外文翻译--磨床的类型-17页[中英word]【中英文文献译文】
外文翻译-磨床的类型-17页中英word【中英文文献译文】,中英word,中英文文献译文,外文,翻译,磨床,类型,17,word,中英文,文献,译文
磨床的类型磨床的类型从最简单的磨床对最复杂, 磨床可能被分类作为公共磨床、圆柱形磨床和表面磨床。一般的机械师将牵涉主要到地板镶嵌和长凳登上的公共磨床和交换表面磨床。公共磨床公共磨床意欲为临时研制件支持在手和被利用反对转动的研的磨蚀轮子的地方。这类型磨床取决于准确性取决于操作机器的智慧. 技能、知识和机械的性能和工作性质.公共磨床包括一个水平地登上的马达与一个研的磨蚀轮子附有各个马达轴的末端。电动发动机驱动器是简单而常见。它也许长凳登上或地板镶嵌。通常, 轴轴承的情况和设计并且马达规定值确定机器的轮子大小容量。适当的轮子守卫并且工具休息为安全和操作方便被提供。磨床进来各种各样的大小和形状依照下面被列出。地板镶嵌公共磨床典型的地板镶嵌公共磨床站立齐腰高和绑住到地板螺栓。地板镶嵌公共磨床请见图5-1座212英寸口径的2英寸全磨料磨轮子。安排两个轮子安装粗面转动为粗磨目的在轴的一个末端并且一个美好的五谷轮子为精整目的在另一边末端这节省否则会被消耗在改变轮子里的时间。 各个砂轮由都有砂轮护罩保证机器的安全。每个砂轮磨床都有透明眼罩,火花逮捕和可调整的工具台。工具台和冷却台在基地或垫座的边。在磨削碳钢切口事采用冷却液冷却。使用12 英寸轮子, 机器提供大约5.500 SFPM 的最大切口速度。2-HP 电动机这个机器的最大速度有1.750每分钟/转。例1地板镶嵌公共磨床卧式实用磨床象卧式实用磨床, 一个劣质砂轮和一个优质的砂轮通常装在在机器为操作便利。各个轮子带有可调整的工具台和眼罩为保护。这个机器,装有发动机热过度负荷开关停止发动机如果采用过高的压力使砂轮焚烧了马达. 马达旋转到3.450转最大切割速度最高为七英寸的机轮每分钟约6300英尺表面(SFPM).例2卧式实用磨床卧式实用钻磨床卧式实用钻磨床是为了磨削钻子准备的。这类型准确性研磨机不依靠操作员的手巧和技巧因为钻子被安置在保护装置。保护装置安置钻子在正确位置为清除和包括的角度。对于更多信息关于这个机器参见章节4 。卧式实用磨床与抛光机卧式实用磨床和抛光的机器是混合磨削和清洗, 并且抛光它不被推荐为工具研因为它不包含工具休息或车轮挡板,。这个机器通常登上一个4 条英寸直径导线轮子在一个末端。钢丝轮被使用为清洁并且磨蚀轮子被使用为一般研。二个轮子的当中一个可能被去除并且一个抛光的轮子登上在它的地方为抛光和擦亮。1/4-HP 电动机旋转在3,450 转每分钟最大值。4 英寸直径轮子的最大切口速度是大约3,600 SFPM。例3卧式实用磨床与抛光机卧式工具和切削刀研磨机卧式工具和切削刀研磨机,见图5-4。主要被设计研末端磨房。它以及切开可能并且研小木和钢切削刀大品种锯切削刀直径12 英寸使用锯研的附件。典型的卧式工具和切削刀研磨机的容量是如下:砂轮移动7 l/2垂直英寸砂轮移动5 l/2垂直英寸表面移动6英寸距离中心-14英寸.回转中心(直径)直径l/2-英寸直径回转工作台(直径)l/2-英寸直径非常规圆柱磨床在大规模维护系统包括加速磨削工具工具库磨床工具库磨床, 看图5-5, 是机械工具附件被设计登上对引擎车床工具岗位。它被使用为内部和外在研圆柱形工作场所。参见章节7 为这个机器的描述。碾碎和研磨车床装置并且叫这个附件是一个多功能的机械工具附件,它执行内部和外在圆柱形研在它的其它作用之中。参见章节9 为这个机器的描述。表面磨床表面磨床被使用为磨平面。工件往复运动和交换在砂轮之下的一张长方形工作台。交换表面磨床有水平的轮子纺锤和一般登上直接或圆筒类型研磨蚀轮子。表面交换磨床交换的表面磨床是水平的型表面磨床。工件被紧固对桌,砂轮用手或自动进给移动。磁性卡盘用来把工件紧固在工作台上。这台磨床有一个内部泵浦和管道系统为自动制动时的冷却和工件以及砂轮再次工作事的冷却。砂轮装配对水平的轴是平直的和只切开它的圆周表面。砂轮速度是可调整的砂轮。标准砂轮的类型砂轮有着许多不同的大小、形状和研磨剂(图5-7) 。一些各种各样的型下面是列出的:盘形盘形砂轮 第1, 5, 和7型号, 向内部, 圆柱形, 水平的纺锤、表面, 工具和即时磨和粗磨共同地被应用。凹进处在第5 和7 型号容纳架置耳轮缘。第1型号轮子从0.006 英寸到l/8 英寸厚度被使用为切除棱角和开槽。圆筒形圆筒形砂轮,第2型号,被安排研在或轮子的周围或边。锥形锥形砂轮,第4型号, 当粗磨可以保证安全的挡住砂轮破损时的飞屑。直杯形直杯形砂轮,第6型号,主要用在表面磨削, 但可能并且被使用为临时磨平面。简单或斜面孔是可利用的。杯形砂轮杯形砂轮,第11型号, 是常用在工具磨削。以树脂状粘结, 它在磨蚀时很有用,它的表面也许是平面或成斜面。蝶形蝶形砂轮,第12型号的首要用途,是在工具修整。它稀薄的边缘可能被插入入狭窄的地方, 并且它是方便为研磨被解除的铣刀和钻孔的表面。茶碟形茶碟砂轮,第13型号, 是亦称除毛刺机因为它被使用为清除毛刺。例4砂轮的各种标准类型研磨材料磨粒是从砂轮切割式脱落的。他们实际上切开小片断或芯片工作当轮子转动。磨粒形状是不规则以几锋利的先锋。当这些边缘增长愚钝, 力量行动在轮子倾向于碾碎磨粒和产生新刃口。研磨工具多数研的轮子由碳化硅或氧化铝制成, 其中之二是人为(制作的) 研磨剂。碳化硅是极端坚硬但易碎的。氧化铝轻微地更软但比碳化硅坚韧的。它默钝化迅速, 而是它容易地不破碎因此它更好适用与相对地高抗拉强度研的材料 磨粒的大小磨粒被选择是根据他们穿过滤网相啮合。例如,第40号磨粒表明, 磨粒通过筛子有大约40 个滤网对线性英寸。一个磨料被选定粗糙, 中等, 或良好根据各自的磨粒的大小做砂轮。粘结材料粘结剂磨粒在一个砂轮由粘合剂粘结到位。粘结的百分比在轮子确定, 到大规模范围, 坚硬 或等级 轮子。砂轮将是更加高的百分比和力量, 更加坚硬的。坚固的砂轮将保留磨粒更久, 当软性 轮子迅速脱落磨粒。如果一个磨粒是太坚硬的 为工作, 它将给上釉因为粘结防止钝化 磨蚀微粒从被发布因此新磨粒可能被暴露为切口。除控制坚硬和拿着研磨剂以外,粘结并且提供适当的安全因素在高速时。它使轮子结合在一起当离心力设法分开撕毁它。最共普通粘结被使用在砂轮里玻璃化, 硅酸盐, 紫胶, 树脂状, 和橡胶。陶瓷大多数研的轮子有玻璃化的粘结。玻璃化的粘结的轮子比其他粘结是热或寒冷影响的和被做成比其他的粘结更加坚固。他们适应实际所有类型研磨。有一著名的例子: 如果轮子不是足够浓厚, 它不承受旁边压力和在稀薄的情况下切除轮子。硅酸盐硅酸盐粘结研磨颗粒比烧结粘合剂更容易脱落。硅酸盐粘结得砂轮很好适用与磨削温度必须保持在较低的领域, 譬如磨削锋利的切割工具。它不适用重型磨削。薄片切断砂轮用有时以虫胶结合因为它被用在快速冷切割。树脂树脂状粘结是牢固的和柔软的。它广泛被应用在粗磨砂轮里(为磨削不规则性的粗糙铸件), 操作在9,500 SFPM 。它并且被使用在切断砂轮。橡胶在橡胶粘结的砂轮里, 纯净的橡胶里混入了硫磺。它有非常灵活得切割速度和它被准许制造称0.006英寸薄的砂轮用以在大家伙上切割裂缝。多数切断机的砂轮都是由有橡胶粘结的。硬度的等级一个砂轮的等级由粘结材料的硬度来决定。下面列出一些砂轮等级的例子:一个较软的砂轮在切削时切屑很容易飞溅出来但是一个较硬的砂轮切削时则能成功的阻止切屑飞溅出来。多数砂轮被硬度等级辨别根据字母标明。多数砂轮制造商使用一个信件代码范围从A (非常软) 对Z (非常硬) 。陶瓷和硅酸盐通常归类从非常软到非常硬, 虫胶和树脂通常归类从非常软到非常硬, 并且橡胶粘结通常被限定在硬范围里。选择砂轮的硬度等级应该和选择磨粒的大小一样仔细。一个磨削砂轮得硬度太软会使它的磨损非常得迅速,它的磨粒会在它的使用寿命还没结束之前就脱落下来。另一方面, 如果砂轮的硬度对于工作太硬, 磨粒将会变钝因为粘结剂不会让磨粒脱落, 并且砂轮的效率将被降低。如果磨粒的大小和粘结材料的软硬都相同,则磨粒之间距离大比磨粒间距离小的砂轮更软。