机械毕业设计-三坐标数控铣床设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
英 文 翻 译 INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS1: What Is “Mechatronics“?“Michatronics“ is a term coined by the Japanese to describe the integration of mechanicaland electronics engineering. The concept may seem to be anything but new ,since we can alllook around us and see a myriad of products that utilize both mechanical and electronic dis- cipplines. Mechatronics,however ,specifically refers to a multidisciplined ,integrated approachto product and manufacturing system design .It represents the next generation of machines,robots ,and smart mechanisms necessary for carrying out work in a variety of environments-primarily ,factory automation ,office automation ,and home automation as show in Figure 1.By both implication and application ,mechatronics represents a new level of integration for advanced manufacturing technology and processes .The intent is to force a multidisciplinary approach to these syetems as well as to reemphasize the role of process understanding and control .This mechatronic approach is currently speeding up the already-rapid Japanese processfor trasforming ideas into products .Currently ,mechatronics describes the Japanese practice of useing fully intefrated teams of product designers ,manufactring, purchasing, and marketing personnel acting in concert witheach other to design both the product and the manufacturing syestem.The Japanese recognized that the future in producdtion innovation would belong to those who learned how to optimize the marriage beween eletronic and mechanical systems.They realized,inparticular ,that the need for this optimizatong would be most intense in application of advanced manufacturing and production systems where artificial intelligence ,expertsystems ,smart robots, and advanced manufacturing technology systems would create the next generation of tools to be used in the factory of the future.From the very beginnings of recorded time ,mechanical systems have found their way into everyaspect of our society .Our simplest mechanisms ,such as gears ,pulleys, springs,and wheeles.have provided the basis for our tools .Our electronics technology,on the other hand ,is completelytwentieth-century ,all of it created within the past 75 years.Until now ,electronics were included to enhance mechanical systems performance ,but the emphasis remained on the mechanical product .There had never been any master plan on how the integration would be done .In the past ,it had been done on a case -by-case basis .More recently,however,because of the overwhelming advances in the world of electronics and its capability to physically simplify mechanical configurations ,the technical community began to reassessthe marriage between these two disciplines.The most obvious trend in the direction of mechatronic innovation can be observed in the automobile industry .There was atime when a car was primarily a mechanical marvel with afew electronic appendages.First came the starter motor ,and then the generator ,each making the original product a bit better than it was before .Then came solid-state electronics,and suddenly the mechanical marvelbecame an electro-mechanical marvel .Todays machine is controlled by microprocessors ,built byrobots ,and fault-an-alyzed by a computer connected to its “external interface connector“.Automotive mechanical engineers are no longer the masters of their creations.The process that describes the evolution of the autimibile is somewhat typical of other productds in our society.Electronics has repeatedly improved the performance of mechanical systems ,but that innovation has been more by serendipity than by design .And that is the essenceof mechatronica the preplanned application of ,and the efficient integration