide performance testing and acceptance at completion Describe system training program and training manuals Describe system operations manuals and patron use instruction materials Describe patron access control systems and total system (patron use) report formats and detail or report transfer to owner Describe administration, marketing and activity/revenue/customer use assistance; reportingformats, responsibilities, techniques, final forms. OWNERS CRITERIA PACKAGE A. Contractural Items Check plans against all applicable codes and utility services requirements. Check plans for shell building and erection details, system and sub-system interface, functional operation of the total system as a unified facility. Check overall schedule, task completion dates and sign-off requirements. Check all contractor references, sub-contractor references, equipment suppliers and major parts descriptions and availability. Check bonds, insurance coverages, contract language amendments or exceptions re: claims, performance standards, auditing, payouts, etc. Check provision for full-scale warranty, maintenance, training services for minimum multi-year period. Check provision for periodic owner inspections and subsequent pay request authorizations based on certified percentage of completion by outside experts. Require computer software escrow. Check provision for all system operation, maintenance, performance, training and other manuals and practices. Check system activity records production, operational audits, management coordination with manufacturer. B. Systems Operations Check uti
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