石台矿1.5 Mta新矿井设计【含CAD图纸+文档】
压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,均可直接下载获得文件,所见所得,电脑查看更方便。Q 197216396 或 11970985
专题部分保护煤柱绘制软件的开发与应用摘要 本软件基于Visual Basic 6.0并联合Excel、Auto CAD开发的绘制斜井井筒、立井井筒、急倾斜煤层群立井井筒、建筑物及工业广场保护煤柱的图形自动化绘制软件,并给予精确的定位,在矿井设计和改造中避免了烦琐而复杂的工作,具有一定的实用性。关键词:保护煤柱 CAD二次开发 VB Excel 自动绘图1.概述Mcrosoft公司的Visual Basic6.0是当今最畅销的编程语言之一,简单易学,功能强大,人机对话方便,程序运行调试方便,得到了广泛的应用。Autodesk公司的AutoCAD是当今世界上最畅销的绘图软件之一,已成为广大工程技术人员最好的设计助手。它具有强大的绘图功能,同时,具有开放性,用户可以根据自己的实际需要及专业性质,对CAD进行二次开发,从而更加完善地为本专业服务,这也是CAD受欢迎的重要原因之一。目前,计算机在采矿领域的应用应用已越来越广,其中一个重要的应用方向就是计算机辅助制图(CAD)。在煤炭行业,CAD的应用已相当普遍,但制图自动化程度较低,工作量大,生产、设计单位也缺少这方面的软件,由此给我们一个思路,通过编程实现绘图的自动化。CAD内部的VBA开发工具,使以上两套功能强大的软件可以无间隙地结合在一起,让用户可以自主开发出专业方向软件。为此采用AutoCAD的ActiveX技术及Visual Basic 6.0、Mcrosoft Excel编制软件。2.原理2.1 地下开采破坏了岩体内部原有的力学平衡状态,使上覆岩层不同程度地变形和破坏。当开采面积达到一定范围之后,起始采场附近的岩层移动和变形将扩展到地表,此时的地表移动和变形将影响到位于开采影响范围内的房屋建筑、工程、河流、湖泊、铁路及管线,会改变它们原有的状态,甚至破坏。同样,在移动岩体内的井巷也可能受到开采影响而遭受破坏。当地下开采将影响到上覆岩层及地表,并且其产生的变形有可能危及岩体内的井巷或者地表的建筑物和构筑物正常使用时,最常用和最可靠的方法就是在需要保护的井筒、建筑物或构筑物下方留一部分实体煤不采或暂时不采,所留煤柱的面积应使周围煤炭开采时对保护对象不产生有危险性的移动和变形。为保护地貌、地面工业场地、地面建筑物、铁路、堤坝等而留下来的实体煤称为建筑物或构筑物的保护煤柱。2.2 垂直剖面法设计保护煤柱原理垂直剖面法是作图的方法,作沿煤层走向和倾向的剖面,在剖面图上由移动角确定煤住宽度,并投影到平面图上,得到保护煤柱边界。 作图前所需的资料为: 松散层和基岩移动角; 煤层底板等高线图; 并田地质剖面团; 井上下对照图。 以图1为例,说明用垂直剖面法设计保护煤柱的步骤,图中的煤层底板等高线标高是为了说明作图方法所加的。图1 垂直剖面法设计保护煤柱(1)在煤层底板等高线图上,过要保护的建筑物或建筑物群最外角点,作平行于煤层走向和倾向的四条直线,交a、b、c和 d,形成矩形。 (2)按建筑物保护等级在矩形a、b、c和d四周加相应宽度的围护带,形成地表保护范围a、b、c、d,地表要保护范围的边界为mn和qk。 (3)过a、d或b、c中点,作沿煤层倾向的剖面II。 (4)将煤层底板等高线、上覆岩层和要保护的建筑物边界投影到平行于煤层走向的垂面内,形成所谓的投影面。 (5) I一I和面上,过m、n和q、k四点,按松散层移动角划线与基岩相交于、和、;在II剖面上,过和两点,按下山移动角和上山移动角画线与煤层交于和。 在剖面上,过和点按走向移动角划线,与煤层相交于与线同标高的和,与同标高的和。 (6)将和及、和投影到煤层底板等线图上,得A、B、C、D四点,连接A、B、C和D,即得平面图上的保护煤柱边界。 在平面图上用垂直剖面法设计的保护煤柱形状是对称的梯形,梯形的长边和短边平行于煤层走向,因扩大了地表保护范围,在开采影响下地表建筑物安全性较高。为了提高精度,在沿煤层倾向的剖面上,垂直剖面法所留的保护煤柱尺寸还可以由计算方法得到,计算结果如(1)式。 (式1)反斜井井筒及工业广场保护煤柱绘制急倾斜煤层群立井井筒保护煤柱绘制立井井筒保护煤柱绘制2.3 立井井筒保护煤柱的设计 某矿立井井筒的地质条件及冲积层和基岩移动角值见表1。保护煤柱边界的圈定如下(图2):图2 立井井筒保护煤柱的圈定表1 某矿立井井筒地质条件及冲积层和基岩移动角值井筒垂深H(m)煤层厚度M(m)煤层倾角()()()()()冲积层厚度h(m)3002204570607020(1)通过立井井筒中心沿煤层倾向和走向分别作剖面II和,按I级保护建筑物在井筒周围留20m宽的围护带,在剖面图上得m,n及k,l各点。 (2)根据冲积层和基岩的移动角值,绘出保护煤柱的边界线,在剖面II上得,点。在剖面上得,点。 (3)将、各点投影到平面图上,得、点。过、点分别作走向平行线,井截取线段和分别等于和gh,得梯形。连接对角线O, O,O自O。 (4)以井简中心O为原点,分别以O、O、O、O为半径画圆弧,井交于对角线上;在对角线上取两圆弧与之相交的中点,得P,Q,R,S。(5)用圆滑曲线连接、P、Q、R、S各点,即为立井井简保护煤柱的边界。2.4 急倾斜煤层群立井井筒保护煤柱设计某矿开采急倾斜煤层群,煤层倾角68,各煤层厚度及间距如图4。立井井筒位于煤系地层底板,其参数为45,75,55。保护煤柱边界圈定方法如下(图3): 图3 急倾斜煤层群立井保护煤柱的圈定 (1)过工业场地角点作平行煤层走向和倾向的直线得四边形1234。在四边形外围留20m宽围护带,得受护面积边界1234。 (2)在过井筒中心的倾向剖面即A一B剖面上,过M点以45作直线,交基岩面上m点;由m点以55作直线,分别交和煤层于S和t点,则此两点分别为两个煤层的开采下限。mst直线及矿井设计深度以内所有煤层均为倾向剖面上的保护煤拄。(3)在过井筒中心的走向剖面即CD别面上,由P、Q两点以45作直线,交于基岩面p、q点;由p、q两点以78作直线,两直线与设计深度所圈定的煤层,为走向剖面上的保护煤柱。(4)在平面图上65为煤层保护煤柱边界;87为煤层保护煤柱边界pq910为煤层保护煤柱边界,等等。2.5 反斜井井筒及工业场地保护煤柱设计某矿反斜井地质条件及冲积层和基岩移动角值如表2。保护煤柱边界圈定方法如下(图4):表2 某矿反斜井井筒地质条件和基岩移动角值斜井斜长L(m)斜井倾角()煤层倾角()煤层厚度M(m)冲积层厚度(m)()()()()41523112.21545757570图4 反斜井井筒及工业场地保护煤柱的圈定(1)在工业场地边界外侧留15m宽的围护带;在斜井两侧留20m宽的围护带,得受护面积边界。 (2)过斜井轴线作倾向剖面A一B。由工业场地受护边界、点以45作直线与基岩面相交,由交点分别以75和70作直线,与煤层底板相交分别得、点。 煤层与井筒在e点相交。由并底车场巷道顶板到煤层底板的垂高不应小于高度。30一30一25(m)。从而确定得煤层底板上的q点。 式中 30、25均为回归的常数;为煤层倾角;为斜井落底处井底的曲线半径。 井口在煤层上的垂直投影点为斜井井筒保护煤柱下边界(当只留斜井保护煤柱时,仍由井口受护面积边界点按移动角圈定)。 为倾向剖面上工业场地保护煤柱边界。 为倾向剖面上斜井和井底车场保护煤柱边界。 (3)在走向剖面CD上,由、点以45作直线与基岩面相交,由交点以75作直线,与倾向剖面上、点的投影线分别相交于点、,和、。和为走向剖面上工业广场保护煤柱边界。 斜井井筒受护面积边界和倾向剖面上g、e点的投影线相交于点、和、。和,为走向剖面井底车场保护煤柱边界。 由井口受护面积边界以45作直线,与基岩面相交,由交点以75作直线,与倾向剖面上点的投影线分别相交于点、。连接和,与分别相交于点和。 (4)将、点投影到平面团上,则即为反斜井及工业场地保护煤柱边界。2.6 Visual Basic 与Auto CAD的连接Visual Basic语言对AutoCAD的二次开发,就要使Visaul Basic的程序能调用CAD的命令并能在CAD的环境下由程序控制进行自动绘图。首先在Visaul Basic模块中申明一组对象。Public ACADApp As Object 定义AutoCAD对象Public AcadDoc As ObjectPublic AcadMds As ObjectPublic AcadUtil As ObjectPublic Sub QiDongCad() 连接CADOn Error Resume Next Set ACADApp = GetObject(, AutoCAD.AppliCAtion) If Err Then Err.Clear Set ACADApp = CreateObject(AutoCAD.AppliCAtion) End If Set AcadDoc = ACADApp.ActiveDocument Set AcadMds = AcadDoc.ModelSpace Set AcadUtil = AcadDoc.Utility Set AcadPaperSpace = AcadDoc.PaperSpace ACADApp.Visible = True2.7 Visual Basic与Excel的连接Visual Basic与Excel 的连接同Visual Basic与AutoCAD的连接,要使Visaul Basic的程序能调用Excel的命令、函数等,并在Excel中存取数据,首先要在Visaul Basic模块中申明一组对象。