低速载重型汽车变速箱的设计与分析【三维SW】[四轮农用运输车]【三轴四档】自重1.6吨左右 总质量3.5吨[含高清CAD图纸和说明书

【温馨提示】 dwg后缀的文件为CAD图，可编辑，无水印，高清图，压缩包内文档可直接点开预览，需要原稿请自助充值下载，请见压缩包内的文件及预览，所见才能所得，请细心查看有疑问可以咨询QQ：414951605或1304139763 湘潭大学低速载货汽车变速器的设计摘 要：课题来源于生产实际，依据机动车安全技术条件和汽车机械变速器总成技术条件，针对低速载货汽车的运行特点而设计。参与了汽车的总体设计，确定了汽车的质量参数，选择了合适的发动机，并且计算出汽车的最高速度。关于变速器的设计，首先选择标准的齿轮模数，在总档位和一档速比确定后，合理分配变速器各档位的速比，接着计算出齿轮参数和中心距，并对齿轮进行强度验算，确定了齿轮的结构与尺寸，绘制出所有齿轮的零件图。根据经验公式初步计算出轴的尺寸，然后对每个档位下轴的刚度和强度进行验算，确定出轴的结构和尺寸，绘制出各根轴的零件图。根据结构布置和参考同类车型的相应轴承后，按国家标准选择合适的轴承，然后对轴承进行使用寿命的验算，最终完成了变速器的零件图和装配图的绘制。此变速器的齿轮都为标准齿轮，档位数和传动比与发动机参数匹配，保证了汽车具有良好的动力性和经济性。该变速器具有操纵简单、方便、传动效率高、制造容易、成本低廉、维修方便的特点，适合低速载货汽车的使用。关键词：低速载货汽车；变速器；设计Design The Transmission of Low-speed TruckAbstract: The topic comes from the production reality, which is based on the safety specifications for power driven vehicles operating on roads and the specifications for the automobile mechanical transmission. It designs the low-speed trucks movement characteristic. The automobile quality parameters are determined, according to the automobile system design, choosing the appropriate engine, and calculating the maximum speed. When design the transmission, first, we choose the standard gear modulus and determine all speeds proportions after we choose the number of the transmissions gears and the first gear, then calculate the gears parameter and the center distance, and the gear needs the intensity checking calculation. We determine gears structure, then complete drawing of the gears component. According to the empirical formula, we preliminary carry on the checking calculation to each gears rigidity and the intensity to determine the axis structure and size, and thus draw up various axis component drawing. After arranged structure and compared with the similar type of vehicles bearing, according to the national standard, we select the appropriate bearings, and then calculate the service life of the bearings. Finally drawing of the component and the assembly of the transmission are completed. Because the transmission gear is the standard gear and the number of gears and speeds proportions match to the engine conditions, which ensure the necessary power and economy. This transmission has many merits of simple operation, efficient, easy manufacturing, low cost, and convenient.Key words: Low-speed Truck；Transmission；Design载重汽车变速箱变速箱主要指的是汽车的变速箱，它分为手动、自动两种，手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。功能为：一、改变传动比；二、在发动机旋转方向不变情况下，使汽车能倒退行驶；三、利用空挡，中断动力传递，以发动机能够起动、怠速，并便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。其中液力变扭器是AT最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，直接输入发动机动力传递扭矩和离合作用。泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，它们就好似相对放置的两台风扇，一台主动风扇吹出的风力会带动另一台被动风扇的叶片旋转，流动的空气风力成了动能传递的媒介。如果用液体代替空气成为传递动能的媒介，泵轮就会通过液体带动涡轮旋转，再在泵轮和涡轮之间加上导轮以提高液体的传递效率。由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大且效率偏手动变速器（MT）手动变速器，也称手动挡，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆。如果驾驶者技术好，装手动变速器的汽车在加速、超车时比自动变速车快，也省油。自动变速器（AT）自动变速器，利用行星齿轮机构进行变速，它能根据油门踏板程度和车速变化，自动地进行变速。而驾驶者只需操纵加速踏板控制车速即可。一般来讲，汽车上常用的自动变速器有以下几种类型：液力自动变速器、液压传动自动变速器、 电力传动自动变速器、有级式机械自动变速器和无级式机械自动变速器等。其中，最常见的是液力自动变速器。液力自动变速器主要是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成，主要包含自动离合器和自动变速器两大部分。它能够根据油门的开度和车速的变化，自动地进行换挡。无级变速器（CVT）无级变速器是由两组变速轮盘和一条传动带组成的。因此，其比传统自动变速器结构简单，体积更小。另外，它可以自由改变传动比，从而实现全程无级变速，使汽车的车速变化平稳，没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉。无级变速器属于自动变速器的一种，但它能克服普通自动变速器“突然换挡”、油门反应慢、油耗高等缺点。变速器是法国雷诺(Renault)发明的普通自动变速箱优点：使驾驶轻松惬意缺点：不够智能，相对费油，不利于改装普通自动变速箱是自动挡车普遍使用的变速箱形式，它的简称AT（全称是Auto Transmission）几乎成为自动挡的代名词。和手动挡相比，普通自动变速箱在结构和使用上有很大不同。手动波主要通过调节不同齿轮组合更换挡位，而普通自动变速箱是通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速的目的。其中液力变扭器是普通自动变速箱最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，泵轮通过液体带动涡轮旋转，而泵轮和涡轮之间的导轮通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差并实现变速变矩功能，对驾驶者来说，您只需要以不同力度踩住踏板，变速箱就可以自动进行挡位升降。