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附录Acoalmine methane in China1. Chinese CMM distribution1.1 Chinese coalminesThere are various coalmines in China. These coalmines can be roughly divided into three categories: large (with annual output of 5 million tons and above), medium (with annual output of 500,000 tons5 million tons) and small (with annual output of 30,00050,000t) The shares of large, medium and small coalmines in China were 49%, 12% and 39% by 2007. There are 14 open mining coalmines with an output of over 10 million tons each per year. There are 219 high-efficiency coalmines with total output of 705 million tons. Major coal production in China (98%) was achieved by machines. China has 28 share-traded coal mining enterprises with total share value of Yuan 15.21 billion (USD 2.2 billion) . By the end of 2007, the number of coalmines with a minimum annual output of 300,000 tons each amounted to 7066, thirty-three of which had an annual production of 10 million tons each in 2007. These large coalmines produced 1.1 billion tons, or 45% of Chinas total output. The number of coalmines will increase in the next few years. According to the government projection , coal demand in China in 2010 will be over 3 billion tons per year. To meet this demand, China needs to develop new coalmines. The country had a production capacity of 2.5 billion in 2008. Currently, a production capacity of 1.1 billion tons is under construction. In the meantime, the government has approved 0.2 billion tons of production capacity. Taking into account the retirement of old coalmines in the future, by 2010, China will have coal production capacity of 3.1 billion tons that will balance its coal demand. If the average production capacity of a new coalmine is the same as the current one, the number of Chinas coalmines will increase by 24% in the next two or three years.1.2Chinas coal methane distributionsChina has a reserve of Coal -related methane resources at a amount of 31.5 trillion cubic meters at depth between 300 and 2000m underground. These resources can be grouped into two parts in terms of the depth of the resources buried. Coal -related methane resources underground at a depth from 300 to 1500m reached over 19 trillion cubic meters or over 60% of Chinas coal -related methane. See Table 1.1. Currently, most CMM recovery activities in China take place to recover methane in this range of depthTable 1.1 Distribution of coal-related methane resources in different depthsBuried depth (meters)Resource quantity (trillionPercentage (%) cubic meters)300150019.0860.651501-200012.3839.35Toal31.461001.2.1 Northeast China region (R1)The northeast region consists of three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The coal strata in this region were formed primarily in Cretaceous and Tertiary system, and secondly in CarboniferousPermian system. The early Cretaceous coal basins are well developed and can bear high concentration of methane. In the Tertiary system, only Fushun Basin in this region has higher-rank coal such as long-flame coal and gas coal with good methane-bearing properties, while all other basins contain only lignitous coal with low methane