掘进机装载机构及装载减速器设计【含CAD图纸+文档】
压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,均可直接下载获得文件,所见所得,电脑查看更方便。Q 197216396 或 11970985
中文题目:掘进机装载机构及装载减速器设计外文题目:DESIGN MECHANICAL BORING MACHINE CHARGING GEAR AND LOADING REDUCTION GEAR毕业设计(论文)共 56 页(其中:外文文献及译文13页) 图纸共3张 完成日期 20XX年6月 答辩日期 20XX年6月附录A 译文制造业是现代国民经济和综合国力的重要支柱,其生产总值一般占一个国家国内生产总值的20%55%。在一个国家的企业生产力构成中,制造技术的作用一般占60%左右。专家认为,世界上各个国家经济的竞争,主要是制造技术的竞争。其竞争能力最终体现在所生产的产品的市场占有率上。随着经济技术的高速发展以及顾客需求和市场环境的不断变化,这种竞争日趋激烈,因而各国政府都非常重视对先进制造技术的研究。1当前制造科学要解决的问题当前制造科学要解决的问题主要集中在以下几方面: (1)制造系统是一个复杂的大系统,为满足制造系统敏捷性、快速响应和快速重组的能力,必须借鉴信息科学、生命科学和社会科学等多学科的研究成果,探索制造系统新的体系结构、制造模式和制造系统有效的运行机制。制造系统优化的组织结构和良好的运行状况是制造系统建模、仿真和优化的主要目标。制造系统新的体系结构不仅对制造企业的敏捷性和对需求的响应能力及可重组能力有重要意义,而且对制造企业底层生产设备的柔性和可动态重组能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造观越来越多地被引入制造系统,以满足制造系统新的要求。 (2)为支持快速敏捷制造,几何知识的共享已成为制约现代制造技术中产品开发和制造的关键问题。例如在计算机辅助设计与制造(CADCAM)集成、坐标测量(CMM)和机器人学等方面,在三维现实空间(3-RealSpace)中,都存在大量的几何算法设计和分析等问题,特别是其中的几何表示、几何计算和几何推理问题;在测量和机器人路径规划及零件的寻位(如Localization)等方面,存在C-空间(配置空间ConfigurationSpace)的几何计算和几何推理问题;在物体操作(夹持、抓取和装配等)描述和机器人多指抓取规划、装配运动规划和操作规划方面则需要在旋量空间(ScrewSpace)进行几何推理。制造过程中物理和力学现象的几何化研究形成了制造科学中几何计算和几何推理等多方面的研究课题,其理论有待进一步突破,当前一门新学科-计算机几何正在受到日益广泛和深入的研究。 (3)在现代制造过程中,信息不仅已成为主宰制造产业的决定性因素,而且还是最活跃的驱动因素。提高制造系统的信息处理能力已成为现代制造科学发展的一个重点。由于制造系统信息组织和结构的多层次性,制造信息的获取、集成与融合呈现出立体性、信息度量的多维性、以及信息组织的多层次性。在制造信息的结构模型、制造信息的一致性约束、传播处理和海量数据的制造知识库管理等方面,都还有待进一步突破。 (4)各种人工智能工具和计算智能方法在制造中的广泛应用促进了制造智能的发展。一类基于生物进化算法的计算智能工具,在包括调度问题在内的组合优化求解技术领域中,受到越来越普遍的关注,有望在制造中完成组合优化问题时的求解速度和求解精度方面双双突破问题规模的制约。制造智能还表现在:智能调度、智能设计、智能加工、机器人学、智能控制、智能工艺规划、智能诊断等多方面。 这些问题是当前产品创新的关键理论问题,也是制造由一门技艺上升为一门科学的重要基础性问题。这些问题的重点突破,可以形成产品创新的基础研究体系。2现代机械工程的前沿科学 不同科学之间的交叉融合将产生新的科学聚集,经济的发展和社会的进步对科学技术产生了新的要求和期望,从而形成前沿科学。前沿科学也就是已解决的和未解决的科学问题之间的界域。前沿科学具有明显的时域、领域和动态特性。工程前沿科学区别于一般基础科学的重要特征是它涵盖了工程实际中出现的关键科学技术问题。超声电机、超高速切削、绿色设计与制造等领域,国内外已经做了大量的研究工作,但创新的关键是机械科学问题还不明朗。大型复杂机械系统的性能优化设计和产品创新设计、智能结构和系统、智能机器人及其动力学、纳米摩擦学、制造过程的三维数值模拟和物理模拟、超精度和微细加工关键工艺基础、大型和超大型精密仪器装备的设计和制造基础、虚拟制造和虚拟仪器、纳米测量及仪器、并联轴机床、微型机电系统等领域国内外虽然已做了不少研究,但仍有许多关键科学技术问题有待解决。 信息科学、纳米科学、材料科学、生命科学、管理科学和制造科学将是改变21世纪的主流科学,由此产生的高新技术及其产业将改变世界的面貌。因此,与以上领域相交叉发展的制造系统和制造信息学、纳米机械和纳米制造科学、仿生机械和仿生制造学、制造管理科学和可重构制造系统等会是21世纪机械工程科学的重要前沿科学。2.1制造科学与信息科学的交叉-制造信息科学 机电产品是信息在原材料上的物化。许多现代产品的价值增值主要体现在信息上。因此制造过程中信息的获取和应用十分重要。信息化是制造科学技术走向全球化和现代化的重要标志。人们一方面对制造技术开始探索产品设计和制造过程中的信息本质,另一方面对制造技术本身加以改造,以使得其适应新的信息化制造环境。随着对制造过程和制造系统认识的加深,研究者们正试图以全新的概念和方式对其加以描述和表达,以进一步达到实现控制和优化的目的。 与制造有关的信息主要有产品信息、工艺信息和管理信息,这一领域有如下主要研究方向和内容:(1)制造信息的获取、处理、存储、传递和应用,大量制造信息向知识和决策转化。(2)非符号信息的表达、制造信息的保真传递、制造信息的管理、非完整制造信息状态下的生产决策、虚拟管理制造、基于网络环境下的设计和制造、制造过程和制造系统中的控制科学问题。 这些内容是制造科学和信息科学基础融合的产物,构成了制造科学中的新分支-制造信息学。2.2微机械及其制造技术研究 微型电子机械系统(MEMS),是指集微型传感器、微型执行器以及信号处理和控制电路、接口电路、通信和电源于一体的完整微型机电系统。MEMS技术的目标是通过系统的微型化、集成化来探索具有新原理、新功能的元件和系统。MEMS的发展将极大地促进各类产品的袖珍化、微型化,成数量级的提高器件与系统的功能密度、信息密度与互联密度,大幅度地节能、节材。它不仅可以降低机电系统的成本,而且还可以完成许多大尺寸机电系统无法完成的任务。例如用尖端直径为5m的微型镊子可以夹起一个红细胞;制造出3mm大小能够开动的小汽车;可以在磁场中飞行的像蝴蝶大小的飞机等。MEMS技术的发展开辟了技术全新的领域和产业,具有许多传统传感器无法比拟的优点,因此在制造业、航空、航天、交通、通信、农业、生物医学、环境监控、军事、家庭以及几乎人们接触到的所有领域中都有着十分广阔的应用前景。 微机械是机械技术与电子技术在纳米尺度上相融合的产物。早在1959年就有科学家提出微型机械的设想,1962年第一个硅微型压力传感器问世。1987年美国加州大学伯克利分校研制出转子直径为60120m的 硅微型静电电动机,显示出利用硅微加工工艺制作微小可动结构并与集成电路兼容制造微小系统的潜力。微机械技术有可能像20世纪的微电子技术那样,在21世纪对世界科技、经济发展和国防建设产生巨大的影响。近10年来,微机械的发展令人瞩目。其特点如下:相当数量的微型元器件(微型结构、微型传感器和微型执行器等)和微系统研究成功,体现了其现实的和潜在的应用价值;多种微型制造技术的发展,特别是半导体微细加工等技术已成为微系统的支撑技术;微型机电系统的研究需要多学科交叉的研究队伍,微型机电系统技术是在微电子工艺的基础上发展的多学科交叉的前沿研究领域,涉及电子工程、机械工程、材料工程、物理学、化学以及生物医学等多种工程技术和科学。