Public ExcelApp As Object 定义EXCEL空间Public ExcelWBook As ObjectPublic ExcelWSheet As ObjectPublic ExcelShape As Excel.ShapesPublic ExcelChart As Excel.ChartPublic Excel_Name As StringPublic Paint_Name As StringPublic Sub QiDongExcel() 连接EXCEL On Error Resume Next 忽略错误 Set ExcelApp = GetObject(, Excel.Application) 查找一个正在运行的Excel 拷贝 If Err Then 如果 Excel 没有运行则运行它 Err.Clear Set ExcelApp = CreateObject(Excel.Application) End IfEnd Sub2.8 自定义变量类型Public M(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N(0 To 2) As DoublePublic M1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic M2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R(0 To 2) As DoublePublic l(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II4(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II5(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II6(0 To 2) As DoublePublic JiAo1 As DoublePublic JiAo2 As DoublePublic JiAo3 As DoublePublic JiAo4 As DoublePublic JiAo5 As DoublePublic BJiao1 As DoublePublic BJiao2 As DoublePublic BJiao3 As DoublePublic BJiao4 As DoublePublic BJiao5 As DoublePublic HouDu As DoublePublic H1 As DoublePublic H2 As DoublePublic HHY1 As DoublePublic HHY2 As DoublePublic MeiMiDu As Double2.9 画图过程3 使用说明3.1运行将文件“PillarDesign.exe”与含有其它6个程序的文件夹“app”放置在电脑同一地址下。双击“PillarDesign.exe”图标,出现运行窗口(图5):图5 PillarDesign软件运行界面点击“进入”,有一个两秒钟的提示页面:图6 提示页面图7 PillarDesign软件运行主界面此时点击6个程序的任一按钮,将调用出该程序的数据采集界面(图8):3.2 软件使用图8 数据采集页面在各项文本框中输入实际参数后,点击“垂直剖面法绘制”按钮,软件将调用AutoCAD和Excel,实现自动化绘图和精确数据输出(图9,图10,图11):图9 AutoCAD绘制结果图10 Excel运行结果图11 程序运行成功提示3.3 退出软件退出较简单,每一程序界面都有“退出”按钮,点击即可安全退出图12 程序退出参 考 文 献1 徐永忻.采矿学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,20032 徐永忻.煤矿开采学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,19993 林在康、左秀峰.矿业信息及计算机应用. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,20004 戴绍城.高产高效综合机械化采煤技术与装备.北京:煤炭工业出版社,19975 陈炎光、徐永祈.中国采煤方法.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,19916 钱鸣高、刘听成.矿山压力及控制. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,19917 于海勇.放顶煤开采的基础理论. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,19958 王省身.矿井灾害防治理论与技术. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,19899 刘吉昌.煤矿施工设计基础.太原:山西人民出版社,198310 岑传鸿.采场顶板控制与检测技术. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,199811 蒋国安、吕家立.采矿工程英语. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,199812 李位民.特大型现代化矿井建设与工程实践. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,200113 综采设备管理手册编委会.综采设备管理手册. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,199414 能源部.煤矿安全规程. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,199215 中国煤矿专用设备成套服务公司.采煤机械化成套设备参考手册.煤炭工业部. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,198416 刘吉昌.煤矿施工设计基础. 太原:山西人民出版社,198317 中国统配煤矿总公司物资供应局.煤炭工业设备手册. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,199218 章玉华.技术经济学. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,199519 综采设备管理手册. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994附录程序代码:模块中代码Public M(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N(0 To 2) As DoublePublic M1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic M2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic N2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R(0 To 2) As DoublePublic l(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic R3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic L3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic A2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic B2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic C2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic D2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II1(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II2(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II3(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II4(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II5(0 To 2) As DoublePublic II6(0 To 2) As DoublePublic JiAo1 As