content. The coal beds formed in CarboniferousPermian system exist only the south part of the methane-bearing region. The thickness of coal seams in these coal beds does not change significantly, and coal methane-bearing properties are relatively better. The methane resources distribute mainly in Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province. In these two provinces, there are some rich methane belts such as SanjiangMulinghe belt, HunjiangLiaoyang belt and West Liaoning belt.1.2.2North China region (R2)North China region covers Provinces of Hebei, Shangdong, Henna and Anhui. It is located in the east side of Taihang Mountain, ranging from Qinling tectonic belt in the west, to the Jiaolu fault belt in the east, from the southern boundary of LiaoningJilinHeilongjiang region in the NorthEast China, to the east section of QinlingDabieshan belt in the South. Coal strata are mainly CarboniferousPermian system, with a little part in MiddleLower Jurassic Petroleum system. The coal strata in the CarboniferousPermian system in this region spread widely over a large sedimentation area, with stable coal seams and good coal methane-bearing properties. As there are many districts with favorable exploration and exploitation prospects, the methane recovery activities are very active in this region, and some outstanding progresses have been achieved in Kailuan, Dacheng, Huaibei and Huinan coalmines.1.2.3South China region (R3)The South China region is located in the vast land ranging from QinlingDabieshan fold belt in the North and from Wuling Mountain tectonic belt in the West, including most part of Southeast and South China. Coal strata in this region are mainly in the late Permian system. Only little part of late Permian coalfields are preserved well, with relatively stable coal seams and good methane-bearing properties. The methane resources in this region are concentrated mainly in Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces, with abundant coal methane resources, especially in Pingle and Xiangzhong belts.2 Review of Chinas CMM recovery and utilization2.1History of Chinese coalmine methane useChinas coalmine methane recovery and utilization could be traced back over 15 years ago. The recovery and utilization activities can be divided into four phases. The first phase was before 1990 (Raymond, 2008 Raymond, P., 2008, Coalmine Methane Utilization Projects in China 1990 through Present. A presentation at the Gui Zhou CMM Recovery and Utilization Workshop, China. July.Raymond, 2008). At that time, coalmine methane was viewed as a dangerous gas to coal mining. Both the Chinese government (the Ministry of Coal Industry then) and coalmine owners and operators concerned with much more coal mining safety than clean energy and climate change. Very few activities of recovering and utilizing coalmine methane for beneficial use were carried out. Although coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became popular in that period, the Chinese thought that the geological and mining conditions in China were different from the West and coal-bed methane resource development and CMM recovery and utilization experiences were not applicable to