目前对微观条件下的机械系统的运动规律,微小构件的物理特性和载荷作用下的力学行为等尚缺乏充分的认识,还没有形成基于一定理论基础之上的微系统设计理论与方法,因此只能凭经验和试探的方法进行研究。微型机械系统研究中存在的关键科学问题有微系统的尺度效应、物理特性和生化特性等。微系统的研究正处于突破的前夜,是亟待深入研究的领域。2.3材料制备零件制造一体化和加工新技术基础 材料是人类进步的里程碑,是制造业和高技术发展的基础。每一种重要新材料的成功制备和应用,都会推进物质文明,促进国家经济实力和军事实力的增强。21世纪中,世界将由资源消耗型的工业经济向知识经济转变,要求材料和零件具有高的性能以及功能化、智能化的特性;要求材料和零件的设计实现定量化、数字化;要求材料和零件的制备快速、高效并实现二者一体化、集成化。材料和零件的数字化设计与拟实仿真优化是实现材料与零件的高效优质制备制造及二者一体化、集成化制造的关键。一方面,通过计算机完成拟实仿真优化后可以减少材料制备与零件制造过程中的实验性环节,获得最佳的工艺方案,实现材料与零件的高效优质制备制造;另一方面,根据不同材料性能的要求,如弹性模量、热膨胀系数、电磁性能等,研究材料和零件的设计形式。进而结合传统的去除材料式制造技术、增加材料式覆层技术等,研究多种材料组分的复合成形工艺技术。形成材料与零件的数字化制造理论、技术和方法,如快速成形技术采用材料逐渐增长的原理,突破了传统的去材法和变形法机械加工的许多限制,加工过程不需要工具或模具,能迅速制造出任意复杂形状又具有一定功能的三维实体模型或零件。2.4机械仿生制造 21世纪将是生命科学的世纪,机械科学和生命科学的深度融合将产生全新概念的产品(如智能仿生结构),开发出新工艺(如生长成形工艺)和开辟一系列的新产业,并为解决产品设计、制造过程和系统中一系列难题提供新的解决方法。这是一个极富创新和挑战的前沿领域。 地球上的生物在漫长的进化中所积累的优良品性为解决人类制造活动中的各种难题提供了范例和指南。从生命现象中学习组织与运行复杂系统的方法和技巧,是今后解决目前制造业所面临许多难题的一条有效出路。仿生制造指的是模仿生物器官的自组织、自愈合、自增长与自进化等功能结构和运行模式的一种制造系统与制造过程。如果说制造过程的机械化、自动化延伸了人类的体力,智能化延伸了人类的智力,那么,仿生制造则可以说延伸了人类自身的组织结构和进化过程。 仿生制造所涉及的科学问题是生物的自组织机制及其在制造系统中的应用问题。所谓自组织是指一个系统在其内在机制的驱动下,在组织结构和运行模式上不断自我完善、从而提高对于环境适应能力的过程。仿生制造的自组织机制为自下而上的产品并行设计、制造工艺规程的自动生成、生产系统的动态重组以及产品和制造系统的自动趋优提供了理论基础和实现条件。 仿生制造属于制造科学和生命科学的远缘杂交,它将对21世纪的制造业产生巨大的影响。仿生制造的研究内容目前有两个方面:2.4.1面向生命的仿生制造 研究生命现象的一般规律和模型,例如人工生命、细胞自动机、生物的信息处理技巧、生物智能、生物型的组织结构和运行模式以及生物的进化和趋优机制等;2.4.2面向制造的仿生制造 研究仿生制造系统的自组织机制与方法,例如:基于充分信息共享的仿生设计原理,基于多自律单元协同的分布式控制和基于进化机制的寻优策略;研究仿生制造的概念体系及其基础,例如:仿生空间的形式化描述及其信息映射关系,仿生系统及其演化过程的复杂度计量方法。 机械仿生与仿生制造是机械科学与生命科学、信息科学、材料科学等学科的高度融合,其研究内容包括生长成形工艺、仿生设计和制造系统、智能仿生机械和生物成形制造等。目前所做的研究工作大多属前沿探索性的工作,具有鲜明的基础研究的特点,如果抓住机遇研究下去,将可能产生革命性的突破。今后应关注的研究领域有生物加工技术、仿生制造系统、基于快速原型制造技术的组织工程学,以及与生物工程相关的关键技术基础等。3现代制造技术的发展趋势20世纪90年代以来,世界各国都把制造技术的研究和开发作为国家的关键技术进行优先发展,如美国的先进制造技术计划AMTP、日本的智能制造技术(IMS)国际合作计划、韩国的高级现代技术国家计划(G-7)、德国的制造2000计划和欧共体的ESPRIT和BRITE-EURAM计划。随着电子、信息等高新技术的不断发展,市场需求个性化与多样化,未来现代制造技术发展的总趋势是向精密化、柔性化、网络化、虚拟化、智能化、绿色集成化、全球化的方向发展。附录B 外文文献 Modern manufacturing industry is the national economy and overall national strength of the pillars of its GDP accounted for a general national gross domestic product of 20% to 55%. In a country in a business productivity, the role of manufacturing technology in general accounted for about 60 percent. Experts believe that the worlds economic competitiveness in various countries, mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of final products on the market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer demand and changing market environment, this competition is increasingly fierce, so governments have attached great importance to the study of advanced manufacturing technology. 1 Current manufacturing science to solve the problem The current manufacturing science to solve the problem mainly concentrated in the following areas: (1) Manufacturing system is a complex large-scale systems, in order to meet manufacturing system agility, rapid response and rapid reorganization of the ability to draw on information science, life sciences and social sciences, and other multi-disciplinary research and explore new manufacturing system system Structure, creating patterns and manufacturing systems and effective operational mechanism. Manufacturing System optimized organizational structure and operation of a good manufacturing system modeling, simulation and optimization of the main