DoublePublic JiAo2 As DoublePublic JiAo3 As DoublePublic JiAo4 As DoublePublic JiAo5 As DoublePublic BJiao1 As DoublePublic BJiao2 As DoublePublic BJiao3 As DoublePublic BJiao4 As DoublePublic BJiao5 As DoublePublic HouDu As DoublePublic H1 As DoublePublic H2 As DoublePublic HHY1 As DoublePublic HHY2 As DoublePublic MeiMiDu As DoublePublic ACADApp As Object 定义AutoCAD对象Public AcadDoc As ObjectPublic AcadMds As ObjectPublic AcadUtil As Object Public WenZi As Object 定义图层Public TianChong As ObjectPublic XiAnTiAo1 As ObjectPublic XiAnTiAo2 As ObjectPublic XiAnTiAo3 As ObjectPublic QiTA As ObjectPublic TuBiLi As DoublePublic TuMingCheng As StringPublic ExcelApp As Object 定义EXCEL空间Public ExcelWBook As ObjectPublic ExcelWSheet As ObjectPublic ExcelShape As Excel.ShapesPublic ExcelChart As Excel.ChartPublic Excel_Name As StringPublic Paint_Name As StringPublic Sub ExitCadExcel()Set ACADApp = NothingSet AcadDoc = NothingSet AcadMds = NothingSet AcadUtil = NothingSet AcadPaperSpace = Nothing Set WenZi = NothingSet TianChong = NothingSet XiAnTiAo1 = NothingSet XiAnTiAo2 = NothingSet XiAnTiAo3 = NothingSet QiTA = NothingSet ExcelApp = NothingEnd SubPublic Sub QiDongCad() 连接CADOn Error Resume Next Set ACADApp = GetObject(, AutoCAD.AppliCAtion) If Err Then Err.Clear Set ACADApp = CreateObject(AutoCAD.AppliCAtion) End If Set AcadDoc = ACADApp.ActiveDocument Set AcadMds = AcadDoc.ModelSpace Set AcadUtil = AcadDoc.Utility Set AcadPaperSpace = AcadDoc.PaperSpace ACADApp.Visible = True Set WenZi = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(文字) Set TianChong = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(填充) Set XiAnTiAo1 = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(实线) Set XiAnTiAo2 = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(虚线) Set XiAnTiAo3 = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(中心线) Set QiTA = AcadDoc.Layers.Add(其他) Dim SimFangTextStyle As Object Dim TimesTextStyle As Object Set SimFangTextStyle = AcadDoc.TextStyles.Add(SimFang) SimFangTextStyle.fontFile = C:WINDOWSFontsSimFang.ttf Set TimesTextStyle = AcadDoc.TextStyles.Add(Times) TimesTextStyle.fontFile = C:WINDOWSFontsTimes.ttf object.Load LineTypeName, FileName Dim LineTN As String Dim FileName As String FileName = App.Path & acadiso.lin LineTN = continuous ACADDoC.Linetypes.Load LineTN, FileName LineTN = ACAD_ISO02W100 AcadDoc.Linetypes.Load LineTN, FileName LineTN = ACAD_ISO04W100 AcadDoc.Linetypes.Load LineTN, FileNameEnd SubPublic Sub QiDongExcel() 连接EXCEL On Error Resume Next 忽略错误 Set ExcelApp = GetObject(, Excel.Application) 查找一个正在运行的 Excel 拷贝 If Err Then 如果 Excel 没有运行则 Err.Clear Set ExcelApp = CreateObject(Excel.Application) 运行它 End IfEnd SubPublic Sub AddLineText(X1 As Double, Y1 As Double, _HHeight As Double, VHeight As Double, S As String, t As Boolean)Dim Point1(2) As DoubleDim Point2(2) As DoubleDim Point3(2) As DoubleDim Point4(2) As DoubleDim Point5(2) As DoublePoint1(0) = X1Point1(1) = Y1Point2(0) = X1 + HHeightPoint2(1) = Y1Point3(0) = Point2(0)Point3(1) = Y1 - VHeightPoint4(0) = Point1(0)Point4(1) = Point3(1)Point5(0) = (Point1(0) + Point2(0) / 2Point5(1) = (Point1(1) + Point3(1) / 2Dim LinObject As ObjectSet LinObject = AcadMds.AddLine(Point1, Point2)LinObject.Linetype = continuousLinObject.Layer = 实线Set LinObject = AcadMds.AddLine(Point2, Point3)LinObject.Linetype = continuousLinObject.Layer = 实线Set LinObject = AcadMds.AddLine(Point3, Point4)LinObject.Linetype = continuousLinObject.Layer = 实线Set LinObject = AcadMds.AddLine(Point4, Point1)LinObject.Linetype = continuousLinObject.Layer = 实线Dim ValText As DoubleIf t = True Then ValText = Val(S) ValText = ValText * 100 ValText = Fix(ValText) ValText = ValText / 100 S = Str(ValText)Else End IfDim TextHeight As DoubleTextHeight = VHeight * 0.5Set TextObj = AcadMds.AddText(S, Point5, TextHeight)TextObj.StyleName = TimesTextObj.HorizontalAlignment = acHorizontalAlignmentMiddleTextObj.TextAlignmentPoint = Point5End SubPublic Function WenBen2(Coner As Variant, widthw As Double, X As String, habcd