of,mechanicaland electronics technology to create an optimum product.A recent U.S. Department of Commerce report entitled “JTECH Panel Report on Mechatronics in Japan“compared U.S and Japanese research and development trends in specific areas of mechatronics technology.Except for afew areas ,the technology necessary to accomplish the development ofthe next generation of systems embodying the principles of mechatronics is fully within the technological reach of the Japanede .Comparisons were made in three categories :basic research ,asvanced development, and productimplementation.Except for machine vision and software ,Japanese basic research was comparable to the United States,with the Japanese closing in fase on macchine vision system technology.Japanese artificial intelligence research is falling behind ,primarily because the Japanese donot consider it an essential ingredient of their future systems ,they appear capable of closing even that gap,if required .In the advanced development and product implementation areas,Japanis equal to or better than the United States,and is continuing to pull ahead at this time .The Department of Commerce report concleuded that Japan is maintaining itsposition and isin some cases gaining ground over the United States in the application of mechatronics .Theirprogress in mechatrinics is important because it addresses the very means for next generationof data -driven advanced design and manufacturing technology. In fact ,the Department of Commerce repert cincludes that this has created a regenrative effect on Japans manufacturing industries.TO clese the gap ,we will need to go much further than creating new tools .If we acceptthe fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with eletronics components will be the waveof the future ,then we must also understand that the pipple effect will be felt all the way backto the university,where we now keep the two disciplines of mechanics and eletronics separated andallow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions .New curricula must be create fir a newhybrid engineer a mechatronics engineer .Only then can we be assured that future generations of product designers and manufactuiing engineers will full seek excellence in these new techniques.We need to rethink our present day approach of separating our engineering staffs both andfrom each other and from the producting engineers .Living together and communicating individualknowledge will be the key to optimum designs and new product development .The definition of mechatronics is much more significant than its combined words imply .It can physically turn engineering and manufacturing upside down. It will change the way we design and produce the next generating of high technology products.The nation that fully implements the rediments of mechatronics and vigorousely pursues it will lead the word to a new generation of technology innovation with all its profound implications.2.Benefits Of MechatronicsMechatronics may sound like utopia to many product and manufacturing managers it is often presented as the solution to nearly all of the problems in manufacturing . In particular ,it promises to increase productivity in the factory dramatically.Design changes are easy with extensive use of mechatronic elements such as CAD; CAP and MIS systems help in scheduling ; and flexible manufacturing systems ,computer-aided design ,and computer integrated manufacturing equipment cut turnaround time for manufacturing .These subsystems minimize production costs and greatlu increase equipment utilization .Connections from CAE,CAD, and CAM help create designs that are economical to manufacture ;cintrol and communications are improved,with minimal paper flow; and CAM equipment minimizes time loss due to setup and materials handling.Many