新核心综合学术英语教程第二册Unit 4ppt课件
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Unit4ResponsibilityofScientists 1 Inthisunit youwilllearnaboutancientChina scontributiontomodernscience research FourGreatInventions TheGeniusofChina and TheNobelPrize ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation learnwords expressions andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech learnstrategiessuchaslisteningfornumbersandstatistics listening scanning reading usingthesources discussing achievinglexicalvariety writing etc giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass 2 BackgroundInformation ApproachingtheTopic ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercises 3 BackgroundInformation aboutTechnologicalEthics TheManhattanProject AlbertEinstein TheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists FritzHaber 4 aboutTechnologicalEthics Ifthereistechnologicaladvancewithoutsocialadvance thereis almostautomatically anincreaseinhumanmisery MichaelHarringtonThereisaneviltendencyunderlyingallourtechnology thetendencytodowhatisreasonableevenwhenitisn tanygood RobertPirsigHumanityisacquiringalltherighttechnologyforallthewrongreasons R BuckminsterFuller 5 aboutTechnologicalEthics Witheveryincreaseofknowledgeandskill wisdombecomesmorenecessary foreverysuchincreaseaugmentsourcapacityofrealizingourpurposes andthereforeaugmentsourcapacityforevil ifourpurposesareunwise BertrandRussell 6 AlbertEinstein AlbertEinstein 14March1879 18April1955 wasaGerman borntheoreticalphysicist Hedevelopedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity oneofthetwopillarsofmodernphysics alongsidequantummechanics Heisbestknowninpopularcultureforhismass energyequivalenceformulaE mc2 whichhasbeendubbed theworld smostfamousequation Hereceivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysics forhisservicestotheoreticalphysics andespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect EinsteinwasvisitingtheUnitedStateswhenAdolfHitlercametopowerin1933and beingJewish didnotgobacktoGermany wherehehadbeenaprofessorattheBerlinAcademyofSciences 7 AlbertEinstein HesettledintheU S becominganAmericancitizenin1940 OntheeveofWorldWarII heendorsedalettertoPresidentFranklinD Rooseveltalertinghimtothepotentialdevelopmentof extremelypowerfulbombsofanewtype andrecommendingthattheU S beginsimilarresearch ThiseventuallyledtowhatwouldbecometheManhattanProject EinsteinsupporteddefendingtheAlliedforces butlargelydenouncedtheideaofusingthenewlydiscoverednuclearfissionasaweapon Later withtheBritishphilosopherBertrandRussell EinsteinsignedtheRussell EinsteinManifesto whichhighlightedthedangerofnuclearweapons EinsteinwasaffiliatedwiththeInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton NewJersey untilhisdeathin1955 8 TheManhattanProject TheManhattanProjectwasaresearchanddevelopmentprojectthatproducedthefirstatomicbombsduringWorldWarII ItwasledbytheUnitedStateswiththesupportoftheUnitedKingdomandCanada From1942to1946 theprojectwasunderthedirectionofMajorGeneralLeslieGrovesoftheU S ArmyCorpsofEngineers TheArmycomponentoftheprojectwasdesignatedtheManhattanDistrict Manhattan graduallysupersededtheofficialcodename DevelopmentofSubstituteMaterials fortheentireproject Alongtheway theprojectabsorbeditsearlierBritishcounterpart TubeAlloys TheManhattanProjectbeganmodestlyin1939 butgrewtoemploymorethan130 000peopleandcostnearlyUS 2billion Over90 ofthecostwasforbuildingfactoriesandproducingthefissilematerials withlessthan10 fordevelopmentandproductionoftheweapons Researchandproductiontookplaceatmorethan30sitesacrosstheUnitedStates theUnitedKingdomandCanada 9 TheRussell EinsteinManifesto TheRussell EinsteinManifestowasissuedinLondonon9July1955byBertrandRussellinthemidstoftheColdWar Ithighlightedthedangersposedbynuclearweaponsandcalledforworldleaderstoseekpeacefulresolutionstointernationalconflict Thesignatoriesincludedelevenpre eminentintellectualsandscientists includingAlbertEinstein whosigneditjustdaysbeforehisdeathon18April1955 