FMLY100型液压磨光拉丝机设计【含4张CAD图纸、说明书】
毕业设计(论文)译文题目名称:F MLY100 型 液 压 磨 光 拉 丝 机 院系名称: 机电学院 班 级: 学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: The Computer and ManufacturingThe computer is bringing manufacturing into the Information Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam engine changed it 100 years ago.The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will.In one respect, manufacturing could be said to be coming full circle. The first manufacturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was developed, production was separated into specialized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a time.Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system.It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necessity for increasing productivity and reducing costs is driving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time being moved around or waiting to be worked on.The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it id the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system.It may well be that, in the future, the computer may be essential to a companys survival. Many of todays businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combination s are superquality, super productivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisfactory parts with good productivity.A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, roe sample, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, higher quality, improved productivity, and low prices.The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the mostOut of its manufacturing resources .The computer is that tool.Becoming a “superquality, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of An extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, management, materials handling-are computer integrated.In product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design (CAD) systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the timePreviously required and with greater accuracy. And programs for prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process.In manufacturing planning, computer-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules, of the optimum process.On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controls machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions.But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is need is a totally automat-ed system, linked by common software from front door to back.The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between departments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system.Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer, and vice versa .Engineering changes, thus, can be reduced, and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only does the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made.The instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning and more-effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore ,is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production , reducing work-in-process cost.Product quality , too , can be improved . Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example , but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings.People are enabled to do their jobs better . By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork-not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do what only human beings can do: think creatively .Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing . People are attracted because want to work in a modem , technologically sophisticated environment .In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design. NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out. A part-program is the detailed process plan for the machining steps to be performed on the particular NC machine involved. The program defines the final shape of the part being machined whether by turning, milling, drilling, punching or by nay other numerically controlled operation.It sets the sequence of individual operations or individual cuts. It determines the cutting tool that is to be used whether that tool is changed automatically by a toolchange or indexing turret or manually by the operator. It carries the feeds and speeds and depths at which each cut will be made. In many cases the manual toolchange, for example it even provides instructions or reminders for the machine operator.All of this information and frequently much more is contained in the part program in the form of coded instructions, which are read by the NC system and translated into the commands to actuate