由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大，因此在涡轮后面再串联几排行星齿轮提高效率，液压操纵系统会随发动机工作变化自行操纵行星齿轮，从而实现自动变速变矩。为了满足行驶过程中的多种需要（如泊车、倒车）等，普通自动变速箱还设有一些手动拨杆位置，像P挡（停泊）、R挡（后挡）、N挡（空档）、D挡（前进）等，一些在前进档中还设有“2”和“1”等附加挡位，用以起步或上斜坡之用。从普通自动变速箱的发展来看，具有四前速的变速箱（就是前进中可以在四个挡里进行切换）已经是比较基础的配置，在中高级车市场中，五前速自动变速箱已经成为主流，而高档车里六前速自动变速箱、甚至七前速自动变速箱都已经屡见不鲜，可以说自动变速箱有几个挡就标志着车的“身价”，当然，从性能上说自动变速箱的挡位越多，车在行驶过程中也就越平顺，加速性也越好，而且更加省油。除了提供轻松惬意的驾驶感受，普通自动变速箱也有无法克服的缺陷。普通自动变速箱的动力响应不够直接，这使它在“驾驶乐趣”方面稍显不足。此外，由于采用液力传动，这使普通自动挡变速箱传递的动力有所损失，也就更费油一些（比同型号手动挡车油耗要高10%左右）。在山道行驶中，普通自动变速箱对于高高低低的起伏路面显得不够“智能”，容易在不同挡位里无谓切换，如果您的爱车没有爬坡挡的话就只能一筹莫展了。对那些改装玩家而言，装备普通自动变速箱的车需要慎重选择，因为这类变速箱可以承受的扭矩范围比较有限，而变速箱油温过高的话又会直接影响车子的动力表现。手自一体优点：提供更好的驾驶乐趣缺点：价格太高顾名思义，“手自一体”变速箱就是把手动换挡和自动换挡两种模式结合在一起的变速形式，在这类变速箱上，都有显著的+/标志，你可以切入这个位置手动切换挡位。对普通变速箱而言，驾驶乐趣不足一直是它的弊病，您在入弯前踩刹车减速，普通自动变速箱只会跳到空挡或维持原挡位不动，它不会随着速度下降而降低一挡；到了出弯当你加油时变速箱又会来一个kickdown（向下跳一挡），然后才获得足够力量加速。这不但比手动变速多了时间，而且在弯中挡位跳动也会破坏车身平衡。手自一体变速箱最大用处就是提高挡位的“随心所欲”程度，换句话说，就是“如果它不够聪明，至少我可以自己来”。有了手动选挡模式，您在弯前就可以手动降至适当的挡位，在弯中又可以保持需要的转速，出弯时便有足够的动力。功能上看手自一体变速箱和手动变速箱没有分别，但一台好的手自一体变速箱其手动模式有足够快的加、减挡反应，否则就显得有些华而不实。结构上看，手自一体变速箱还是一台自动变速箱，因此配置普通自动变速箱的车型油耗相对较高、不利改装等缺陷在它身上依然可以看到。此外，由于这类变速箱仍需进口，成本就比一般变速箱要高不少，因此整车价格也就不便宜。但对一个家庭来说，如果男主人倾向驾驶乐趣，女主人偏爱轻松惬意的驾驶感受，配置手自一体变速箱的车型还是不错的选择。CVT无级变速箱优点：省油，有很好的平顺感，动力响应直接缺点：应用车型少，配件价格高CVT无级变速箱的全称是Continuosuly Variable Transmission，功能上看它也是自动变速箱的一种，但和其他自动变速箱采用液力藕合的传动方式不同，CVT无级变速箱采用传动钢带和工作直径可变的主、从动轮相配合来传递动力，从而实现传动比的连续改变。坐在装有CVT变速箱的车里你绝感受不到换挡冲击（因为它根本就没有挡），这就使车速变化更为平稳，不会出现传统自动变速器换挡时那种顿挫感。此外，CVT还有重量轻、体积小、零件少的特点，加上这种传动形式功率损耗小，这样就为车带来省油的好处。经验证明，配置CVT无级变速箱的车型甚至比同排量手动挡车型油耗还低。随着CVT技术越来越成熟，及国内汽车产业的快速发展，国内市场上装备CVT汽车越来越多，奥迪、丰田、本田、菲亚特等各大公司都先后推出自己的CVT汽车产品。CVT（Continuously Variable Transmission），直接翻译就是连续可变传动，也就是我们常说的无级变速箱，顾名思义就是没有明确具体的档位，操作上类似自动变速箱，但是速比的变化却不同于自动变速箱的跳挡过程，而是连续的，因此动力传输持续而顺畅。CVT传动系统里，传统的齿轮被一对滑轮和一只钢制皮带所取代，每个滑轮其实是由两个椎形盘组成的V形结构，引擎轴连接小滑轮，透过钢制皮带带动大滑轮。玄机就出在这特殊的滑轮上：CVT的传动滑轮构造比较奇怪，分成活动的左右两半，可以相对接近或分离。锥型盘可在液压的推力作用下收紧或张开，挤压钢片链条以此来调节V型槽的宽度。当锥型盘向内侧移动收紧时，钢片链条在锥盘的挤压下向圆心以外的方向（离心方向）运动，相反会向圆心以内运动。这样，钢片链条带动的圆盘直径增大，传动比也就发生了变化。CVT变速箱有哪些优点？1、由于没有了一般自动挡变速箱的传动齿轮，也就没有了自动挡变速箱的换挡过程，由此带来的换档顿挫感也随之消失，因此CVT变速箱的动力输出是线性的，在实际驾驶中非常平顺。2、CVT的传动系统理论上挡位可以无限多，挡位设定更为自由，传统传动系统中的齿轮比、速比以及性能、耗油、废气排放的平衡，都更容易达到。3、CVT传动的机械效率、省油性大大优于普通的自动挡变速箱，仅次于手动挡变速箱，燃油经济性要比好很多。奥迪A6L的CVT变速箱解剖图奥迪A6L的CVT变速箱钢带既然有这么多优点，为什么不让所有的汽车都采用CVT变速箱呢？有两方面因素：1、相比传统自动挡变速箱而言，它的成本要略高；而且操作不当的话，出问题的概率更高。2、CVT变速箱本身还有它的缺点，就是传动的钢制皮带能够承受的力量有限，一般而言超过2.8L排量或者280NM以上的动力是它的上限，不过我们也看到有越来越多的车型，诸如奥迪或者日产，都已经打破了这个上限，相信钢带的问题会逐步得到解决。Automobile transmissionTransmission mainly refers to the automobile gearbox, it divided into two kinds of manual, automatic, manual transmission is mainly composed of gear and shaft, by different gear combinations to produce variable torque; And automatic transmission AT consists of hydraulic torque converter, planet gear and the hydraulic control system, hydraulic transmission and gear combination ways to achieve variable speed torque. Function as follows: first, change the transmission ratio; Second, under the condition of constant motor rotation direction, make the car can drive back; Three, use neutral, interrupt power transmission to the engine starting, idling, and facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Manual transmission is mainly composed of gear and shaft, by different gear combinations to produce variable torque; And automatic transmission AT consists of hydraulic torque converter, planet gear and the hydraulic control system, hydraulic transmission and gear combination ways to achieve variable speed torque.Of hydraulic torque converter is parts AT the most characteristics, it is composed of pump wheel, wheel and turbine components, direct input engine torque and power transfer to the clutch. Pump wheel and turbine is a pair of work, as if they are relatively placed two fan, a fan blowing the wind will drive the other passive fan blades spin, the flow of air, wind power into the kinetic energy transfer medium. If replace air as medium of transfer of kinetic energy, by