China. Most coalmine methane was blown into the atmosphere via air ventilation, only small part of it was used for heating and cooking on-site some coalmines. There were a few attempts to use coalmine methane for power generation using imported equipment but not successful.The Chinese opinions in coalmine recovery and utilization began to change in the second phase: 19911996. In this period, the US EPA outreached a coalmine methane recovery and utilization program in China. Under this program, technical resources, financial supports and information exchange were provided to the Chinese government and other coal industrial stakeholders. International organizations such as the UNDP and the GEF helped the Chinese in coalmine bed methane drainage. The first coal -bed methane surface pre-drainage and underground directional drilling demonstration project was financed by the UNDP/GEF and hosted by Kailuan, Songzao and Tiefa coalmines (Raymond, 2008). The Chinese coalmine operators imported some technologies and equipment for coalmine methane monitoring and testing in coalmines, and began to build up resource data for coalmine methane. Magnitude of coal methane resources was recognized by international experts. In this period, no important national government policies to facilitate CMM capture and utilization were found. Rather, the international communities in CMM capture and utilization brought positive impacts on the Chinese government to change its opinions on the CMM-related issues.The third period, 19962004, became the Chinese era of coal-bed and coalmine methane recover and utilization. A number of significant changes have been perceived in this period. First, the national government changed its attitude, and methane was no longer simply a nuisance to mining, but an important potential clean energy resource. Second, experience with coal-bed and coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became relevant. Exploration of large license blocks by major foreign oil and gas companies began. Third, the Chinese published its forecasts of coal-bed and coalmine methane production. Forth, large coalmines continued to work toward developing coalmine methane resources, although progress was slow and somewhat dependent on outside interest and investment. Sixth, an APEC mission was conducted to fund another coalmine methane recovery and utilization demonstration project in Tiefa Coalmine Co. Ltd., in Liaoling Province of China, that was leading to commercial success of coalmine methane to town gas supply in the city. Seventh, GHG-emission reductions under CDM became a new focussources of funding for coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects materialized.The last period, 20052008 (present), represents Chinas rushing to gold of coalmine methane. Significant features in this period include: (1) competition for large CDM projects drives renewed interest in CMM project development; (2) truly worldwide class projects, such as Shanxi Jincheng power project (120MW), were planned and achieved; (3) many projects were proposed and financed as CDM projects; (4) a number of compressed natural gas projects using coalmine methane as primary energy