高考英语一轮专项复习 专题8 非谓语动词精品课件.ppt
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热点考向一 非谓语动词作状语 1. 分词作状语 (1)分词作状语的形式,(2)分词作状语的基本原则 分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则一般不能使用分词作状语。,(3)分词作状语的句法功能 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。 Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间) 听到这个消息,他们很激动。 Be careful while/when crossing the street.(时间) 过马路的时候小心点。,Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) 虽然他被多次告知,但他仍然犯同样的错误。 The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随状况) 老师走进了实验室,身后跟着一些学生。 Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.(原因) 因为被蛇咬过,她很害怕它。,Given a chance,I can surprise the world.(条件) 如果我有机会,我会让全世界感到惊讶。 The cup dropped to the ground,breaking into pieces.(结果) 杯子掉到地上,摔碎了。,2. 不定式作状语 不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句,不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。,(1)不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作“为了,想要”。 To be a winner,you need to give all you have and try your best. 要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。 To complete the project in time,the staff were working at weekends. 为了及时完成这项工程,全体员工周末加班。,(2)不定式用于:so.as to.;such.as to;enough to.;too.to;only to等结构中往往用来作结果状语。 Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 你能不能行行好,借给我你的自行车? Hes such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence others. 他如此愚蠢以至于认为他的闲扯能影响别人。,He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out. 他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。 (“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构),(1)不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别:不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的或不愿看到的结果,而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 His parents died,leaving him an orphan. 他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。,(2)不定式与形容词连用时,大多表示原因,用来作原因状语。这些形容词主要有:happy,kind,surprised,frightened,angry,shocked,glad,delighted,disappointed等。 Im very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。,热点考向二 非谓语动词作定语 1. 分词作定语 (1)作定语的及物动词分词形式为:v.ing、being过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用v.ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。,The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动,正在进行) “Things lost never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. 我不禁自言自语道:“覆水难收啊!”(被动,完成,表状态) I have never seen a more moving movie. 我从未看过更感人的电影。(主动,表特征),2. 不定式作定语 (1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。 He had no money and no place to live(in) 他没钱,也没有安居之所。,(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。 Have you got anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”) Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”),(3)用不定式作定语的几种情况: 不定式表将来。 The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。,用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为主动关系。 He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这个工作最好的人选。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女性。,用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式,常见的有: ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。 Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 你具备读写英语的能力吗? I have no chance to go sightseeing. 我没有机会外出观光。,热点考向三 非谓语动词作宾补 1. 分词作宾补 (1)过去分词作宾补的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,leave,want,make等。,I saw the horse tied to a tree. 我看到这匹马被拴在树上。 People found the thief escaped. 人们发现那个小偷逃跑了。,(2)现在分词作宾补的两大特征:一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,get,leave,notice,watch,keep,start,set,catch,smell,feel,send,listen to,look at等。 The old man heard the cock crowing. 这位老人听到公鸡在打鸣。 Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听到有人在敲门吗?,2. 不定式作宾补 动词不定式作宾补(主补)时,有两种情形: (1)接带to的不定式作宾补,此类动词或短语有: advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage, expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,like, mean,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer, request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend upon,long for,wait for等。,I didnt mean you to hear it. 我没打算让你听到这事。 Were all longing for the new term to begin. 我们都盼望新学期开始。,(2)接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词或短语有:make, have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,notice, observe,feel,hear等感官动词。如果此类动词或短语用于被动语态,则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。 I can let you have one ticket. 我能让你得到一张票。 I wont have you say such things. 我可不允许你说这样的话。 She was seen to enter the managers office ten minutes ago. 十分钟前有人看见她进了经理办公室。,(2)let sb./sth. do 让某人/某物干 catch sb. doing撞见某人在干 She didnt let her anger show. 她压住怒火。 I caught John reading my private letters. 约翰在阅读我的私人信件时恰好让我撞见了。,He got me to post the letter for him. 他让我替他寄信。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。 Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。,注意:have sth. done还表示“使遭受”之意。 Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆踢足球时,伤了腿。 have sb. doing若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。 I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that. 我不允许你和你父亲那么讲话。,have还可用于have sth. to do结构,该结构中have作“有”讲,不定式作定语。 I have something urgent to inform you. 我有很紧急的事要通知你们。,Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious. 大部分菜客人们都没有动,因为它们不可口。