因而, 砂轮的真正硬度取决于磨粒的坚硬和磨粒之间距离或构造。砂轮的结构符号一个砂轮的粘结强度不止取决于磨粒的硬度等级还取决于磨粒之间的空间构造。即磨粒间的距离和密度。结构和空间距离决定了每立方英寸磨粒的容量。每个砂轮由制造商标记用蜡纸或标签做了标记。制造者制定出了一套标记的标准系统, 用一个标记了A36-L5-V23的砂轮举个例子。A 提到是氧化铝的研磨剂。36 代表粒度。L 显示等级或程度坚硬, 是中等。5 提到轮子的结构并且V 提到粘结剂种类。18TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINESFrom the simplest grinding machine to the most complex, grinding machines can be classified as utility grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines. and surface grinding machines. The average machinist will be concerned mostly with floor-mounted and bench-mounted utility grinding machines, bufting machines. and reciprocating surface grinding machines.UTILITY GRINDING MACHINESThe utility grinding machine is intended for offhand grinding where the workpiece is supported in the hand and brought to bear against the rotating grinding abrasive wheel. The accuracy of this type of grinding machine depends on the operators dexterity. skill, and knowledge of the machines capabilities and the nature of the work. The utility grinding machine consists of a horizontally mounted motor with a grinding abrasive wheel attached to each end of the motorshaft. The electric-motor-driven machine is simple and common. It may be bench-mounted or floor-mounted. Generally, the condition and design of the shaft bearings as well as the motor rating determine the wheel size capacity of the machine. Suitable wheel guards and tool rests are provided for safety and ease of operation. Grinding machines come in various sizes and shapes as listed below.Floor Mounted Utility Grinding MachineThe typical floor-mounted utility grinding machine stands waist-high and is secured to the floor by bolts. The floor mounted utility grinding machine shown in Figure 5-1 mounts two 12-inch-diameter by 2-inch-wide grinding abrasive wheels. The two wheel arrangement permits installing a coarse grain wheel for roughing purposes on one end of the shaft and a fine grain wheel for finishing purposes on the other end this saves the time that would be otherwise consumed in changing wheels. Each grinding abrasive wheel is covered by a wheel guard to increase the safety of the machine. Transparent eyeshields. spark arresters. and adjustable tool rests are provided for each grinding wheel. A tool tray and a water pan are mounted on the side of the base or pedestal. The water pan is used for quenching carbon steel cutting took as they are being ground. Using the 12-inch wheel, the machine provides a maximum cutting speed of approximately 5.500 SFPM. The 2-HP electric motor driving this machine has a maximum speed of 1.750 RPM.Bench Type Utility Grinding MachineLike the floor mounted utility grinding machine, one coarse grinding wheel and one fine grinding wheel are usually mounted on the machine for convenience of operation. Each wheel is provided with an adjustable table tool rest and an eye shield for protection. On this machine, the motor is equipped with a thermal over-load switch to stop the motor if excessive wheel pressure is applied thus preventing the burning out of the motor. The motor revolve at 3.450 RPM maximum to provide a maximum cutting speed for the 7 inch grinding wheels of about 6,300 surface feet per minute (SFPM).Bench-Type Utility Drill Grinding MachineThe bench-type drill grinding machine is intended for drill sharpening. The accuracy of this type of grinder is not dependent on the dexterity and skill of