Afewdaysaftertherelease philanthropistCyrusS Eatonofferedtosponsoraconference calledforinthemanifesto inPugwash NovaScotia Eaton sbirthplace ThisconferencewastobethefirstofthePugwashConferencesonScienceandWorldAffairs heldinJuly1957 10 TheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientist TheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists ECAS wasfoundedbyAlbertEinsteinandLe Szil rdin1946 Itsaimsweretowarnthepublicofthedangersassociatedwiththedevelopmentofnuclearweapons promotethepeacefuluseofnuclearenergy andultimatelyworktowardsworldpeace whichwasseenastheonlywaythatnuclearweaponswouldnotbeusedagain TheCommitteewasestablishedinthewakeofthe Szil rdpetition 1947 toUnitedStatespresidentHarryS Trumanopposingtheuseoftheatomicbombonmoralgrounds whichwassignedby68scientistswhohadworkedontheManhattanProject AmajorityofscientistsworkingontheManhattanProjectdidnotknowentirelywhattheywerecreatingatthetime 11 FritzHaber FritzHaber 9December1868 29January1934 wasaGermanchemistofJewishorigin whoreceivedtheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1918forhisdevelopmentforsynthesizingammonia importantforfertilizersandexplosives Thefoodproductionforhalftheworld scurrentpopulationdependsonthismethodforproducingfertilizer Haber alongwithMaxBorn proposedtheBorn Habercycleasamethodforevaluatingthelatticeenergyofanionicsolid Hehasalsobeendescribedasthe fatherofchemicalwarfare forhisworkdevelopinganddeployingchlorineandotherpoisonousgasesduringWorldWarI HaberwasapatrioticGermanwhowasproudofhisserviceduringWorldWarI forwhichhewasdecorated HewasevengiventherankofcaptainbytheKaiser rareforascientisttoooldtoenlistinmilitaryservice Haberdefendedgaswarfareagainstaccusationsthatitwasinhumane sayingthatdeathwasdeath bywhatevermeansitwasinflicted 12 exemplaryadj extremelygoodanddeservingtobeadmiredandcopiede g Asahospitalvolunteeryouhavegivenexemplaryservicetoyourcommunitystemv tomakeheadwayagainst asanadversetide current orwind e g Once intryingtostemaretreat hewaswoundedandhislegbroken tenacityn thequalityorstateofbeingtenaciouse g Talent hardworkandsheertenacityareallcrucialtocareersuccess ApproachingtheTopicReading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 13 convertv tochange something intoadifferentformorsothatitcanbeusedinadifferentwaye g Theyhadmanychancestoscorebuttheycouldn tconverttheiropportunities hydrogenn achemicalelementthathasnocolororsmellandthatisthesimplest lightest andmostcommonelemente g Hydrogenandoxygenatomscanvaryinhowmuchtheyweigh heliumn achemicalelement Heliumisaverylightgasthatdoesnotburn oftenusedtofillballoonsandtofreezefoode g Usingheliumasacoolanthasatleastacoupleofadvantages Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 14 catalystn asubstancethatcausesachemicalreactiontohappenmorequicklye g Thebombingattackwasthecatalystforwar senioradj higherinstandingorrankthananotherpersoninthesamepositione g Herecentlybecameaseniorpartnerintheaccountingfirm intenseadj verygreatindegree verystronge g Aftermanyyearsofintensestudy hereceivedhismedicaldegree Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 15 dismantlementn taking something suchasamachineorstructure apartsothatitisinseparatepiecese g Allconstruction dismantlementandreinstatementworksshallbecompletedbeforeMay2006 v dismantlewithholdv tohold something backe g Shewasaccusedofwithholdingevidence massadj involving affecting ordesignedformanypeoplee g Televisionisamassmedium Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 16 dismantlementn taking something suchasamachineorstructure apartsothatitisinseparatepiecese g Allconstruction dismantlementandreinstatementworksshallbecompletedbeforeMay2015 v dismantlewithholdv tohold something backe g Shewasaccusedofwithholdingevidence biologicaladj oforrelatingtobiologyortolifeandlivingthingse g Now researchersintheUnitedStatesthinktheyhavefoundabiologicaltestforautism n biology Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 17 1 WhoisHansBethe