liquid pump wheel will be through the liquid turns the turbine, then between turbine and pump wheel and wheel in order to improve the transfer efficiency of the liquid. Because of the hydraulic torque converter efficiency of automatic transmission torque range is not big enough and partialManual transmission (MT)Manual transmission, also called the manual gear box hand toggle lever to change gear within the transmission meshing position, change the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed change. On the clutch, can dial need to move the shift lever. If the driver technology is good, with a manual transmission vehicle during acceleration, overtaking is faster than a car automatic transmission, and fuel efficiency.Automatic transmission (AT)Automatic transmission, the use of planetary gear mechanism for variable speed, it can according to the degree of the accelerator pedal and the speed change, speed automatically. While the driver need to manipulate the accelerator pedal to control the speed.Commonly used in general, the car automatic transmission has the following several types: hydraulic automatic transmission, hydraulic transmission, automatic transmission, power transmission, automatic transmission, the step type machinery automatic transmission and stepless automatic transmission, etc. Among them, the most common is hydraulic automatic transmission. Hydraulic automatic transmission is mainly composed of the hydraulic control system of gear, and mainly consists of automatic clutch and automatic transmission of two parts. It can according to the throttle opening and the speed of change, to shift automatically.Stepless transmissions (CVT)Stepless transmission is composed of two sets of variable speed wheel and a transmission belt.Its than a conventional automatic transmission, therefore, simple structure, smaller volume. In addition, it is free to change the gear ratio, so as to realize infinitely variable speed all the way, the cars speed changes smoothly, no traditional transmission shift , sort of feeling.Stepless transmission belongs to a kind of automatic transmission, it can overcome the common automatic transmission suddenly shift, throttle response is slow and high fuel consumption shortcomings.The transmission was invented by the French Renault (Renault)Common automatic transmissionAdvantage: make the ease of drivingDisadvantages: smart enough, relative to oil, which is unfavorable for modificationCommon automatic Transmission is widely used for automatic stop block Transmission form, it is short for ats (full name is the Auto Transmission) almost become the pronoun of automatic.Compared with manual, common automatic transmission are quite different in the structure and application. Manual wave mainly by adjusting the different gear combination of change gear, while the common automatic transmission is by means of hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of speed change. With hydraulic torque converter is the most common automatic transmission characteristics of components, it is composed of pump wheel, wheel and turbine components, pump wheel and turbine are a work portfolio, pump wheel through the liquid turns the turbine, and between the turbine and pump wheel roller by reaction between the pump wheel and turbine speed difference and realize variable speed torque function, for the driver, you only need to with different strength on the pedals, transmission can automatically block a lift. Due to hydraulic torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so rows behind the turbine again series planetary gear efficiency, hydraulic control system will change with the engine work to manipulation of the planetary gear, so as to realize automatic transmission torque. In the process of driving in order to meet the multiple needs (such as parking and reversing), common automatic transmission also has some