the operator because the drill is placed in a holding device. The holding device places the drill in the correct position for the clearance and included angle. For more information on this machine refer to chapter 4.Bench-Type Utility Grinding and Buffing MachineThe bench-type utility grinding and buffing machine is more suitable for miscellaneous grinding, cleaning, and buffing It is not recommended for tool grinding since it contains no tool rests, eyeshields, or wheel guards. This machine normally mounts a 4 inch-diameter wire wheel on one end. The wire wheel is used for cleaning and the abrasive wheel is used for general grinding. One of the two wheels can be removed and a buffing wheel mounted in its place for buffing and polishing. The 1/4-HP electric motor revolves at a maximum of 3,450 RPM. The maximum cutting speed of the 4-inch-diameter wheel is approximately 3,600 SFPM.Bench-Type Tool and Cutter GrinderThe bench-type tool and cutter grinder, see Figure 5-4, was designed primarily to grind end mills. It can also grind a large variety of small wood and steel cutters as well as slitting saw cutters up to 12 inches in diameter using the saw grinding attachment. Capacity of the typical bench-type tool and cutter grinder is as follows:Grinding wheel travel - 7 l/2-inch vertical.Grinding wheel travel - 5 1/2-inch horizontal.Table travel - 6 inches.Slitting saws with attachment - 12-inch diameter.Distance between centers - 14 inches.Swing on centers (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter.Swing in work head (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter.Nonspecialized cylindrical grinding machines in the Army maintenance system include the tool post grinding machine and the versa mil attachment.Tool Post Grinding MachineThe tool post grinding machine, see Figure 5-5, is a machine tool attachment designed to mount to the tool post of engine lathes. It is used for internal and external grinding of cylindrical workplaces. Refer to Chapter 7 for a descriptionof this machine.Milling and Grinding Lathe AttachmentAlso called a Versa-Mil this attachment is a versatile machine tool attachment that mounts to the carriage of a lathe. It performs internal and external cylindrical grinding among its other functions. Refer to Chapter 9 for a description of this machine.SURFACE GRINDING MACHINEThe surface grinding machine is used for grinding flat surfaces. The workpiece is supported on a rectangular table which moves back and forth and reciprocates beneath the grinding wheel. Reciprocating surface grinding machines generally have horizontal wheel spindles and mount straight or cylinder-type grinding abrasive wheels.RECIPROCATING SURFACE GRINDING MACHINEThe reciprocating surface grinding machine is a horizontal- type surface grinding machine. Workpieces are fastened to the table and can be moved beneath the grinding abrasive wheel by hand or power feed. A magnetic chuck maybe used for fastening the workpiece to the table. This grinding machine has an internal pump and piping network for automatic application and recirculation of a coolant to the workpiece and wheel. The grinding abrasive wheel, mounted to the horizontal spindle is straight and cuts on its circumferential surface only. Grinding wheel speeds are adjustableGRINDING WHEELSSTANDARD TYPES OF GRINDING WHEELSGrinding wheels come in many different sizes, shapes, and abrasives (Figure 