Whatqualitieshavemarkedhimanexemplaryscientist HansBetheisadistinguishedscientistwithremarkablecontributionstoseveralareasofphysicsduringhisacademiccareer andalsoaNobelPrizewinner Asanexemplaryscientist Betheismarkedbyhiswarmth generosity tenacity andmodesthabits 2 WhataresomeofthemajorcontributionsBethemadetothefieldofphysics Hismajorcontributionsincludehis1939researchintohowthesungeneratesitsenergybyconvertinghydrogentoheliumusingcarbonasanuclearcatalystandhiscentralroleinthe ManhattanProject ApproachingtheTopicTask1 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 18 3 HowdidBetheadvocatehisideaabouttheuseanddesignofnuclearweapons HeusedLosAlamosasaplatformtoaddressscientiststheredirectlyaswellasscientistsaroundtheworldthroughthepress 4 WhydoyouthinkBethecalledontheworld sweaponscientiststo endwhathehadhelpedbegin Becauseherealizedthatitwastimetorightlydisarmanddismantlenuclearweapons 5 Howarenuclearweaponslikelytothreatenhumanity Likechemicalandbiologicalweapons nuclearweaponshavethepotentialformassdestruction thusposingagreatthreattohumanity ApproachingtheTopicTask1 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 19 1 exemplary2 stem3 generosity4 tenacity5 convert6 hydrogen7 helium8 carbon9 catalyst10 division11 disarmament12 withhold13 manufacture ApproachingtheTopicTask2 b servingasadesirablemodel representingthebestofitskind k tostopsomethingfromhappening spreading ordeveloping c thequalityofbeingkindandwarm hearted e thequalityofnoteasilydispelledordiscouraged persistinginexistenceorinacourseofaction m tochangefromoneform purpose orsystemtoanother j acolorless odorless highlyflammablegas thechemicalelementofatomicnumber1 a thechemicalelementofatomicnumber2 aninertgasthatisthelightestmemberofthenoblegasseries f thechemicalelementofatomicnumber6 anonmetalthathastwomainforms diamondandgraphite andthatalsooccursinimpureformincharcoal soot andcoal d asubstancethatincreasestherateofachemicalreactionwithoutitselfundergoinganypermanentchemicalchange i amajorunitorsectionofanorganization typicallyonehandlingaparticularkindofwork h thereductionorwithdrawalofmilitaryforcesandweapons g refusetogive somethingthatisduetoorisdesiredbyanother l make something onalargescaleusingmachinery ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 20 YourMajesties MembersoftheNobelCommittee YourExcellencies OfficersandParticipantsinthePugwashConferences LadiesandGentlemen Atthisimportanteventinmylife theacceptanceoftheNobelPeacePrize Iwanttospeakasascientist butalsoasahumanbeing FrommyearliestdaysIsawscienceasbeinginharmonywithhumanity Ididnotimaginethatthesecondhalfofmylifewouldbespentoneffortstoavoidagreatdangertohumanitycreatedbyscience Nuclearenergywastheresultofmanyyearsofexperimentalandtheoreticalresearch Ithadgreatpotentialforthecommongood ButthefirstthegeneralpubliclearnedaboutthisdiscoverywasthenewsofthedestructionofHiroshimabytheatombomb Sciencebecameidentifiedwithdeathanddestruction ApproachingtheTopicTask4 1 2 3 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 21 ThroughoutthesubsequentfourdecadesoftheColdWar scientistsonbothsidesoftheironcurtainhelpedmaintainthemomentumofthenucleararmsrace AfterthecollapseofcommunismoftheSovietUnion anyreasonforhavingnuclearweaponsdisappeared Butthenuclearpowersstillkepttheirweapons Thisisbecausethepresentbasicphilosophyisnucleardeterrence TheUSNuclearPostureReviewconcludedthatthe Post ColdWarenvironmentrequiresnucleardeterrence andthisisechoedbyothernuclearstates Sounlessthereisachangeinthebasicphilosophy wewillnotseenuclearweaponsreducedtozero Yettopreventdisaster forthesakeofhumanity wemustgetridofallnuclearweapons ApproachingtheTopicTask4 4 5 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 22 Achievingthisgoalwilltaketime butwecanmakeastart Forexample allnuclear weaponstatesshouldnowdeclarethattheywillneverbethefirsttousenuclearweapons Then weneedaNuclearWeaponsConventiontoprohibitallpossessionofnuclearweapons WewillneedtoworkoutthenecessaryverificationsystemtosafeguardtheConvention