manually dial the stem position, like a P block (berth), R (back), N (gap), D block (forward), etc., some in the forward also has additional tests such as 2 and 1, to start or on slopes.From the perspective of the development of common automatic transmission, it has four QianSu gearbox (that is, in advance can switch) in the four block based configuration are compared, in the senior car market, five QianSu automatic transmission has become the mainstream, and high-grade car six QianSu seven QianSu automatic transmission, and even have become common automatic transmission, automatic transmission, so to speak a few marks the worth of a car, of course, on the performance of automatic transmission gears, the car will be smooth in the process of driving, the acceleration is the better, and more fuel efficient.In addition to the ease of driving experience, common automatic transmission have insurmountable shortcomings. Common automatic transmission of dynamic response is not directly, which makes it slightly shortage in terms of fun to drive. In addition, due to adopt hydraulic transmission, which makes ordinary automatic gearbox transmission power loss, also some more oil than is the manual (buffer consumption is higher than 10%). Driving in the road, low common automatic transmission for the ups and downs road is smart enough, easy to switch in different tests are meaningless, if your car without climbing gear can only be helpless. For those modification player equipment common automatic transmission car need to choose carefully, because this kind of gearbox can withstand the torque range is more limited, and the transmission oil temperature is too high and will directly affect the dynamic performance of the car.Since the one handAdvantages: provide better fun to driveWeakness: the price is too highAs the name implies, hand from a body gear box is the manual shift and automatic shift change form two patterns together, in this kind of gearbox, have significant + / - sign, you can cut the position switch gears manually.For ordinary gearbox, lack of driving pleasure has always been its ills, the brakes to slow down before you into the corner, common automatic transmission will only jump to neutral or keep the original block, it will not be reduced with the decline in the block; At the gearbox will come again when you come on a kickdown (jump down a block), and then get enough power to accelerate. This not only more than the manual transmission time, and in turn gear beating also can destroy the body balance. Hand since the gearbox biggest use is to raise the tests of free, in other words, is if its not smart enough, at least I can help myself. With manually selected block mode, you can manually before bending down to the appropriate gear, in turn, can keep the need to speed, the exit when it have enough power. Function on hand no distinction from the gearbox and manual transmission, but a good hand since the gearbox of the manual mode is fast enough plus and minus reaction, otherwise it appears some eye candy.Hand structure point of view, the gearbox is an automatic transmission, so the allocation of common automatic transmission vehicle fuel consumption is relatively high, defects such as unfavorable modification can still be seen on it. In addition, due to still need to import this kind of gearbox, the cost is higher than the average transmission, so the vehicle price is not cheap. But for a family, if the host fun to drive, the hostess prefer the ease of driving experience, configuration hand since the gearbox model is a good choice.The CVT transmission gearboxAdvantages: fuel efficient, have very good feeling, smooth dynamic response directlyDisadvantages: less application models, accessories price is highCVT stepless gearbox Continuosuly is the full name of the Variable Transmission, the functional point of view it is also a kind of automatic