the machine toolCertainly the part program is not the only element contributing to the efficiency and effectiveness of the overall NC machining system which includes the machine itself, the control, the cutting tools and fixturing, the operator, and still other factors but it is just as true that the part program can limit the profitable usefulness of the entire machining system.There are a variety of approaches to the overall function of part programming. Each has its own individual twists, and no one is the single best way to get he job done in all cases.Broadly, the techniques can be broken down into two categories: manual part programming an computer assisted part programming. Selection of the proper approach in any specific case requires individual consideration of many variables:The Workpieces Themselves Are they geometrically simple, or are they so complex as to demand the power of a computer to calculate the machine moves necessary for their production? Are parts machine in small lots or long production runs? Are there many variations of basically similar parts” Are leadtimes typically relaxed, or is “fire fighting “ commonly required?The NC Machines Is the NC installation a “turning” shop or a “milling” house? Or does it include a variety of different machine types? Are most of the machines the products of only one or two builders, with the same or similar controls? How many NC machines must be programmed?The Company Itself Do this shop and its people have long experience and familiarity with NC? Is it a big plant with a highly structured organization chart or a small, informal setup? Does a corporate data processing facility already exist? Could other data processing applications such as payroll, inventory control, billing, and others also be implemented on a minicomputer acquired primarily for part programming?Most shops starting out with their first numerically controlled machine tool prepare the necessary part programs manually, at least initially. Overall, this process typically entails selection and justification of parts to be machined by NC, general process planning, too and fixture design, step by step planning of each machining cut, preparation of a hand written list of specific instructions to the machine control, conversion of the manuscript into a punched tape, verification of the recorded part program, and very likely subsequent modification of the program to improve the machining process.In smaller installations, one person may perform all of these functions and then go on to operate the machine. In larger, more structured organizations the manufacturing engineering department may produce the general process plan in the form of operation sheets, a tool design department may produce the general process plan in the form of operation sheets, a tool design department may do its thing, and so forth. The core of manual programming, however, is preparation of the manuscript, its conversion into a verified tape , and subsequent editing, all of which must be done in the specific codes of the particular machine tool to be used.Programmers need skills and considerable knowledge of machining and tooling practice. Beyond that , they need familiarity with the particular NC machine, its capabilities, and the specific codes it requires for activation of each function. But they need very little in the way of tape preparation equipment. In fact, for manual data input machines, they need none at all.The geometry of most workpieces is certainly simple enough that it is not beyond the capability of human beings to prepare the instructions needed by a numerical control to direct the machine tools motions without the aid of a separate computer to program manually, in other words. But those individual features are typically generated by only straight line ore circular arc movements, and these are easily programmed into modern control system that provide both linear and circular interpolation. Parts that are complex in this sense may be tedious and time consuming to program manually, but they are certainly possible. And many parts are even simpler in that they have only a few or none of these line and arc features. All numerical control systems incorporate features to facilitate manual part programming. This has always been true, but todays NC systems incorporating built in minicomputers or microcomputers and, perhaps more significant, built in memories for part program storage have added some remarkable aids for the manual programmer.From a programming point of view, however, manually entering the part program at the machine tool offers the least departure from traditional machine shop practice. Using a blueprint and, perhaps, a set of operation sheets from the manufacturing engineering department, the machinist, or the setup man, figures out how to set up the machine and keys in the data. Electronically memorized codes and values replace stop dogs, jigs, cams, templets, and other such “iron memory” devices. 