As Double, SSX As Double, SSY As Double)Dim Corner1(0 To 2) As DoubleDim width As DoubleDim text As StringDim anObj As Object Corner1(0) = Coner(0) + SSX: Corner1(1) = Coner(1) + SSY: Corner1(2) = 0# width = widthw text = X Set anObj = AcadDoc.ModelSpace.AddMText(Corner1, width, text) anObj.Height = habcd anObj.StyleName = Times End FunctionPublic Sub ScaleEntityAllAcad(BiLi As Double)Dim SSetObj As AcadSelectionSetDim SSetObjName As StringSSetObjName = Time()Set SSetObj = AcadDoc.SelectionSets.Add(SSetObjName)SSetObj.Select acSelectionSetAllDim BasePoint(2) As DoubleBasePoint(0) = 0: BasePoint(1) = 0: BasePoint(2) = 0Dim ScaleFactor As DoubleScaleFactor = BiLiDim Ent As ObjectFor Each Ent In SSetObj Ent.ScaleEntity BasePoint, ScaleFactorNextEnd SubPublic Sub MoveAllAcad(X1 As Double, Y1 As Double, _X2 As Double, Y2 As Double)Dim SSetObj As AcadSelectionSetDim SSetObjName As StringSSetObjName = Time()Set SSetObj = AcadDoc.SelectionSets.Add(SSetObjName)SSetObj.Select acSelectionSetAllDim Point1(2) As DoubleDim Point2(2) As DoubleDim Ent As ObjectPoint1(0) = X1Point1(1) = Y1Point1(2) = 0Point2(0) = X2Point2(1) = Y2Point2(2) = 0For Each Ent In SSetObj Ent.Move Point1, Point2NextEnd SubPublic Sub AddMText2(Corner As Variant, Width1 As Double, _ Text1 As String, Width2 As Double, Text2 As String, Height As Double)Dim Corner1(2) As DoubleDim Corner2(2) As DoubleCorner1(0) = Corner(0)Corner1(1) = Corner(1)Corner1(2) = Corner(2)Text1 = Trim(Text1)Text2 = Trim(Text2)Dim anObj As AcadMTextSet anObj = AcadDoc.ModelSpace.AddMText(Corner1, Width1, Text1)anObj.Height = HeightanObj.StyleName = TimesIf Text1 = m Or Text1 = w Or Text1 = M Or Text1 = W Then Corner2(0) = Corner1(0) + Len(Text1) * Height Corner2(1) = Corner1(1) - Height * 0.75 Corner2(2) = Corner1(2)Else Corner2(0) = Corner1(0) + Len(Text1) * Height * 0.5 Corner2(1) = Corner1(1) - Height * 0.75 Corner2(2) = Corner1(2)End IfSet anObj = AcadDoc.ModelSpace.AddMText(Corner2, Width2, Text2)anObj.Height = Height / 2anObj.StyleName = TimesEnd Sub 任务书学院 能源学院 专业年级 采矿工程 学生姓名 任务下达日期: 年 月 日毕业设计日期: 年 月 日至 年 月 日毕业设计题目: 石台矿1.5万t/a新矿井设计毕业设计专题题目:保护煤柱绘制软件的开发与应用 毕业设计主要内容和要求:院长签字: 指导教师签字:翻译部分JOURNAL OF COAL SCIENCE &ENGINEERING(CHINA) ISSN 1006-9097pp 7882 Vol.10 No.1 June 2004Research and development on cutting scale machine in the coalmine shaftREN Bao-cai (任保才)(The Mechanical Engineering Department, Jiaozuo Institute of Technology, Jiaozuo 454000, China)Abstract The deposit scale in the coal mine shaft usually causes serious accidents, such as making rope broken, cage seized or dropped. To solve this kind of problems, the research of the cutting scale mechanism was made, and a new type of removal scale equipment was made with using imported hard alloy material. The cutting experiment and actual cutting show that it can adapt to abominable condition in the shaft, such as narrow space, wet and excessive shaft crevice water and so on, and can work safely and reliably, and has high cutting scale efficiency. It can also cut out the deposit scale in the circular section of shaft.Key words deposit scale in shaft wall, cutting scale, cutting mechanism, cutting scale machineIn the service shaft of Tongye Coal Mine of Anyang Mining Bureau, the shaft crevice water is excessive, and in water there is a large of lime stone deposit, which leads to large scale on the shaft wall through long time, which is 300 mm in thickness. The initial design diameter of the shaft is D=3.2 m,the clearance between the cage and the shaft wall is 200mm, but now the projecting part of cage has been embedded in the scale about 100 mm, which is shown in Fig.1. Once in a winter, the shaft crevice water frozen and seized the elevating cage, this made the winding rope broken suddenly, and led the cage to drop into the bottom of shaft, which caused large economic losses. The scale in the shaft wall is always one of the hard problems puzzling this coal mine. The study about the scale is more than 100 years, and great progress have been made 14,which