5-7). Some of the various types are listed below.StraightStraight wheels, numbers 1, 5, and 7, are commonly applied to internal, cylindrical, horizontal spindle, surface, tool, and offhand grinding and snagging. The recesses in type numbers.5 and 7 accommodate mounting flanges. Type number 1 wheels from 0.006-inch to l/8-inch thick are used for cutting off stock and slotting.CylinderCylinder wheels, type number 2, may be arranged for grinding on either the periphery or side of the wheel.TaperedTapered wheels, type number 4, take tapered safety flanges to keep pieces from flying if the wheel is broken while snagging.Straight CupThe straight cup wheel, type number 6, is used primarily for surface grinding, but can also be used for offhand grinding of flat surfaces. Plain or beveled faces are available.Flaring CupThe flaring cup wheel, type number 11, is commonly used for tool grinding. With a resinoid bond, it is useful for snagging. Its face may be plain or beveled.DishThe chief use of the dish wheel, type number 12, is in tool work. Its thin edge can be inserted into narrow places, and it is convenient for grinding the faces of form-relieved milling cutters and broaches.SaucerThe saucer wheel, type number 13, is also known as a saw gummer because it is used for sharpening saws.Figure 5-4.Standard types of gringing wheelsABRASIVE MATERIALSThe abrasive grains are the cutting took of a grinding wheel. They actually cut small pieces or chips off the work as the wheel rotates. The shape of each grain is irregular with several sharp cutting edges. When these edges grow dull, the forces acting on the wheel tend to fracture the abrasive grains and produce new cutting edges.ABRASIVESMost grinding wheels are made of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, both of which are artificial (manufactured) abrasives. Silicon carbide is extremely hard but brittle. Aluminum oxide is slightly softer but is tougher than silicon carbide. It dulls more quickly, but it does not fracture easily therefore it is better suited for grinding materials of relatively high tensile strength.ABRASIVE GRAIN SIZEAbrasive grains are selected according to the mesh of a sieve through which they are sorted. For example, grain number 40 indicates that the abrasive grain passes through a sieve having approximately 40 meshes to the linear inch. A grinding wheel is designated coarse, medium, or fine according to the size of the individual abrasive grains making up the wheel.BONDING MATERIALBondThe abrasive particles in a grinding wheel are held in place by the bonding agent. The percentage of bond in the wheel determines, to a great extent, the “hardness” or “grade” of the wheel. The greater the percentage and strength of the bond, the harder the grinding wheel will be. “Hard” wheels retain the cutting grains longer, while “soft” wheels release the grains quickly. If a grinding wheel is “too hard” for the job, it will glaze because the bond prevents dulled abrasive particles from being released so new grains can be exposed for cutting. Besides controlling hardness and holding the abrasive, the bond also provides the proper safety factor at running speed. It holds the wheel together while centrifugal force is trying to tear it apart. The most common bonds used in grinding wheels are vitrified, silicate, shellac, resinoid, and rubber.VitrifiedA vast majority of grinding wheels have a