(表被动完成) He left,leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了,留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(表主动将来),We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(表被动将来),热点考向四 非谓语动词作宾语 1. 常接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语。 口诀记忆:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。 consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape。,此外,be used to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,thank you for,apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。,2. 常接不定式作宾语的动词。 口诀记忆:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。 此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。,4. 动词need,require,want作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要被做。这时动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外,need,require,want后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示“需要/想要/要求某人做某事”。即:,热点考向五 非谓语动词作表语 1. 当现在分词和过去分词作表语时,它们大多数是已经形容词化的现在分词或过去分词,而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词。 现在分词通常表示“某事/物令人感到”,而过去分词则表示某人的感受,意为“感到的”。这样的词常见的有:interesting“有趣的”,interested“感兴趣的”;exciting“令人兴奋的”,excited“感到兴奋的”;disappointing“令人失望的”,disappointed“感到失望的”等。这类现在分词作表语时,一般是物作主语;而过去分词作表语时,则一般是人作主语。,The story sounds interesting. 那个故事听起来有趣。 She is interested in the story. 她对那个故事感兴趣。 2. 动词不定式作表语时往往表示暂时性的动作。 My job is to clean the house three times a week. 我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。,热点考向六 非谓语动词在独立主格结构中的用法 1“名词/代词不定式”构成的独立主格结构。 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示尚未发生的行为或状态,在句中常作原因状语,偶尔作条件状语。 Lots of homework to do,I have to stay home all day. (As/Because I have lots of homework to do.) 由于有很多的家庭作业需要做,我只好一整天待在家里。,2“名词/代词现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。 动词ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在动词的ing形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词ing形式的独立主格结构,逻辑主语与动词之间为主谓关系,是分词的动作执行者。 The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest. (As the guide led the way.) 向导领着路,我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。,3“名词/代词过去分词”构成的独立主格结构。 逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系,是分词动作的承受者。 Rex was listening attentively to the lecture,all his attention fixed upon it. 雷克斯专心致志地听着讲座,所有注意力全用在上面了。,“名词/代词非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构,运用不定式,动词ing形式和动词ed形式意义是不同的:不定式往往表示没有发生的或即将发生的动作,动词ing形式表示正在进行的动作或状态,动词ed形式往往表示已经完成的行为。 Many things to settle, the manager looks worried. 有这么多的事情要处理,经理看上去很着急。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的动作),The question being discussed,a man came up with a practical solution. 正讨论这个问题时,有人提出了一个切实可行的计划。 (问题正在被讨论,用现在分词的被动形式being done表动作正在被进行或状态) Many things settled,the manager looks relaxed. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束),热点考向七 非谓语动词在with复合结构中的用法 在“with宾语补语”这一独立主格结构中,宾语和宾补的关系如果是主动关系,则宾补该用v.ing分词;若宾语和补语之间的关系是动宾关系,则宾补该用v.ed分词;若宾补所表示的动作有将来的意味,则宾补该用不定式形式。 (1)with宾语v.ing分词 With so many people looking at her,she felt nervous. 这么多人看着她,她感到很紧张。,(2)with宾语v.ed分词 With their work finished, they went home. 工作完成后,他们就回家了。 (3)with宾语不定式 With so much work to do,I cant go swimming with you. 因为有很多工作要做,我不能和你一起去游泳了。,1. They might just have a place_(leave) on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try? 答案:left 解析:句意:在写作课程上,他们可能还有一个名额你为什么不试试呢?本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。宾语a place与leave(剩下)为逻辑上的动宾关系。,2. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _(enable) the students to return to their classrooms. 答案:enabling 解析:句意:这位退休的老人把他大部分的积蓄捐赠给了在玉树地震中被毁坏的那所学校,使学生得以重返教室。现在分词短语的一般式在此作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果。,3. Volunteering gives you a chance _(change) lives, including your own. 答案:to change 解析:句意:当志愿者给了你一个改变别人和你自己的生活的机会。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。根据题干,被修饰词chance为抽象名词,通常情况下由不定式作后置定语。,4. When we saw the road _(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. 答案:blocked 解析:句意:当我们看到马路被大雪堵住时,我们决定在家度过假期。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。非谓语动词的逻辑主语为road,两者为被动关系。,5. I still remember _(take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. 答案:being taken 解析:remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”,符合语境,take与I为动宾关系,故动名词用被动形式。remember to do sth.表示“记得去做某事”,不符合语境。,6. The ability _(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. 答案:to express 解析:名词ability后常用不定式作定语,不定式与ability之间是同位关系,且不定式用主动式。,7. _(eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. 答案:Having eaten 解析:句意:因为之前在这家自助餐厅吃过饭,Tina再也不想去那儿吃了。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。根据语境可知空格处的动作应该发生在didnt want to eat之前。,8. _(hear) how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. 答案:Hearing 解析:句意:聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加额外的乐趣。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。本句介绍一个事实,只有Hearing正确。,9. Lionel Messi,_(set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year,is considered the most talented football player in Europe. 答案:having set 解析:句意:Lionel Messi创下了年度进球最多的纪录,被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。本题考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构首先判断要用非谓语动词,set和主语Lionel Messi之间是主动关系,而且该动作先于is considered发生,所以用having done形式。,10. The witnesses _(question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 答案:questioned 解析:句意:警察刚才询问的证人对这次斗殴事件给出的描述大相径庭。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。空格处非谓语动词和逻辑主语witnesses之间是被动关系,又根据题干中的just now可知动作已完成。