is presented mainly in two different aspects.The first is to control and slow the scale to form,and study the principle how the scale is formed and the dynamic model that the scale is separated out and sunk58 and so on. Using chemical method,clear out the scale by pretreatment and intenerate to water, such as adding antifouling composition and so on. The second is to clear out the scale existing on the shaft wall, mostly using chemical, physical9,10, abrasive jets methods and so on. But these methods have not been found to be used in the aspect of cutting scale on the wall of the shaft11. The author puts forward a new scale removal method based on the cutting experiment of the scale sample,and has developed a cutting scale machine type SGQ-1. The parting tools are made of an imported hard alloy material, and the door frame operating mechanism is designed to adjust the tilt angle of the table, all of them can improve the adaptation of cutting the scale on the circular section of shaft wall.Fig.1 The scale in the shaft wall1 Analysis of the condition of cutting the scaleThe water resource of the formed scale on the shaft wall is ground water, which flows into the shaft through the cracks on the shaft wall, by the long-term more than 30 years accumulation, the thickness of scale on the shaft wall is above 300 mm. This shaft is more than 180 m deep, which has bunton beams every 3 m. Only on the shaft wall which is about 40 m in depth from the ground surface, here are no shaft crevice water and scale, but on the lower part of the shaft wall, button beams, cables, water pipes, wind pipes and so on, there are serious scale. The outer diameter of the cable laying down the shaft 30 years ago is 70 mm, but now has increased to about 120 mm, which is shown in Fig.2.The results of the assay and analysis of the scale on the shaft wall 12 are shown in Table 1.Fig.2 The scale on cable(a) Comparison of the scale on cable; (b) Annual ring type scaleTable 1 Chemical composition of scaleTable 1 shows that the shaft scale is mostly made of limestone, silica sand and cementations adhesion and so on. The reason is that the limestone dissolved in the shaft crevice water has gradually formed milky lap descent sediment by long-term accumulation. And the sand with coal and dirt blown into the shaft from ground have attached on the shaft wall together. As a result, these materials have interacted each other to form the scale.The section of the scale that shows annual ring type texture can prove this point. Hardness value of the scale is equivalent to the rocks hardness value f 5, and it has high wear-resistant and its one-way tensile strength is more than 24.8 Map. When we cut the scale, we cannot affect the normal lift and production of the coal mine. Above all, the scale in this shaft is very serious, the difficulty of cutting the scale and the large amount of work, are really infrequent in our country.2 The development about cutting scale Machine 2.1 Machine structure of cutting scale machineTo different basal body of scale and situation, there are different scale removal methods, which directly affect the decision of the machine structure and type. If chemical clearing methods are used, because there is a lot of shaft crevice water, it will lead to affect production and high cost and so on. If the high-pressure pure water jet is used, the pressure should be more than 60 MPa, it is difficult to bend hose in this so high pressure in the narrow shaft, and the high-pressure water is easy to rebound to hurt the operator. Although abrasive jets can low the pressure, it is difficult to supply and recovery the grind in the shaft. If we adopt manual method to cut the scale in the shaft, every team needs four people, who clear out 15 d every day, the cleared areas are about only 2 m2, which is a low efficiency, large work strength and bad security.Through the analysis, comparison and demonstration of many aspects, finally, we selected the method of using imported hard alloy