companies that make extensive use of computers view their factories as examples of mechateonic concepes, but on close wxamination their integration is horizontal-in the manufacturing area only or at best includes primarily manufacturing and managemengt .General Electric ,as part of its effort to become a major bendor of factory automation systems ,including its Erie Locomotive Plant, its Scjenectady Steam Turbine Plant, and its Charlottesville Controls Manufacturing Division. The primary benefits of mechatronics, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing technology and factory automation ,are summarized below.High Capitial Equipment Utilization Typically , the throughput for a set of machines in a mechatronics system will be up to three times that for the same machines in a stand-alone job shop environment . The mechatronic system achieves high efficiency by having the computer schedule every part to a machine as soon as it is free , simultaneously moving the part on the automated material handling system and downloading the appropriate computer program to the machine . In addition , the part arrives at a machine already fixtured on a pallet (this is done at a separate work station )so that the machine does not have to wait while the part is set up .Reduced Capital Equipment CostsThe high utilization of eqipment results in the need for fewer machines in the mechatronic system to do the same work load as in a conventional systenm . Reductions of 3:1 are common when replaceing machining centers in a job-shop situation with a mechatronic system. Reduced Direct Labor Costs Since each machine is completely under computer control ,full-time oversight is not repaired . Direct labor can be reduced to the less skilled personnel who fixture and defixture the parts at the work station ,and a machinist to oversee or repair the work stations ,plus the system supervisor . While the fixturing personnel in mechatronic environments require less advanced skills than corresponding workers in conventional factories , labor cost reduction is somewhat offset by the need for computing and other skills which may not be required in traditional workplaces.Reduced Work-in Process Inventory and Lead TimeThe reduction of work in-process in a mechatronic system is quite dramatic when compared to a job-shop environment . Reductions of 80 percent have been reported at some installations and may be attributed to a variety of factors which reduce the time a part waits for metal-cutting operations. These factors include concentration of all the equipment required to produce part into a small area ;reduction in the number of fixtures required ;reduction in the number of machines a part must travel through because processes are combined in work cells ; and efficient computer scheduling of parts batched into and within the mechatronic system.Responsiveness to Changing Production RequirementsA mechatronicsystem has the inherent flexibility to manufacture different products as the demands of the demands of the marketplace change or as engineering design changes are introduced .Furthermore , required spare part production can be mixed into regular runs without significantly disrupting the normal mechatronic system production activities.Abulity to Maintain ProdutionMany mechatronic system are designed to degrade gracefully when one or more machines fail . This is accomplished by incorporating redundant machining capability and a material handling system that allows failed machines to be bypassed . Thus , throughput is maintained at a reduced rate.High Product QualityA sometimes-overlooked advantage of a mechatronic system , especially when compare to machines that have not been federated into a cooperative system , is improve product quality . The basic integration of product