objectives. Create a new system architecture not only for the manufacturing enterprise agility and the ability to respond to the needs of restructuring and capacity can be significant, but the bottom of production equipment manufacturers of flexible and dynamic capacity of the reorganization a higher demand. Biological manufacturing of more and more manufacturing system was introduced to meet the requirements of the new manufacturing system. (2) To support the rapid agile manufacturing, geometric knowledge sharing has become constraints of modern manufacturing technology in product development and manufacturing of key issues. For example, in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) integration, coordinate measuring (CMM) and robotics, and so on, the reality of space in three-dimensional (3 - Real Space), there are a lot of algorithm design and analysis and other issues, In particular the geometry, geometric computing and geometric reasoning problems in measurement and robot path planning and parts of searching (for example, Localization), and so on, the existence of C-space (Allocation of space Configuration Space) the geometric computing and geometric reasoning problems in the operation of objects (gripping, crawl and assembly, etc.) and describes more than robots that crawl planning, the assembly of campaign planning and operations planning is required in the rotation of space (Screw Space) to geometric reasoning. The manufacturing process in the physical and mechanical phenomenon of the geometric study of the formation of manufacturing science and geometry in the calculation of geometric reasoning, and many other studies, pending further breakthroughs in theory, at present a new subject - computer geometry is being increasingly widespread and in-depth research. (3) In the modern manufacturing process, information not only dominate the manufacturing industry has become the decisive factor, but also the most active drivers. Improve the manufacturing system of information processing capability has become a modern manufacturing scientific development a priority. As manufacturing system of information organization and structure of the multilevel nature, creating access to information, integration and integration of showing a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional measure of information, organization and the multilevel nature of the information. In the manufacturing information model and create the consistency of information bound by the massive data processing and dissemination of the knowledge base management, manufacturing, needs to be further breakthroughs. (4) All kinds of artificial intelligence tools and computational intelligence methods in the manufacture of a wide range of applications for manufacturing smart development. Based on a calculation of the evolutionary algorithm intelligence tools, including the scheduling problem, combinatorial optimization solution in the field of technology, are increasingly common concern, is expected to complete the manufacture of combinatorial optimization problem for the speed and precision for both breakthrough The scale of the problem constraints. Smart also in manufacturing: intelligent scheduling, intelligent design, intelligent processing, robotics, intelligent control and intelligent process planning, diagnosis, and so smart. These issues are the key to the current product innovation theory, but also from a manufacturing skills will rise to a scientific basis for important issues. These problems of the key breakthroughs, could form the basis of product innovation research system. 