tools to the cut scale, and developed the cutting scale machine. The structure principle of the cutting scale machine is shown in Fig.3. Its main technical parameters are as follows: the lengthwise travel rate of table is 0.33 m/min, crosswise feed rate is 0.10.3 m/min, the tilt angle is 090; cutter head rotational speed is 2 850 r/min, the diameter is 350450 mm; the kerfs breadth is 36 mm; the power is 5.5 kW; voltage is 380 V; the weight of the machine is 500 kg.Fig .3 The structure principle of the cutting scale machine1- Basement; 2- Framework; 3- Lengthwise travel mechanism; 4-Cross wise feed mechanism; 5 -Cutting table; 6- Electric motor; 7-Cutter head 2.2 Action processWe selected the service shaft of Tongye Coal Mine to experiment, the cutting scale machine which is fixed on the flat-platform body was loaded into a cage (It may also be fixed on the cage by using special basement to work), and fixed on the rail of the bottom of the cage with snap gauge.During the lift spare time, put the cage down to the position where the scale should be cut in the shaft, and then stop. Every time, two worker are needed in the cage, there into, one operates the machine, another answers for safety and warship, they can exchange their work every one hour.First, we use snap gauge device to fix the cage, and then randomly select a cutting scale position of the working table in the range from zero degree to ninety degree, after it is fixed, we may start it. We operate length feed and crosswise feed device to control amount of feeds. The machine achieves double coordinates linkage, which dont occur interference in the active state. After doing one cut from up to down, we may adjust the cutting space between 50 mm and 120 mm, and then repeat above the cutting process circularly. When the space between the two cuts is less than 100 mm, scale will breakout automatically after being cut by high-speed cutter head. We adequately use shaft crevice water to cool the electric motors and cutting tools. The cutting reaction force of the machine that acts on the shaft wall by the base frame, flat wagon, cage, guide and guide beam, makes the machine gain balance in force, and assure the machine run steady and safely.3 Analysis about the cutting principle 3.1 Analysis about the cutting principle of toolsTo the difficult-to-cut scale with high hardness, strength and abrasiveness, whether it can be cut is very important to the selection of cutter. Comparing several cutting experiments with several different cutters in lab shows that the cutter made of the imported hard alloy has high efficiency.In the process of cutting scale, the hard alloy cutter, besides the linear feed movement of the common cutter, it also rotates round its self-axis. The action of cutting scale is mainly considered as extrusion, crush, sliding friction and so on10,13,14.The direction and speed of feed, the speed and depth of cut, the condition of cool and so on, will bring different effects to the cut efficiency and the life of the cutter. In order to simplify the problem, we randomly take a piece of cutter to analyze. The cutting scale machine use the cutting edge of the high-speed rotating flat hard alloy tools to crush the scale, generally, which also has the wedge function.Generally this crush belongs to the brittle crush. The kerf of the cutter emailed on the scale mainly occurs during the deformation step that the cutter cuts the scale.From fracture mechanics 15, it is known that the stress condition in the distance r from crack tip may be expressed as follows:where, r is the distance form the crack tip to an arbitrary point; q is the angle between the line connected the crack tip to the point and horizontal line; K1 is the fraction stress intensity factor type I.The above formulas explain the cutting and crush function that the cutter cuts the scale, that is to say, when the tool nose of the cutter just touches the scale, the cutter travels forward and generates the squeezing action to the make