design characteristics with production capability ,the high level of automation , the reduction in the munber of fixtures , and greater attention to part/machine alignment all result in a good individual part quality and excellent consistency from one workpiece to another ,further resulting in greatly reduced costs of rework.Operational Flexibility Operational flexibility offers a significant increment of enhanced productivity . In some facilities , mechateonic system can run virtually unattended during the second and the third shifts . This nearly “unmanned “ mode of operation is currently the exception rather than the rule . It should , however, become increasingly common as better sensors and computer controls are developed to detect and handle unanticipated problems such as tool breakages and part-flow jams . In this operational mode , inspection ,fixturing , and maintenance can be performed during the first shift .Capacity Flexibility With correct planning for available floor space , a mechatronics system can be designed for low production volumes initially ;as demand increase , new machines can be added easily to provide the extra capacity required.Mechatronic System ElementsThis chapter provides a brief introduction to the mechatronic system concept and the system elements required to implement mechatronic technology . The stress is on factory automation ,whiche will serve as the foundation for mechatronic technology integration in office automation and home automation .System Concept Mechatronic production systems include all aspects of product design , manufacturing , and plant management , in a coordinated data-driven computer-as-sisted system .But unlike any other process before , they will also include the operationts that are the involed in defining the product a plant is to manufacture .It is precisely here that the Japanese have excelled ,making many American firms take notice and wonder why their share of the market is disappearing.A close inspection of the process would receal that the Japanese had created new products that were so much attuned to the using public that our statle products lacked luster in the market-place . They created a need for their products and did so by that age-old principle which states, “give the customer what he wants ,not what you think he wants .”Sharing the design process with customer is an interesting process that , when considered as part of the mechatronic philosophy , becomes the prime mover for everything else that happens in factory automation.There are three general groups of mechatronic functions , as shown in Figure 2: market needs analysis ,which results in user-oriented product design ; manufacture(both fabrication and assembly ) of products on the factory floor; and enlightened management of factory operations . The three general groups noted above ,stressing the need for inproved design , product manufacturing ,and enlightened management ,are not necessarily mutually exclusive . In fact , the goal of introducing mechatronics into these systems is to break down the barriers between them so that design and manufacturing system are inextricably linded . Howerer , the three categories are useful to frame the discussion , particularly since they correspond to the organization of a typical manufacturing firm. 汉语翻译机电一体化概述1:何为机电一体化机电一体化是日本人新造的术语,用来描述机械工程与电子工程的结合。机电一体化的念除了是个新的概念之外,还可以看成包含任何东西的概念,因为我们周围有许许多多的数不清的产品都是机械和电子技术有机结合的产物。然而机电一体化特别指的是多学科相结合的产品设计和制造系统的方法,他代表着下一代的机器、机器人和灵敏的机械能够在一系列不同的环境下进行工作。主要是:工厂自动化、办公自动化、家庭自动化,如下图 1 所示同时应用机电一体化代表着一个新的层次上的先进生产技术和过程相结合。这就意味着把包含多种学科并且反复强调的方法应用于那些系统,这与把理解和控制放在一个重要的地位上是一样的。这种机械与电子技术相结合的方法使现今观念转变已经比较快的日本更快的把技术应用于产品之中。目前,机电一体化阐述了日本人使用充分结合的队伍的实践,这一队伍包括产品设计者、制造人员、采购人员和销售人员,他们相互一致行动,既设计产品又设计制造系统。日本人承认在生产革命中未来将属于知道怎样使用电子系统和机械系统之间相结合的最好的人们,更特别的是他们意识到这种需要是先进生产技术和制造系统的优化是最强烈的,譬如人工智能、专家系统、灵巧机器人。