2 The forefront of modern science and mechanical engineering Between the different scientific cross-integration will produce new scientific gathering, economic development and social progress of science and technology produced new demands and expectations, thus forming the forefront of science. Cutting-edge science that is resolved and unresolved issues between the scientific community domain. Cutting-edge science has obvious time-domain, and the dynamic characteristics of the area. Forefront of science and engineering is different from the basic sciences in general an important feature is that it covers the practical engineering of the key scientific and technical issues. Ultrasonic Motor, ultra-high-speed cutting, green design and manufacturing and other fields, at home and abroad have done a lot of research work, but innovation is the key issue is not mechanical scientific uncertainty. Large complex mechanical system performance optimization of product design and innovative design, smart structures and systems, intelligent robot and its dynamics, nanotribology, the manufacturing process of three-dimensional numerical simulation and physical modeling, ultra-precision machining and micro-key technology based, large and Super precision instruments and equipment design and manufacturing base, virtual manufacturing and virtual instruments, measurement and nanotechnology devices, parallel axis machine tools, micro-electromechanical systems, and other fields at home and abroad despite a lot of research has been done, but there are still many key scientific and technical issues to be Solution. Information science, nano-science, material science, life science, management science and manufacturing science will be a change in the mainstream of 21st century science, and the resulting high-tech industries will change the face of the world. Therefore, with the development of cross-over areas of the manufacturing system and manufacturing information science, nano-mechanical and nano-science and manufacturing, machinery and biomimetic bionic manufacturing science, management science and manufacturing reconfigurable manufacturing systems will be the 21st century science and mechanical engineering major frontier Science. 2.1 Manufacturing science and information science of cross - Manufacturing Information Science In the mechanical and electrical products, information on the physical and chemical raw materials. The value of many modern products are mainly embodied in the value-added information. Therefore the manufacturing process access to information and applications is very important. Information is to create science and technology globalization and an important symbol of modernization. On the one hand, people began to explore the manufacturing technology product design and manufacturing process information in essence, on the other hand the manufacturing technology to transform itself in order to make it adapt to the new information-based manufacturing environment. As the manufacturing process and deepen understanding