Themechanismfornegotiatingsuchaconventionalreadyexists Enteringintonegotiationsdoesnotcommittheparties Thereisnoreasonwhytheyshouldnotbeginnow SoIaskthenuclearpowerstoabandontheout of datethinkingoftheColdWarperiodandtakeafreshlook Aboveall Iappealtothemtoconsiderthelong termthreatthatnuclearweaponsposetohumankindandtobeginactiontowardstheirelimination Rememberyourdutytohumanity Aboveall rememberyourhumanity ApproachingtheTopicTask4 6 7 8 9 10 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 23 1 Whatthemedothepassageandthespeechshare Disarmamentofnuclearweapons 2 Whatarethewriter sandspeaker sattitudestowardnuclearenergyandnuclearweapons Theythinknuclearenergyandnuclearweaponscouldhavethepotentialformassdestruction thusposingagreatthreattohumanity 3 Doyouthinknuclearweaponsshouldbewipedout whyorwhynot 4 HowwouldyoucommentontheNobelPrizewinners understandingsabouttheroleofscienceintoday sworld 5 Whatdoyouthinkistheresponsibilityofscientists ApproachingtheTopicTask6 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 24 penetratev togothroughorintosomethinge g Wateristhesoftestsubstanceintheworld butyetitcanpenetratethehardestrock n penetrationreleasev tostopholding someoneorsomething e g Shestartedtocry releasingallofherrepressedemotion refugeen someonewhohasbeenforcedtoleaveacountrybecauseofwarorforreligiousorpoliticalreasonse g Thousandsofrefugeeshavefledthearea ReadingabouttheTopicReading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 25 evaluatev tojudgethevalueorconditionof someoneorsomething inacarefulandthoughtfulwaye g Weneedtoevaluateouroptions n evaluationeliminatev toremove somethingthatisnotwantedorneeded togetridof something e g Thecompanyplanstoeliminatemorethan2 000jobsinthecomingyear n elimination Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 26 condemnationn astatementorexpressionofverystronganddefinitecriticismordisapprovale g Thegovernment sstatementwasacondemnationofallactsofterrorism v condemndestructiveadj causingaverylargeamountofdamage causingdestructionorharme g Shearguedthatthelawwasdestructiveofpersonalliberties v destructprocessn aseriesofactionsthatproducesomethingorthatleadtoaparticularresulte g We reremodelingourhouse Thewholeprocessisexpectedtotakeafewmonths Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 27 preparednessn thefactofbeingreadyforsomething thestateofbeingpreparede g Themilitaryisinastateofpreparedness v preparefutileadj havingnoresultoreffect pointlessoruselesse g Alloureffortsprovedfutile humanityn thequalityorstateofbeinghumane g Shewascutofffromtherestofhumanity n human Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 28 confrontv toopposeorchallenge someone especiallyinadirectandforcefulwaye g Sheconfrontedhimabouthissmoking n confrontationresolutionn theactoffindingananswerorsolutiontoaconflict problem etc theactofresolvingsomethinge g Wefoundaresolutiontothedispute v resoluteunprecedentedadj notdoneorexperiencedbeforee g Theteamhasenjoyedunprecedentedsuccessthisyear catastrophen aterribledisastere g Theoilspillwasanenvironmentalcatastrophe Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 29 Reading2 TextAnalysis ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 30 1 What sthemainideaofthearticle Einstein spenetratingintellectgaverisetothebirthofnuclearweapons However laterinhislife Einsteinrealizedthepotentialharmoftheinventionandmadeseriouseffortstodeterthespreadofnuclearweapons 2 Whatisthemajorriskofnuclearenergyaccordingtothearticle Themajorriskofnuclearenergyisitspotentialofmassivedestructionthatcouldbringanendtothehumanspecies 3 WhatwasEinstein sreactiontotheManhattanProject EinsteinneverworkedontheManhattanProjecttomaketheatomicbomb andwasdeeplydisturbedandsaddenedwhenthebombswereusedonJapan ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 31 4 Whatisthecentralthemeforthe1946statementmadebytheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists Thereisnosolutiontotheproblemofatomicbombsexceptinternationalcontrolofatomicenergyand