先进的制造系统能够创造下一代将来能够在工厂应用的工具。迄今为止,机械系统已经在我们社会各方面广泛应用且存在,例如我们的一些简单机械齿轮、弹簧、轮子都是我们日常生活的基本工具。在另一方面我们的电子技术在 20 世纪已经在短短的 75 年内就已经相当的发达了。直到现在,电子技术从属于机械系统,并来增强机械系统的性能。但是重点仍然放在机械产品的生产上,从没有把机械和电子相互结合。在过去,只是就事论事,最近由于世界上电子技术的不可抵挡的先进性,且能够实际的简化机械装置。机械技术行业开始将电子技术与机械“联姻” 。最直接的机电一体化改革体现在自动化工业。我们进入了一个崭新的时代,一辆汽车是只有几个电子元件就能控制的机器。首先是起动器马达,接着出现的是发电机。每一次都使产品有了新的进步,之后半导体电子元件(由集成块、晶体管和二极管组成)的出现成为机械行业的奇迹。现今的机器是由微处理器控制,由机器人生产,故障分析由与外接口连接器连接的电脑控制,自动化机器引擎。电子技术已再三的改善了机械系统的性能。这是机电一体化的精华机械技术和电子技术预先计划应用和有效结合以创造一种最佳的产品。美国贸易部最近的一篇题为“日本技术规则委员会关于机电一体化评论”的报告比较了美国和日本在机电一体化技术上的研究和发展。除了少数领域外,完成使机电一体化的原理具体化的下一代系统的研制所必须的技术完全在日本人所能及的范围内。在下列三个方面作了比较:基础研究、试样样品和产品实现三个方面。除了机械视觉系统和软件系统外,日本的基础研究与美国的是可以相比的,日本人在机器视觉系统(系统通过传感、物体识别、图象分析和解释来确定物体的方位和形状的能力,称为机械视觉系统)日本人工智能方面的研究比美国相对落后,主要是日本人不认为人工智能是与他们将来系统结合的关键。如果需要的话,他们甚至关闭且不研究人工智能。在试样试品和产品实现方面,日本与美国持平,甚至超过美国,并在一段时间内仍保持领先势头。美国贸易部的报告总结出:日本仍然保持其地位,在一些情况下,对于机电一体化的应用仍胜于美国。他们在机电一体化方面的进步是非常重要的,因为它是下一代以数据为主导的设计及制造技术的重要手段。实际上,美国贸易部报告的结论会对日本的工业生产产生更深远的影响。为了缩小差距,我们不仅要制造新的工具,而且我们要走的路更远。如果我们接受电子元件最佳结合的机械系统将是未来的浪潮。这一事实,那么我们一定能理解。这波纹效应一直到大学都能感觉到。在大学里我们把机械学和电子学这两门学科分离,而且仅在偶然的综合性课程中允许二者相遇。现在的课程必须能够创造新的混合型的工程师机电一体化工程师。只有这样,我们才能保证将来下一代的产品设计者和制造工程师将在新的技术领域有出色的表现。我们必须需要重新思考一下我们现代的划分我们机电一体化工程师成员的方法,既要彼此互相区别,而又要与产品工程师相互区别。居住在一起,个人之间相互交流在产品将产生一种复杂的效应。最大化的相互作用是优化设计和新产品开发的关键。机电一体化的定义的重要性不在于它是词语的简单组合,他把工程技术和制造技术相互结合,他会改变我们设计和生产下一代高科技产品的方式,充分为机电一体化提供基础,并强有利的推行机电一体化的国家将把世界导向一场具有深远意义的新一代技术革命。2:机电一体化的优势机电一体化对于许多产品和制造者听起来似乎是近乎理想的完美境界,因为机电一体化几乎能解决生产制造中的所有问题,更特别的是,他很有可能显著的提高工厂产品的产量。广泛的利用机电一体化组成部分例如 CAD(计算机辅助设计 )、CAP(计算机辅助计划)和 MIS(管理信息系统)帮助的编制进度。并且柔性制造系统、计算机辅助设计、计算机集成制造设备,可以大大的降低生产制造的工作周期,这子系统降低产品成本和提高设备的利用率,与 CAE(计算机辅助工程 )、CAD 、CAM(计算机辅助制造)相结合的机电一体化能创造更经济的产品,利用控制和联络的提高,降低图纸数量,并且 CAM 设备减少了安装和控制机器的时间。许多公司更广泛的利用计算机把他们的工厂看成是机电一体化构想的试样点。但是,经过严密考察后,他们的结合是水平的只在生产领域包括主要的生产制造和管理阶层。通用电器公司成为工厂汽车系统的主要卖主,已经推出其宏伟计划合并其旗下的数个公司,包括伊利机车厂、斯克奈塔气轮机厂、夏洛茨维尔制造分工司。机电一体化的主要优势着重放在先进制造技术和工厂自动化。机器设备的高利用率典型的讲,一套机电一体化机器设备的生产量是在独立车间的环境下、相同的机器条件下的三倍。当机器一空闲下来时,就让计算机调度每一个零件到这台机器,同时在自动材料输送关系系统中使零件运动,并且把适当的计算机程序下行传输到这台机器80,这样就能使机电一体化系统达到很高的效率。另外,已经固定在托板上的零件到达机器,以使零件装卡时机器不必等待把零件固定在托板上是单独的工作站上完成的。降低设备资金消耗机器设备的高利用率,原因在于在作用同样工作时机电一体化系统比传统的机械系统需要更少的机器设备。当利用机电系统代替加工中心时,减少 1/3 的机器设备是正常的。降低工人的劳动消耗因为每一台机器是完全在计算机控制下不用工人一直盯着工作,直接的减少了机器工人的监工或者维修工、零件的检察员,不太需要有技能的人员。例如在车间夹紧、卸下工件。然而,在机电一体化工作环境下与传统的工作车间相比不需要更高的技术。劳动力资金的减少在某种程度上与传统工作车间不需要的技术是相互抵消的。有计划调度在制工件和减少产品设计到投产时间或从定货到交货时间。与单独车间环境下相比,利用机电一体化系统在减少在制工件方面是非常显著的。据一些车间报道已经减少了 80%,这些都归功于减少了定货到交货的时间的诸多因素,这些因素包括:全部生产零件所需的设备都集中在一个小的区域内;所需夹具的数量的减少;由于加工工艺被组合在工作单元中而引起的零件所必须通过的机器的数量的减少;以及分批进入的和已在机电一体化系统中的零件要进行有效的计算机调度。对改变的产品的需求快速响应机电一体化系统对于不同产品的生产需求和市场需求改变或者工程设计改变都有固有的灵活性。更进一步,备用件的需求不会大大扰乱正常的机电一体化系统的生产活动。生产的可维护性许多机电一体化系统能够适度的降低当一个或更多的机器失效后不能正常工作的机率。当某台机器失效后多余的机器和原材料控制系统使系统绕过失效的机器,因此,生产量始终保持在一个恒定的百分率上。高的产品质量经常性的监督机电一体化系统,特别是当与没有与合作系统联合的机器系统相比能够更能提高产品的质量,产品设计性能与生产能力的基本结合,高水平的自动化夹具数量和驻留的机器数量的减少,设计的更好的永久性夹具,更加注意零件与机器的调整,所有这些都使单个零件质量良好,零件之间有极好的一致性,并且导致返工成本的大大减少。灵活的控制灵活的控制能够显著的增加产品的产量,在一些设施里,机电一体化系统可以在中班和晚班和无人看管条件下自动运行,这种几乎无人的操作方式目前是例外的情况,而不是常规,但是他可以变成常规。如果好的传感器和计算机能够控制和解决一些非预期的情况,例如刀具划伤、零件流动阻滞等等。在这种操作模式下,监察、安装和维修可以在第一班即可完成。灵活性由于正确的操作可利用的占地面积的计划,一个机电一体化系统最初可为低产量而设计。随着需求的增长,可以容易的增添新机器,以提供需要的附加生产能力。3: 机电一体化的组成这一章节简要的介绍机电一体化系统的原理,而且讲述了需要机电一体化各个组成部分来实现机电一体化工艺技术。 机电一体化系统的 重点应放在 工厂自动化,因为工厂自动化作为机电一体化整体技术中办公自动化和家庭自动化的基础。系统原理机电一体化产品生产包括产品设计的所有方面,产品的生产制造和与工厂管理部门由数字化驱动的相互协调的计算机辅助系统。但不同于以往的其他工艺技术,他们还包括与确定工长江要制造的产品有关的工序,这里 恰好是日本人以胜人一筹之处,使得许多美国公司注意并想知道为什么它们(占有)的市场份额正在消失。一份关于这种工艺的周密调查讲揭示:日本人已创造了非常适合于用户的新产品,以至我们的陈旧产品在市场上失去了光泽。他们引起了对他们产品的需要,并且是按照那个古老的原则做到这一点的,这个原则是:“给予顾客它所向要的东西,而不是给他认为他乡要的东西。与顾客分担设计过程是一种有趣的过程,当把她作为机电一体化基本原理的一部分考虑时,这一过程为在工厂自动化方面发生的其他一切事实的动力。,机电一体化功能一般分为三类:与用户相关的产品设计的市场分析,在工厂现场的产品的生产制造,开明的工厂经营管理。上述三大类功能,既强调需要改进的设计,产品的制造,开明的管理,不是必然相互排斥的。实际上,把机电一体化引入到这些系统的目的扫除它们之间的壁垒,从而使设计和制造系统能够自然而然的连接起来,然而这三种功能构成讨论是很有好处的,特别,当他们与典型的制造公司对应更能体现其好处。
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