of the manufacturing system, the researchers are trying to brand new concept and the way it should be described and expression, to achieve further control and optimize the realization of the objective. And manufacturing-related information are the main product information, process information and management information, this area has the following main research directions and content: (1) Manufacturing of information acquisition, processing, storage, transfer and application of information to create a lot of knowledge and decision-making transformation. (2) The symbol of information, create accurate transmission of information, manufacturing information management, non-manufacturing integrity of the information under the production decision-making, management of virtual manufacturing, network-based environment in the design and manufacturing, the manufacturing process and manufacturing system The control of scientific problems. These elements are creating the basis of science and information science a product of integration, manufacturing constituted a new branch of science - Manufacturing Information Science. 2.2 micro-mechanical and manufacturing technology research Micro-electronic mechanical systems (MEMS), is set tiny sensors, micro-actuators and signal processing and control circuits, interface circuits, communications and power in the integrity of one micro-electromechanical systems. MEMS technology is the objective of the micro-through system, integrated to exploring a new theory, the new functional components and systems. MEMS development would greatly contribute to the various products of the pocket, miniaturization, the level of increase as the number of devices and systems functional density, density of information density and the Internet, significantly saving energy, materials. It not only can reduce the cost of mechanical and electrical systems, but also completed many large-size mechanical and electrical system could not complete the task. For example, sophisticated diameter of 5 m of micro tweezers can Jiaqi a red blood cell manufacturing to 3 mm size can be switched on the car; in the magnetic field like the flight of butterflies the size of aircraft. MEMS technology development opened up new areas of technology and industry, with many of the traditional sensors can not compare the merits, so in the manufacturing, aviation, aerospace, transportation, telecommunications, agriculture, biological medicine, environmental monitoring, military, families, and people almost Access to all areas of both has a very broad prospects. MEMS are mechanical technology and electronic technology in the nano-scale integration of compatible products. As early as 1959 scientists have proposed the idea of micro-machinery, in 1962 the first silicon micro-pressure sensors available. 1987 University of California at Berkeley developed a rotor diameter of 60 120 m of Electrostatic silicon micro-motor, showing that the use of silicon micro-processing technology produced tiny movable structures and compatible with IC manufacturing micro systems potential. MEMS technology may like the 20th century in the microelectronics technology, in the 21st century, the worlds science and technology, national defense building and economic development have an enormous impact. Over the past 10 years, the