ultimately theeliminationofwar 5 WhatisEinstein sattitudetowardsnuclearweapons Andwhatdoeshispowerfulwarningsuggest Thestrongmessagehesenttohumanity Thesplittingoftheatomhaschangedeverythingexceptourmodesofthinking andthuswedrifttowardunprecedentedcatastrophe Itindicateshiscautiousandobjectiveattitudetowardsnuclearweapons ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 32 Set1 fromPara AtoC 1 admire A 2 penetrating A 3 formula A 4 foresee A 5 refugee B 6 recommend B 7 disturb C 8 eliminate C ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 d regard anobject quality orperson withrespectorwarmapproval h showinganabilitytounderstandthingsquicklyandcompletely c amathematicalrelationshiporruleexpressedinsymbols a beawareofbeforehand predict f apersonwhohasbeenforcedtoleavetheircountryinordertoescapewar persecution ornaturaldisaster g adviseorsuggest something asacourseofaction b tomakesomeonefeelworriedorslightlyshocked e tocompletelyremoveorgetridof something ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 33 Set2 fromPara DtoG 1 emergency D 2 destructive D 3 futile D 4 ultimately D 5 valid D 6 resolution E 7 prominent F 8 unprecedented G ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 b aserious unexpected andoftendangeroussituationrequiringimmediateaction e causinggreatandirreparableharmordamage a incapableofproducinganyusefulresult pointless h finally intheend g beingofficiallyacceptable especiallyforafixedperiodoftime c afirmdecisiontodoornottodosomething d important famous f neverdoneorknownbefore ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 34 a TheRussell EinsteinManifestoiswrittentodeternuclearwarfareandtoguardhumanity b Einsteinstoodfirmlyagainsttheuseofatomicweapons c Einstein swarningstohumanityfailtoreceiveenoughpublicattention d TheEmergencyCommitteereleasedastatementontheabhorrentfactsanddauntingfutureofatomicweapons e InspiredbyEinstein sletter PresidentRooseveltsetouttolaunchtheManhattanProject f EinsteindidnotpredictthathistheorieswouldleadtotheAtomicBomb ReadingabouttheTopicTask5 Para APara BPara CPara DPara EPara FPara G ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 35 utilitarianismn thebeliefthatamorallygoodactionisonethathelpsthegreatestnumberofpeoplee g Utilitarianismisbasedonaverysimpleviewofhumannature adj utilitarianobligationn somethingthatyoumustdobecauseofalaw rule promise etc e g Shebelievesthatallpeoplehaveamoralobligationtodefendhumanrights v obligatevirtuen morallygoodbehaviororcharactere g Modestyseemstomeaveryoverratedvirtue adj virtuous Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 36 tenuren theamountoftimethatapersonholdsajob office ortitlee g Duringhistenureasheadcoach theteamwonthechampionshiptwice subtleadj hardtonoticeorsee notobviouse g Whenitcomestogivingcriticism sometimesit sbesttotakeasubtleapproach synthesizev tomake something bycombiningdifferentthingse g Shesynthesizedthetreatmentfromtraditionalandmodernphilosophiesofmedicine Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 37 brutalityn cruel harsh andusuallyviolenttreatmentofanotherpersone g Thepolicewereaccusedofbrutalityforusingexcessiveforceinmakingarrests adj brutalsentimentrejectInstalljustify Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 38 cardinaladj basicormostimportante g Mycardinalruleistoalwaysbehonest flaw distinctionn adifferencethatyoucansee hear smell feel etc anoticeabledifferencebetweenthingsorpeoplee g Therearenoobviousdistinctionsbetweenthetwodesigns adj distinct Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 39 Reading3 TextAnalysis ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 40 1 Isthereadifferencebetweenagoodscientistandasuccessfulscientist Yes thereis Agoodscientistisnotnecessarilysuccessful andviceversa 2 WhatisFritzHaber scasesupposedtoimply FritzHaber scaseimpliesthatitispossibleforasuccessfulscientisttodoethicallybadthings 3 Howcanwec- 配套讲稿:
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