,11. Let those in need _(understand) that we will go all out to help them. 答案:understand 解析:句意:让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。本题考查非谓语动词作补语。根据let sb.do结构可知understand为正确答案。,12. _(know) basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 答案:Knowing 解析:句意:懂得基本的急救技能有助于对紧急情况作出快速反应。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。分析题干可知非谓语动词短语作主语。根据句意可知,空格处不是表达完成或被动意思。,13. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _(wait) for her. 答案:waiting 解析:句意:Laura去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候,有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。考查非谓语动词作定语。因为非谓语动词与mail为主动关系,所以选wait的现在分词形式waiting,相当于定语从句that was waiting for her。不定式作定语时,通常表示将来的动作,若用在此处不符合语境。,14. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _(tell) me stories till I fell asleep. 答案:telling 解析:句意:在我小时候,妈妈常常坐在我床边,给我讲故事,一直讲到我睡着为止。本题考查非谓语动词作伴随状语。主语my mother与非谓语动词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。,15. The sun began to rise in the sky,_(bathe) the mountain in golden light. 答案:bathing 解析:句意:太阳开始在空中升起,使山峦沐浴在金色光辉之中。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。主语the sun与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系。本句中bathing相当于and bathed。,16. _(stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. 答案:To stay 解析:句意:为了在夜里取暖,我总是把火炉填满,然后把闹钟定在午夜,以便我能再填满一次。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。根据上下文逻辑可知设空处表示目的。,17. You cannot accept an opinion _(offer) to you unless it is based on facts. 答案:offered 解析:句意:你不能接受别人提供给你的意见,除非它有事实依据。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。因为非谓语动词与其逻辑主语an opinion为被动关系,故用offered。,18The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _(follow) them. 答案:following 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步,他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。在with复合结构中,dog与follow是逻辑上的主谓关系,因此这里用现在分词表主动。,19This machine is very easy _(operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 答案:to operate 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:这台机器很容易操作,任何人都能在几分钟内学会使用它。这里用“主语be动词形容词不定式”结构,此时不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。,20Pressed from his parents, and _(realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. 答案:realizing 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:由于他的父母施加压力并且他自己也意识到他已经浪费了太多的时间,这个男孩决定不再玩电子游戏了。分析句子成分可知,the boy和realize之间是主谓关系,故用realize的现在分词形式,作原因状语。,21I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or _(quit) his job. 答案:quit 解析:考查并列结构。根据题意和句中的either.or.结构可知,空格处所填的动词的形式应与study保持一致。,22Film has a much shorter history, especially when _(compare to) such art forms as music and painting. 答案:compared to 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:电影的历史要短得多,尤其是同音乐、绘画之类的艺术形式比较的时候。当主句的主语与从句的主语相同时,通常省略从句中的主语和be动词,后半句的完整形式是especially when it is compared to such art forms as music and painting。compare与film之间是动宾关系。,23I remembered _(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 答案:to lock 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。remember to do表示“记得做”,与后半句中的“forgot to”相对应。,24Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _(speak) to the new students. 答案:to speak 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:结束这个项目之后,她受邀到那个学校给新生们讲话。invite sb. to do sth.表示“邀请某人做某事”。,25John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _(offer) him it. 答案:offering 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:John已经得到了这份工作,因为他给我看了提供他这份工作的公函。offer与the official letter之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词短语在句中充当后置定语。,26One learns a language by making mistakes and _(correct) them. 答案:correcting 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:人通过犯错误并改正错误来学习语言。此处与句中的making并列。 27Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _(stay) away. 答案:to stay 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:鸟的歌唱有时是警告其他的鸟远离。此处是不定式短语作目的状语。,28_(stand) in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a new iPad. 答案:Standing 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:我们站在长长的队伍中等商店开门了买新款iPad。逻辑主语we与动词stand之间为主谓关系,故用现在分词短语作伴随状语。,29If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _(meet) an even greater challenge. 答案:to meet 解析:考查动词不定式。句意:如果他承担这份工作,他将别无选择,只有迎接更大的挑战。have no choice but to do为固定结构,意为“别无选择,只能”。,30George returned after the war, only _(tell) that his wife had left him. 答案:to be told 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:George战后回来,却被告知他妻子已经离开了他。only后跟动词不定式和现在分词都可以作结果状语,但是“only不定式”作结果状语时,表示的是出乎意料的结果,通常是一种令人失望的后果,而现在分词作结果状语时,表示的是自然而然的或意料之中的情况或结果。很显然,此题应用“only不定式”的结构。,31Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _(do) to achieve the final success. 答案:to be done/doing 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,do与work之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以需要用被动形式;“需要被”可以用“need doing.”或“need to be done.”的形式表示。,32The lecture, _(start) at 7:00 pm. last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. 答案:starting 解析:考查非谓语动词。根据句中的“last night”及“was followed”可知,start这个动作已经发生,所以不能用不定式形式,又因lecture与start之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故应用starting。,33No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _(remain) silent. 答案:to remain 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:不管你多么能言善辩,但有时候还是保持沉默更好。该题考查“it is形容词to do”这一句型,句中to remain silent“保持沉默”是真正的主语,it是形式主语。,- 配套讲稿:
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