scale generate elastic deformation and stress. The necessary condition of crack to develop in the point (r,0) is that the stress of this point must be equal to or exceed the critical stress of scale sc, namely, sc=sy1. In the formulas, sy1 is the stress that the mechanical cutter must apply to the scale. While the cutter goes forward constantly, the cut resistance also increases constantly, when the deformation of the scale reaches the boundary value, the shearing stress makes the scale generate cracks, which expand, impenetrate, and intersect unsteadily, finally, lead the scale to generate brittle fracture, and the scale starts to break and fall down, at the same time, the cut resistance decreases rapidly. It is shown in Fig.4.Fig.4 The principle of cutting scale1 Cutter head 2 Cutter 3 Scale 4 Shaft wall 5 Crack3.2 Analysis about critical cutting speed and abrasive coefficientWhen the high-speed rotational cutter head cuts the scale, besides having squeezing function, there is the function of sliding friction. We may clearly see every piece of scratch with orders in direction from the scale kerfs or cutting section Fig.5.Through zooming in the cutting section further, we find many newborn cracks, the reason is that the shearing stress which the cutting surface suffers under the frictional force increases continually, when it exceeds the frictional stress value of scale, generate dislocation motion, and finally lead to icrocrack, but it has relation to the critical cutting speed and abrasive coefficient. Cutting speed is a discriminant parameter of the cutter life, together with abrasive coefficient, are the factor that leads the cutter temperature to rise. To hard alloy, because of it exists the critical temperature, when the temperature exceeds this temperature, it will soften. The abrasives phenomena caused by abrasiveness mineral substance becomes more serious, that is to say, there is also the critical cutting speed of the scale, when the cutting speed exceeds it, the wear of the cutter will increase obviously 14,16,17. So a good cooling condition is an important factor to decrease the wear of hard alloy and increase the life. The abrasive coefficient has relation to the abrasiveness mineral substance content, the grind size and the strength of settling matter. The experimental results are shown in Fig.6, from it, we may get empirical formula as follows:Fig.5 The shape of the scale chipFig.6 The relation of the cutting speed with abrasive Coefficientwhere, vl is the critical cutting speed; K is a constant that has relation with the cutter shape and the critical temperature of hard alloy; u is the abrasive coefficient; e is the napierian base, thus it can be seen that the critical cutting speed changes along the logarithmic curve.Generally, we should avoid making the cutting scale machine to run in the condition that exceeds the critical cutting speed, or it will increase the wear of the cutter and decrease the life, and so much as makes the cutter fracture.4 ConclusionsThe cutting scale experiment in the service shaft of Tongye Coal Mine shows that this machine not only can adapt to the situation of narrow, wet and excessive shaft crevice water, but also can use excessive shaft crevice water in the shaft to cool the cutter and the electric motor.(1) The efficiency made by using high efficient hard alloy parting tools to cut scale is at least ten times than the manual method.(2) The door frame operating mechanism can clearly cut the scale in the circular section of the shaft wall. When the machine doesnt run, it can be drawn back to the cage, which doesnt affect to lift normally.(3) The immersible motor and blast protection control panel can realize many protection, such as leakage, short, overpower, loss of phase, no-voltage and electromechaincal lockout, which can make the worker and the machine work safely and reliably in the shaft.