were developed; (5) draining coalmine methane before coal mining became a mandatory national policy in China; (6) many coalmine owners and operators are using their equities in investing coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects and (7) a number of very important policies on CMM recovery and utilization were effective in this period. These included: “A Notice on the Management of CMM Prices” published by the NDRCNational Development and Reform Commission of China (2007a); “A Notice of Implementation on CMM to Power Generation” published by the NDRC in April 2007; “A Notice on Subsidies to CMM Capture and Utilization”, published by the Ministry of Finance of China in April 2007 “CMM Emission Standards (Temporary Implementation)”, published by the Environment Protection Agency (Now, the Ministry of Environment) of China and the National Quality Monitoring and Quarantine Agency of China in 2008.2.2. Outstanding challenges from CMM recovery and useAlthough the Chinese government and coal industrial stakeholders have worked very hard over the past 15 years in coalmine methane recovery and utilization, there is still a long way for the Chinese to catch up the OECD in this area. The Chinese are facing at least the following outstanding challenges:Limited capacity in capturing coalmine methane: methane recovery and utilization is relatively new to most of medium and small coalmines in China. These coalmines are short of know-how and technologies in capturing coalmine methane. According to on-site surveys conducted by the author 12 coalmines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, only about 30% or 40% of coalmine methane was captured and utilized. Ventilation systems were still responsible for liberating the majority of the methane to the atmosphere.Limited capacity in utilizing coalmine methane: methane drainage and capture in many Chinese coalmines were driven by a new Chinese policy: “Coalmine Methane Drainage first and Coal Mining Second”. This policy, mainly developed for safety production in coalmines, does not force coalmine operators use or burn drained or captured methane. As a result, most of the coalmine methane captured is of low, less than 25% CH4. In addition, methane drained and captured through pumping stations has increased with the increase of coal production; but utilization cannot match the increase of captured gas at the same rate. Many coalmines have to flare captured methane or liberate it into the atmosphere.Lack of technologies to use ventilation air methane (VAM): in most Chinese coalmines, ventilation air carries about 60% or 70% of coalmine methane to the atmosphere. Concentration of VAM in China is normally below 2%. Due to shortages of technologies and capital investment, the Chinese coalmine stakeholders have limited experience in using VAM as a clean energy resource.附录中国煤矿瓦斯 1 中国煤矿瓦斯分布1.1 中国的煤矿介绍 在中国有各种不同的煤矿。这些煤矿大致可分为三类:大型,中型和小型。大型,中型和小型煤矿在中国分别占49 , 12 和39 。到2007年,有14个露天开采煤矿每年的产量超过1000万吨。有219个高效率煤矿的年产量达705万吨。在中国( 98 )主要是通过机械生产煤炭。中国有28个上市煤矿企业的总额价值达152.1亿(美元22亿美元) 。到2007年底,年产低于30万吨煤矿达7066个 , 其中33 的低于10万吨。2007年,一些大型煤矿生产11亿吨,占45 的中国总产量。 煤矿的数量在未来几年将增加。据中国政府七号文件 ,在中国煤炭需求在2010年将超过30亿吨以上。为了满足这种需求,中国需要制定新的政策。