vitrified bond. Vitrified bonded wheels are unaffected by heat or cold and are made in a greater range of hardness than any other bond. They adapt to practically all types of grinding with one notable exception: if the wheel is not thick enough, it does not withstand side pressure as in the case of thin cutoff wheels.SilicateSilicate bond releases the abrasive grains more readily than vitrified bond. Silicate bonded wheels are well suited for grinding where heat must be kept to a minimum, such as grinding edged cutting tools. It is not suited for heavy-duty grinding. Thin cutoff wheels are sometimes made with a shellac bond because it provides fast cool cutting.ResinoidResinoid bond is strong and flexible. It is widely used in snagging wheels (for grinding irregularities from rough castings), which operate at 9,500 SFPM. It is also used in cutoff wheels.RubberIn rubber-bonded wheels, pure rubber is mixed with sulfur. It is extremely flexible at operating speeds and permits the manufacture of grinding wheels as thin as 0.006 inch for slitting nibs. Most abrasive cutoff machine wheels have a rubber bond.GRADES OF HARDNESSThe grade of a grinding wheel designates the hardness of the bonded material. Listed below are examples of those grades: A soft wheel is one on which the cutting particles break away rapidly while a hard wheel is one on which the bond successfully opposes this breaking away of the abrasive grain.Most wheels are graded according to hardness by a letter system. Most manufacturers of grinding abrasive wheels use a letter code ranging from A (very soft) to Z (very hard). Vitrified and silicate bonds usually range from very soft to very hard, shellac and resinoid bonds usually range from very soft to hard, and rubber bonds are limited to the medium to hard range.The grade of hardness should be selected as carefully as the grain size. A grinding abrasive wheel that is too soft will wear away too rapidly, the abrasive grain will be discarded from the wheel before its useful life is realized. On the other hand, if the wheel is too hard for the job, the abrasive particles will become dull because the bond will not release the abrasive grain, and the wheels efficiency will be impaired.Figure 5-8 illustrates sections of three grinding abrasive wheels with different spacing of grains. If the grain and bond materials in each of these are alike in size and hardness, the wheel with the wider spacing will be softer than the wheel with the closer grain spacing. Thus, the actual hardness of the grinding wheel is equally dependent on grade of hardness and the and spacing of the grains or structure.ABRASIVE WHEEL STRUCTURE MARKINGSBond strength of a grinding wheel is not wholly dependent upon the grade of hardness but depends equally on the structure of the wheel, that is, the spacing of the grain or its density. The structure or spacing is measured in number of grains per cubic inch of wheel volume. Every grinding wheel is marked by the manufacturer with a stencil or a small tag. The manufacturers have worked out a standard system of markings, For an example use a wheel marked A36-L5-V23. The A refers to the abrasive which is aluminum oxide. The 36 represents the grain size. The L shows the grade or degree of hardness, which is medium. The 5 refers to the structure of the wheel and the V refers to the bond type.
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