(4) After the scale is cleared, the elevating condition has great improvement, which can avoid broking rope and seizing cage, assure to produce safely, and has good social and economical benefits. Furthermore, this machine may be put in the water to cut and process the granite and the marble, which are little dust, no noise and brings benefits for the environmental protection.中文译文在煤矿井筒中关于水垢切割机的研究和开发任保才(机械工程系,焦作工学院,焦作404 42454000 ,中国)摘要 水垢的积累在煤矿井中通常会造成严重的事故,如钢丝绳崩断, 罐笼卡住或下滑. 为了解决这种问题,研究水垢的形成机制时,提出了一种新型搬运设备,是用进口的硬合金材料制作. 切削试验和实际切削表明,它能够适应恶劣的情况,在竖井, 如空间狭窄,潮湿,过度轴裂隙水等条件下,能工作,且安全可靠,使用方便, 并具有较高的切削效益. 它也可以除去存在圆截面井筒中的沉积物. 关键词 矿床矿井沉淀物,去除水垢,切割机, 水垢切割机 在安阳矿务局同业煤矿副井中,井筒裂隙涌水过大, 并在水中有大量的石灰石矿井壁通过长时间形成大量水垢, 有300毫米厚度. 最初的设计的直径轴为D = 3.2米,罐笼距井壁的是200毫米, 但现在预测部分罐笼已嵌入的水垢约为100毫米, 这体现在永久性上. 在一次冬天,井筒缝隙涌水冻结和扣押在升降笼中, 这使得钢丝绳突然破裂,并导致了罐笼掉进井底,造成较大经济损失. 水垢在井壁始终是一个很大的问题,尤其是煤矿. 这项研究的时间已超过100年,已经取得巨大进展1-4 ,这主要表现在两个方面,是控制和减缓水垢的形式,并研究如何水垢的形成机理已形成,动态模型的规模是分离出来,并让其沉淀如 5-8 等. 采用化学方法,清除水垢的预处理和软化水质,例如加入防污组成等。二是明确了现在有水垢的井壁,大多采用化学方法,物理方法 9-10 磨料射流方法等. 但是,这些方法并没有发现有使用方面的水垢在墙上 轴11。笔者提出了一种新的除垢方法,即基于切削试验的样本水垢,并制定了切削机床模型SGQ-1。分离工具,是一种进口的硬质合金材料制成, 特殊的运行机制,是旨在调整倾斜角度,他们都可以提高适应切削圆形段井壁水垢的能力。图1 井壁上的水垢1 分析去除水垢的条件形成井壁水垢的水源是地下水,其中流向井筒的通过井壁裂缝, 由于长期的超过30年的积累, 厚度尺寸大于300毫米. 这个井是180多米深的,而罐道梁3米. 只有在井筒中约40米深的地表, 这里没有井裂隙水和水垢,但下部井壁,罐道梁, 电缆,水管,风管等,有严重的水垢. 外径电缆等, 30年前是70毫米, 但现在已增加至约120毫米, 这体现图2。对井壁水垢的检测与分析的结果见表1。图2 绳缆上的水垢表1 水垢的化学成分表1表明,竖井水垢主要由石灰石,石英砂等等和水泥粘附形成. 其原因是,石灰石溶解于轴缝隙水已逐渐形成乳状,与水泥沙长期积累而成. 而从地面砂石、煤与污垢对井壁高度在一起. 由于这些材料相互作用,互相配合,得以形成水垢.年轮纹理的水垢断面就可以证明这一点. 水垢的硬度值等同于岩石的硬度值f 5, 它具有高耐磨性,其单向抗拉强度大于248兆帕. 当我们削减水垢时,我们不能影响煤矿的正常生产. 首先,水垢在井筒的情况十分严重,消减水垢的困难及其工作量实在是少见. 2水垢切割机的发展 2.1水垢切削机床的机械结构不同的水垢和状况,有不同的除垢方法,将直接影响到机械结构和类型的决策. 如果用化学清洗方法,因为有很多竖井裂隙水, 这将导致影响生产和成本高昂等问题. 如果用高压水射流器,压力应超过60 MPa时, 很难弯曲软管,而且如此高的压力,在狭窄的竖井中,高压水很容易反弹伤害算. 虽然磨料射流可以在较低的压力下工作,但很难供应和回收磨轴. 如果采用手工方法来削减竖井的水垢,每队必须有4人, 谁清理15 天,每天清理的范围大约只有2平方米. 这是一个低效率,大强度的工作,而且安全性很差. 通过分析,比较和论证多方面的,最后, 我们选择的方法是,用进口硬质合金工具来切削水垢, 并开发了相应的切割机. 切削机床结构设计原理如图3. 其主要技术参数如下: 纵向出游率表为0.3 3米/分钟,横向进给速度为0.1 0.3米/分钟,倾斜角为090 ; 刀头转速是2850转/分钟,直径为350450毫米; 切割宽度为36毫米; 该功率为550千瓦; 电压为380伏;机器的重量是500公斤.图3 水垢切割机的结构原理1地下室; 2框架; 3侧切进给机制; 4横向进给机制; 5切割表; 6电动马达; 7刀头2.2 动作过程我们挑选同业煤矿副井实验,水垢切割机是固定在扁平平台,机体被装入一个笼子(也可固定在笼子里在特殊的地下室来工作) , 并固定在钢轨底部的罐笼上.在电梯空余时间, 把罐笼传到了在竖井应该削减水垢位置上,然后停止. 每一次,两名工人需要在笼子里,其中,一个操纵机器, 另一个负责安全和看管,他们可以每隔一小时进互换工作 , 我们用卡规装置固定在笼中, 然后随机选择一个水垢状况的工作表的范围,从摄氏零度至90度,等它稳定后,我们可以开始工作. 机器实现双坐标联动,不发生干扰,在积极状态下. 经过这样一减,从最多下跌我们可以调整切割间隙50毫米和120毫米, 然后重复上述切割过程. 当二者之间的空间被高速刀头削减小于100毫米水垢后,就会自动停止. 我们充分利用矿井裂隙水冷却电机和刀具. 由于底座,平车, 罐笼,指导和引导束在井壁上产生的对切割机的反作用力,使机器得到平衡力量, 并保证机器运行稳定,安全. 3 浅析切削原理 3.1 分析切削工具的原理对于具有高硬度,强度和耐磨难消除的水垢, 是否可以削减是非常重要的是选择刀具材料. 几种切削试验与几种不同刀具的实验显示了刀具的进口硬质合金具有很高的效率. 在这个消除水垢过程中,硬质合金刀具,除了直线进给运动的通用刀具, 它还旋转轮自身轴线. 消除水垢主要是考虑挤出,粉碎, 滑动摩擦等 10,13,14 . 进给的方向和速度,消减的速度和深度,低温等等,给消减效率和切削刀的工作将带来不同的作用。为了简化问题,我们采取随机一块切割分析. 切削机床运用尖端的高速旋转平板硬质合金工具粉碎水垢, 一般来说,其中还有嵌入功能. 一般这个粉碎属于脆性粉碎.刀具的截口停留在刀切割水垢变形那步. 从断裂力学15分析, 可以知道距离r可的应力状态,可表述如下:上述公式解释切割和粉碎功能,刀具切入的规模,也就是说, 当刀的刀尖刚触及水垢刀具前进并产生挤压进行水垢切削,使产生弹性变形和应力. 必要条件的裂纹出现在点 ( r , 0 ) ,就是强调这一点,必须等于或超过临界应力sc,即sc=sy1. 在公式中, sy1是强调机械刀具必须适用于水垢. 虽然刀具不断前进,减低阻力也不断增加, 当变形的水垢达到界限值时,剪应力使水垢产生裂痕, 其中扩大,连通,并相交不稳,最后导致水垢产生脆性断裂,并打破和跌倒,在同一时间,减低阻力迅速减小.如图4 图4 切削水垢原理图1刀头2刀3水垢4井壁5裂缝3.2分析临界切削速度和耐磨系数 当高速旋转刀头削减水垢,除了具有压缩功能,还有滑动摩擦的功能. 我们可以清楚地看到,每一块规律方向,从规模缝或切割断面图5 通过缩放,在切割前一段,我们发现有许多新生裂痕, 原因是,当时的剪应力的切削表面下存在的摩擦力不断扩大, 当它超出了水垢的摩擦应力值,就会产生错运动,并最终导致鼓起 , 但是,它与临界切削速度和耐磨系数有关. 切割速度是一个判别刀具寿命的参数,连同磨料系数 是导致刀具温度上升的因素. 对于硬合金,因为它存在临界温度,当温度超过这个温度,它会软化. 上面这个磨具的现象,造成了耐磨性矿物质变得更为困难,也就是说, 还有一个水垢的临界切削速度,当切削速度超过它,刀具的磨损将明显增加 14,16,17 . 所以作为一个好的冷却条件是一个重要因素,以减少硬合金的磨损和增加寿命. 磨料系数与耐磨性矿物质含量,磨碎尺寸和沉积物的强度有关. 实验结果如图6,由它,我们可能得到的经验公式如下: 图5水垢碎片的形状图6 切割速度与磨料系数的关系这里vl是临界切削速度; K是一个常数,与刀具形状和硬合金临界温度的有关; U是磨料系数; e是基数 ,因此可以看出,临界切削速度变化沿对数曲线. 一般来说, 我们应避免切削机工作市超过临界切削速度, 否则将会增加刀具磨损,减少其寿命, 而且会使刀具断裂.4 结论 在同业矿副井的切削水垢实验表明,这种机器不仅可以适应目前狭窄,潮湿,缝隙大量涌水的状况, , 而且还可以使用过量井壁缝隙涌水轴冷却刀具和电动马达.( 1 )用高效率的硬合金工具别离削减水垢的效率至少是人工方法的十倍.( 2 )其运行构使得可以清楚地削减圆形截面井壁的水垢. 当机器不运行时,它可以回到了罐笼里,不影响电梯正常.( 3 )潜水电机,防爆控制面板可以实现多种保护,如泄漏,压垮, 阶段的亏损,无电停车等, 从而使工人和机器的工作更加安全和可靠.( 4 )水沟清理后,提升状况已大有改善, 这样既可避免绳索缠绕和卡住罐笼,以保证安全生产,并具有良好的社会效益和经济效益. 此外,这种机器可将水用来加工花岗岩和大理石,这样可以降尘,无噪音而且环保.
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