Transmission, but and other automatic Transmission with hydraulic coupling Transmission way is different, the CVT Transmission stepless Transmission adopts the steel belt Transmission and working diameter Variable of the main, driven wheel combination to transmit power, so as to realize the continuous change of Transmission ratio. In the car with CVT transmission shift impact absolutely impossible to find (because it doesnt have a block), which makes the speed change more smoothly, there will not be a conventional automatic transmission shift when the sense of frustration. In addition, the CVT transmission and the characteristics of light weight, small size, less parts, and this form of transmission power loss is small, thus for the benefits of fuel-efficient cars. Experience has shown that allocation of CVT stepless transmission models even fuel consumption is lower than with manual displacement model.As CVT technology more and more mature, and the rapid development of domestic automobile industry, the domestic market equipped with CVT car more and more, audi, Toyota, Honda, fiat, etc. The company has successively launched their own CVT car products.CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuous Variable Transmission, namely we often say the stepless Transmission, just as its name implies is that there is no specific gear, operating on automatic Transmission, but it is different from automatic Transmission speed ratio change jump process, but a continuous, so that power Transmission continuous and smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear replaced by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt, and each block is composed of two vertebral shape plate v-shaped structure, engine small pulley shaft connections, through the steel belt drive pulley. Loving you out on this special pulley: CVT transmission pulley structure more strange, divided into activities around two and a half, can be relatively close to or separate. Conical disc can be tightened or under the action of a hydraulic thrust open, extrusion sheet steel chain in order to adjust the width of v-groove. When conical plate to the inside of the move to tighten, sheet steel chain under the extrusion of zahn outside to the center of the circle (centrifugal direction) in the direction of the movement, in contrast to the center of a circle within the movement. So, driven chain wheel diameter of the steel increases, the velocity ratio is changed. What are the advantages of CVT transmission? 1, since there is no general automatic gearbox transmission gear, there would be no automatic transmission shift process, the resulting shift frustration feeling has disappeared, so the CVT transmission power output is linear, in actual driving is very smooth. 2 gears, the CVT transmission system theory can be an infinite number, block a set more freedom, the traditional transmission system gear ratio, speed ratio as well as the performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of balance, are easier to achieve. 3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, oil province is greatly superior to ordinary automatic gearbox, second only to manual transmission, fuel economy than a lot better. Audi A6L CVT transmissions of the anatomy of the audi A6L of CVT transmission steel belt since there are so many advantages, why not let all cars use the CVT transmission? There are two factors: 1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is slightly high; And improper operation, a problem of probability is higher. 2, CVT transmission itself, and its shortcomings, is the driving force of steel belt can withstand is limited, generally more than 2.8 L displacement or 280 n M it is the power of the upper limit of, but we also see more and more models, such as audi or nissan, has broken this limit, believe that steel belt problem will be solved step by step.