development of micro-mechanical eye-catching. Its characteristics are as follows: a considerable number of micro-components (micro-structure of tiny sensors and micro-actuator, etc.) and Micro-System success reflects the reality and potential value; variety of micro-manufacturing technology development, especially in the semiconductor Micro-processing technology has become the support of micro-system technology; MEMS research needs more interdisciplinary research team, micro-electromechanical systems technology in the microelectronics technology is developed on the basis of the multidisciplinary cross the frontier areas of research, involving electronic engineering , Mechanical engineering, materials engineering, physics, chemistry and biomedical engineering and other technical and scientific. Currently the micro-mechanical systems under the conditions of the movement of tiny components of the physical features and loads of mechanical behavior, such as the lack of full understanding, not necessarily based on a theory based on the micro-system design theory and methods, so only Can use their experience and testing methods for research. Micro-mechanical systems research in key scientific problems with the system of micro-scale effect, physical and biochemical characteristics, and other characteristics. Micro-systems research is in a breakthrough on the eve of, is to be in-depth study of the area. 2.3 Preparation of materials / parts manufacturing and processing integration of new technology based Material is a milestone in human progress, is the manufacturing and high-tech development. Each of the major success of new materials and applications, will promote the material and promote the countrys economic strength and military strength of the increase. In the 21st century, the world will be the resource consumption of the industrial economy to a knowledge-based economy changes, requested materials and components with high performance and functionality, intelligent character; requested materials and components designed to achieve the quantitative, digital; requested materials and spare parts Preparation of fast, efficient and to achieve both integration and integrated. Materials and spare parts of the digital design and simulation to optimize it is to achieve efficient materials and components of quality / manufacturing and integration of the two, the integration of manufacturing the key. On the one hand, it is to be completed by computer simulation and optimization can be reduced after the preparation of materials and spare parts manufacturing process in the experimental areas, access to the best of programmes, materials and spare parts to achieve the efficient preparation of quality / manufacturing; On the other hand, based on different materials Performance requirements, such as modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, electromagnetic properties, research materials and spare parts of the design form. Then the removal of traditional materials-manufacturing technology, increased material-coating technology, research various components of the composite material forming technology. Materials and parts of a digital manufacturing theories, techniques and methods, such as rapid prototyping technology uses the principle of gra
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