到2008年,中国的生产能力为25亿吨。目前,生产能力为11亿吨的正在建设中。与此同时,政府已批准2亿吨的生产能力。考虑到废除的老煤矿,到2010年,中国煤炭产量将为31亿吨,将有能力平衡煤炭的需求。如果平均生产能力是一个新的煤矿,在未来的两年或三年,中国的数量的煤矿将增加24 。 1.2中国的煤层瓦斯分布 中国已储备煤炭相关的煤层气资源量31.5万亿立方米,深度在300至2000米。根据这些资源气掩埋的深度,这些资源可分为两部分。煤炭相关的瓦斯资源,地下深度300至1500米的达到19万亿立方米,超过60 的中国煤炭有关的瓦斯。见表1 。目前,大多数中国煤矿瓦斯回收瓦斯活动在中国举行,用来回收这个深度范围内的瓦斯。表1煤炭相关煤层气资源在不同深度的分布。埋藏深度(米)资源量(万亿立方米)百分比( )300150019.0860.651501-200012.3839.35总计31.461001.2.1 中国的东北地区东北地区由3个省:黑龙江,吉林和辽宁。煤层在这一地区主要是形成于白垩系和第三系,其次在石炭二叠纪系。早白垩世煤盆地很好的形成,能够富含高浓度的瓦斯。在三系中,在本地区只有抚顺盆地具有较高级别煤,如长焰煤和气煤,具有良好的瓦斯轴承性能,而所有其他流域只有lignitous煤,瓦斯含量低。在石炭二叠纪系中形成的煤层,只在南方部分区域能够富含高浓度的瓦斯。厚煤层在这些煤系中没有明显变化,煤层气的富含相对较好。瓦斯资源分配主要集中在黑龙江省和辽宁省。在这两个省,也有一些瓦斯丰富的地带,如三江-穆棱和带,浑江-辽阳带和辽宁西带。 1.2.2 中国北部地区 中国北部地区涵盖河北,山东,河南和安徽等地。它位于太行山东面,西起秦岭构造带,东部为焦炉断裂带,从中国东北辽宁-吉林-黑龙江地区的南部边界,南部以秦岭-大别山带以东部分为界。煤地层主要是石炭系,二叠系,其中的一小部分为中下侏罗系。在该地区,石炭二叠纪系的煤层广泛分布在大面积沉降区,有稳定和良好的富含煤层气的属性。由于有很好的地区勘探和开采前景,瓦斯回收活动在这一地区十分活跃,并在开滦,大成,淮北和淮南煤矿取得了一些突出的进展。 1.2.3 中国南部地区 中国南部地区位于广阔的土地,北起秦岭-大别山褶皱带,西到武陵山构造带,包括中国南方和东南方的大部分地区。煤岩层在这一地区主要形成于晚二叠系。只有很少的一部分晚二叠系煤田保存良好,具有相对稳定和良好的煤层瓦斯富含性。在本地区,瓦斯资源主要集中在江西和湖南等省,拥有丰富的煤层气资源,特别是在平乐和祥忠带。2回顾中国煤矿瓦斯的回收和利用 2.1历史上的中国煤矿瓦斯利用 中国的煤矿瓦斯回收和利用可以追溯到15年前。瓦斯的回收和利用的活动可分为四个阶段。第一个阶段是1990年之前(雷蒙德, 2008 ) 。当时,开采煤矿瓦斯被视为像煤炭开采一样的危险。中美两国政府(煤炭工业部后)和煤矿业主及经营者更加关注煤矿安全,相比清洁能源和气候变化。煤矿瓦斯的回收和利用,很少能有益进行。在此期间,虽然煤矿瓦斯回收和利用在经合组织国家开始流行,但是中国认为,中国的地质和采矿条件不同于西方和煤层气资源的开发,并且煤矿瓦斯的回收和利用的经验并不适用于中国。大部分煤矿瓦斯通过通风系统进入大气层,只有小部分煤矿的瓦斯被用于取暖和做饭。有少数试图利用煤矿瓦斯发电使用进口设备,但没有成功。 中国开始改变煤矿回收和利用意见在第二阶段: 1991年至1996年。在此期间,美国环保局在中国开发一煤矿瓦斯回收和利用项目。根据这一计划,技术资源,金融支持和信息交流提供给了中国政府和其他煤炭工业利益相关者。国际组织,如联合国开发计划署和全球环境基金帮助中国煤矿排放煤层气。第一个煤层气地面抽放和地下定向钻进示范项目的经费是由开发计划署和全球环境基金,并由开滦,松藻和铁法煤矿(雷蒙德, 2008 )主办 。煤矿经营者在引进了一些技术和设备,用于煤矿瓦斯监测和测试,并开始为煤矿瓦斯建立资源数据库。大规模的煤层气资源是被国际专家公认的。在此期间,没有发现重要的国家政府的政策,以促进中国煤矿瓦斯获取和利用。相反,国际社会组织中的中国煤矿瓦斯获取和利用,对中国政府改变其对中国煤矿瓦斯的相关问题的意见产生积极的影响。 第三个时期, 1996年至2004年,成为中国煤层气和煤矿瓦斯回收和利用的时代。在这一时期,已经发生了一些重大的变化。首先,中国政府改变态度,认为瓦斯已不再只是一种干扰采矿的气体,而是一种重要的潜在的清洁能源资源。第二,经合组织国家煤层气和煤矿瓦斯回收及利用的经验开始被中国政府关注。大的外国石油和天然气公司开始获取勘探许可证。第三,中国展望了煤层气和煤矿瓦斯生产的前景。第四,尽管进展缓慢,而且有些依赖外界的兴趣和投资,大型煤矿继续努力发展煤矿瓦斯资源。第五,亚太经济合作组织的任务是进行资助另一个煤矿瓦斯回收和利用示范项目,在中国辽宁省的铁法煤矿有限公司,在这个城市,向城镇供应商业的煤矿瓦斯气体取得了成功。第六,温室气体排放量减少成为发展清洁机制下的新重点-兑现煤矿瓦斯回收和利用项目的资金来源。 最后一个时期, 2005-2008年(本阶段) ,标志着中国的抢煤矿瓦斯这种“金子”。在此期间的显著特点,包括: (1)大型清洁发展机制项目的竞争驱使中国政府重新关注中国煤矿瓦斯项目的开发; (2)如山西晋城电力项目( 120兆瓦),这种真正的全球一流的项目已经计划完成; (3)作为清洁发展机制项目,许多项目和资金被提出; (4)一些压缩天然气项目利用煤矿瓦斯做为主要能源取得发展; (5)在煤矿开采前排煤矿瓦斯成为一个强制性的国家政策; (6)许多煤矿业主和经营者使用的是其股票,进行投资煤矿瓦斯的回收和利用项目;(7)在此期间,一些非常重要的回收和利用中国煤矿瓦斯的政策是有效的。这些措施包括:“中国煤矿瓦斯价格管理的公告”,由国家发改委-国家发展和改革委员会的中国( 2007a )公布的 ; “实施中国煤矿瓦斯发电的通知”,由国家发改委在2007年4月公布的; “补贴中国煤矿瓦斯捕捉和利用的公告” ,由中国财政部在2007年4月出版的;“煤矿瓦斯排放标准(临时执行) ” ,由中国环境保护局(现在,环境部)和国家质量监督检疫局在2008年出版的。 2.2 中国煤矿瓦斯的回收和利用的严峻挑战 在过去15年里,尽管中国政府和煤炭工业的利益攸关者努力工作,但在煤矿瓦斯回收和利用这一领域,中国要赶上经合组织,现在仍有很长的路要走。中国正面临至少包括以下严峻的挑战: 捕捉煤矿瓦斯能力有限:在中国瓦斯回收和利用,大多数中型和小型煤矿来说是比较新的。这些煤矿在瓦斯捕获的专业知识和技术方面比较欠缺。根据作者现场调查的贵州,四川等省的12个煤矿中,只有大约30 或40 的煤矿进行瓦斯捕获和利用。通风系统仍然负责把大多数瓦斯排放到大气中去。 利用煤矿瓦斯的能力有限,:在中国许多煤矿,关于瓦斯抽放有一个新的政策: “煤矿瓦斯抽放第一,煤炭开采第二” 。这一政策,主要是国家为了煤矿的安全生产,不强制煤矿经营者使用或耗尽抽放的瓦斯。因此,大多数的煤矿瓦斯捕获较低,只有不到25 的瓦斯。此外,瓦斯排放和通过泵站捕获瓦斯随煤炭生产的增加而增加;但瓦斯的利用却跟不上瓦斯捕捉的速度。许多煤矿不得不把捕获和抽放的放瓦斯排入大气。 缺乏利用通风空气中瓦斯的技术 :在中国大多数煤矿,通风空气中大约有60 或70 的煤矿瓦斯排放到大气中。在中国通风空气中瓦斯的浓度通常是低于2 的。由于缺乏技术和资金的投资,中国煤矿利益者缺少使用通风空气中的瓦斯作为清洁能源的经验。
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