计算机与制造业计算机正在将制造业带入信息时代。计算机长期以来在商业和管理方面得到了广泛的应用,它正在作为一种新的工具进入到工厂中,而且它如同蒸汽机在 100 年前使制造业发生着变革。尽管基本的金属切削过程不太可能发生根本性的改变,但是它们的组织形式和控制必将发生改变。从某一方面可以说,制造业正在完成一个循环。最初的制造业是家庭手工业:设计者本身也是制造者,产品的构思与加工由同一个人完成。后来,形成了零件的互换性这个概念,生产被依照专业功能分割开来,可以成批地生产数以千计的相同零件。今天,尽管设计者与制造者不可能是同一个人,但在向集成制造系统前进的途中,这两种功能已经越来越靠近了。可能具有讽刺意味的是,在市场需求高度多样化的产品的时候,提高生产和降低成本的必要性促使着制造业朝着集成为紧凑的系统方向变化。这是一个连续的过程,在其中零件不需要花费多达 95的生产时间用在运输和等待加工上。计算机是满足这两项要求中任何一项的关键。它是能够提供快速反应能力、柔性和来满足多样化市场的唯一工具。而且,它是实现制造系统集成所需要的、能够进行详细分析和利用精确数据的唯一工具。在将来计算机可能会是一个企业生存的基本条件,许多现今的企业将会被生产能力更高的企业组合所取代。这些生产能力更高的企业组合是一些具有非常高的质 量、非常高的生产率的工厂。目标是设计和运行一个能够以高生产率的方式生产 100合格产品的工厂。一个采用先进技术的、竞争的世界正在促使制造业开始做更多的工作,是其本身采用先进的技术。为了适应竞争,一个公司会满足一些在某种程度上相互矛盾的要求,诸如产品多样化、提高质量、增加生产率、降低价格。在努力满足这些要求的过程中,公司需要一个采用先进技术的工具,一个能够对顾客的需求做出快速反应,而且从制造资源中获得最大的收益的工具。计算机就是这个工具成为一个具有“非常高的质量、非常高的生产率”的工厂,需要对一个非常复杂的系统进行集成。这只有通过采用计算机对机械制造的所有组成部分设计、加工、装配、质量保证、管理和材料装卸及输送进行集成才能完成。例如,在产品设计期间,人机对话式的计算机辅助设计系统使得完成绘图和分析工作所需要的时间比原来减少了几倍,而且精确程度得到了很大的提高。此外,样机的试验与评价程序进一步加快了设计过程。在制订工艺规程时,计算机辅助编制工艺规程可以从数以千计的工序和加工过程中选择最好的加工方案。在车间里,许多独立的微型计算机在控制着机床、操纵着自动装卸料设备和收集关于当前车间状态的信息。但是这些各自独立的改革还远远不够。我们所需要的是一个共同的软件从始端进行控制的全部自动化的系统。整个系统都会从中收益。基本上,计算机集成可以提供广泛的、及时的和精确的信息,可以改进各部门之间的交流与磋商,实施更严格的控制,而且通常能增强整个系统的全面质量和效率。例如,改进交流和磋商意味着会使设计具有更好的可制造性。数控编程人员和工艺装备设计人员有机会向产品设计人员提出意见,反之亦然。因而可以减少技术方面的变更,而对于那些必要的变更,可以更有效地进行处理。计算机不仅能够更快地对变更作出详细说明,而且还能把变更之后的数据告诉随后的使用者。利用即时更新的生产控制数据可以制订更好的工艺规程和更有效率的生产进度。因而,可以使昂贵的设备得到更好的利用,提高零件在生产过程中的运送效率,减少加工成本。产品质量也可以得到改进。例如,不仅可以提高设计精度,还可以使质量保证部门利用设计数据,避免由于隔阂而产生错误。可以使人们更好的完成他们的工作。通过避免冗长的计算和书写工作这还不算查找资料所浪费的时间计算机不仅使人们更用效率的工作,而且还能把他们解放出来去做他们才能做的工作:创造性思维。计算机集成制造还会吸引新的人才进入制造业。人才被吸引过来的原因是他们希望得到一个现代化的、技术先进的环境中工作。在制造过程中,CAD/CAM 减少了工艺装备设计、数控编程和编制工艺规程所需要的时间。而且,在同时加快了响应速度,这最终将会使目前外委加工的工作由内部人员来完成。先进制造技术中的一个最基本的概念是数字控制。在数控技术出现之前,所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中,操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制时,产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符合指令来控制机床和其它制造系统。一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床,而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机床,其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置,用来接受和解释出编译指令。发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性,而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工操纵的机器的精度更高、生产出零件的一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其它几项新发明:1. 电火花加工技术。2. 激光切削。3. 电子束焊接。数字控制还使得机床比它们采用人工操纵的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一数控机床还可以自动生产很多种类的零件,每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的 加工过程。数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说, 在经济上是不划算的产品的生产任务。同许多先进的技术一样,数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是 50 年代初在美国空军的资助下提出的。在其最初的阶段,数控机床可以经济和有效的进行直线切削。然而,曲线轨迹称为机床加工的一个问题,在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。构成台阶的每一段线越短,曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每一线段都必须经过计算。在这个问题促使下,于 1959 年诞生了自动编程工具语言。这是一个专门适用数控的编程语言,使用类似英语的语句来定义零件的几何图形,描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。APT 语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。最初的数控系统与今天应用的数控系统是有很大区别的。在那时的机床中,只有硬线逻辑电路。指令程序写在穿孔纸带上,采用带阅读机将写在 纸上或磁带上的指令给机器翻译出来。所有这些共同构成了机床数字控制方面的巨大进步。然而,在数控发展的这个阶段中还存在着很多问题。一个主要的问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。在机械加工过程中,载有编程指令信息的纸带断裂和被撕裂是常见的事情。在机床上每加工一个零件,都需要将载有编程指令的纸带放入阅读机中重新阅读一遍。因此,这个问题变得很重要。如果需要制造 100 个某种零件,则应该将纸带分别通过阅读机 100 次。易损坏的纸带显然不能承受严酷的车间环境和这种重复使用。这就导致了一种专门的塑料磁带的研制。在纸带上通过采用一系列的小孔来载有编程指令,而在塑料带上通过采用一系列的磁点来载有编程指令。塑料带的强度要高很多,这就可以解决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。然而,它仍然存在着两个问题。其中最重要的一个问题是,对输入带中的指令进行修改是非常困难的,或者是根本不可能的。即使对指令程序进行最微小的调整,也必须中断加工,制作一条新带。而且带通过阅读机的次数还必须与要加工的零件的个数相同。幸运的是,计算机技术的实际应用很快解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带的有关问题。在形成了直接数字控制这个概念后,可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程指令的载体,这样就解决了与之有关的问题。在直接数字控制中,几台机床通过数据传输线路连接到一台计算机上。操纵这些机床所需要的程序都存储在这台计算机中。当需要时,通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进步。然而,它也有着同其它依赖于主计算机的技术一样的局限性。当主计算机出现故障时,由其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。微处理器的发展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机的发展做好了准备。这两种技术为计算机数控的发展打下了基础。采用 CNC 技术后,每台机床上都有一个可编程控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台计算机内部。他还可以在机床以外编制程序,并将其下载到每台机床中。计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所带来的问题,但是它产生了另一个被称为数据管理的问题。同一个程序可能要分别装入十个相互之间没有通讯联系的微机中。这个问题目前正在解决中,它是通过采用局部区域网络将各个微机连接起来,以便于更好的进行数据管理。
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