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本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系 别:专 业:姓 名:学 号: 外文资料翻译译文Microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of impact studyAbstractTaking the picking fresh walnuts as the research object, the microwave walnut break hull test, break hull rate of 87.65%; And of microwave effects on the walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influence, and the results showed that the microwave processing, walnut shell material elastic modulus, tensile strength and mechanical indexes and processing there were no significant changes before. In addition, also in walnut shell tensile mechanical properties of the tested and won the walnut the tensile strength of the place relict limit to 1. 47 M Pa, for sure walnut emerged inflationary pressure in microwave needed to provide the reference.Keywords: microwave; Break hull; The whole shell tensile; Mechanical properties0 PrefaceWalnut machinery of the existence of high rate of broken emerged, the kernel rate is low has been restricted walnut realize mechanization production and processing of the important reason of our country, the development of walnut industrial caused certain influence. Therefore, explore new methods for realizing mechanization walnut emerged industrialization and export income, increase the economic benefit has urgent practical significance. At present, the technology for walnut mechanization emerged research focus on the gap emerged, blow for extrusion emerged, methods and the application of finite element method for related mechanical design emerged, but still has broken rate is high, the whole kernel rate low. In addition, the emerging technology used in the research is also emerged nuts is in the ascendant, such as YangRui etc in walnut laser irradiation behavior by the numerical analysis and simulation, explores the laser technology shelling mechanism; LiXiaoXia explores the buckwheat shell microwave method; ZhangLi, Yang fu Ephraim with microwave technology, realize the board of chestnut shell.The author on the basis of previous studies, of microwave technology function mechanism of walnut emerged proposes that emerged walnut microwave method is feasible. This paper is to study this paper further discusses the front, to search for microwave processing technology parameters (power, time, humidity and temperature) in walnut shell material mechanics and the influence law of nature, studied the microwave technology role walnut shell material stretching before and after the mechanical properties of differences, and determine the seam walnut the tensile strength of the limit in, to determine the walnut microwave emerged inflationary pressure and further guidance for microwave technology parameters are selected to provide the reference.1 Walnut microwave break hull testWalnut is primarily through microwave microwave break hull role in walnutmeat, its internal water molecules in alternating under the influence of electromagnetic field polarization orientation for high frequency shift, the internal walnut in short time produce very high quantity of heat form high pressure water vapor, when water vapor pressure of the pressure of walnut is inflation pressure is greater than the ultimate tensile stress walnut, walnut burst. Therefore, the density of the nut shell is its internal structure formed an important guarantee of high pressure; The walnuts contain moisture is internally generated the material basis of high pressure water vapor; Microwave technology parameters (power, time and temperature, etc) is able to rupture external power of walnut. Therefore, it is necessary to walnut microwave technology needed to break hull parameters were tested.1.1 materials and equipmentTest is just picked off cortical JinLong 1 cotton walnut as the research object, the walnuts moisture content of 21%, to prevent water loss, will test sample in a plastic bag sealed stored in the refrigerator for refrigeration.W LD 07S-08 type glanze microwave ovens, microwave role, power and temperature are time adjustable; Vernier gauges.1.2 test methodThe three factors 3 level completely combination test, each portfolio selection three shape, size close of walnut similar as repeated samples. Before the test test walnut trunnion, diameter, caliper size. The end, observation and rupture of walnut recorded.1.3results and analysisWalnut microwave break hull situation as is shown in table 1. Table 1 walnut microwave break hull test results Group numberTemperaturePowerWTimeminBroken shell /%1503002100250300366.7350300433.345050021005505003100650500466.77507002100850700366.795070041001060300266.71160300366.71260300410013605002100146050031001560500410016607002100176070031001860700466.71970300266.72070300310021703004100227050021002370500366.724705004100257070021002670700310027707004100From the table that 1, 81 a walnut, only 10 star have not broken open, break hull rate reached 87. 65%, if consider alone each temperature, each power, each time break hull rate, the result in table 2.Table 2 single factor in walnut the influence of emerged rateFactorTemperature/Power/wTime/min50670300500700234Broken shell /%81.588.892.674.192.696.385.285.292.6From the table 2, it is known that in the three factors, the temperature of high and low vapor pressure of the internal to the size of the size of the power to the internal temperature rise the speed of the water vapor; Because W LD 07S-08 type microwave equipment work characteristics, that is, to stop working after set temperature, so the length of time can not influence within the maximum pressure steam shell, will not affect the speed of temperature rise. So time to the influence of the factors emerged relatively small rate, and the results were consistent with the findings.2 Microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influenceThrough to the walnut microwave before and after processing the contrast test that destructive compression, microwave treatment of walnut compression significantly less destructive power, this shows that on lots of walnut break hull, for in the microwave treatment not burst of walnut and compression is the easy emerged. In addition, we also found that the microwave process, walnut high pressure water vapor by the inside of the role, the tensile deformation happen. Therefore, the microwave technology in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of influence, but for further reveal the mechanism of the walnut microwave emerged provides the basis. The author of such microwave before and after the shell material role elastic modulus and tensile strength comparison test.2. 1 sample preparationThe test samples and in front of the experimental study of walnut emerged the same, with the saw in walnut along the axis direction for about 10 mm long, wide about 2 mm of walnut as specimens. Because walnut is curved shell form, had taken the length of the specimen should be as low as possible, in the direction of the small curvature of the better effect under saws. Will pass the microwave processing and without processing (control group) were made of walnut specimens, with caliper measured the length, width and thickness.2. 2 equipment and methodsSAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic universal testing; Accuracy of 5% N 200 N sensor.Set for 10 mm loading rate/m in, the routine material mechanics tensile test methods. Because of the specimen is too small, to avoid gripping broke when specimens or clip slanting, gripping use tweezers when operating. Record force deformation and fracture walnut of force value.2. 3 results and analysisWalnut shell materials tensile mechanical indexes such as test value shown in table 3.From the table 3, it is known that the microwave processing get after the modulus of elasticity as walnut 21. 82 M P a, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa; Before the microwave processing elastic modulus is 22. 52 M Pa, tensile strength for 9. 57 MP a. microwave effects on the walnut shell that material has a little influence on tensile mechanical properties.LiangLi etc: microwave in walnut shell materials tensile mechanical properties of impact studyTable 3 walnut shell materials tensile mechanical property indexNumberLength /mmWidth /mmThickness /mmArea /mm2Most strongly /NModulus of elasticity /MpaTensile strength /Mpa113. 601.901.382.6220.3424.207.76Control14. 262.561.704.3540.424.009.29210.682.001.482.9629.5427.709.98Control11.522.561.784.5625.5526.705.61310.242.621.082.8310.3820.403.67Control14.961.801.703.0610.767.033.52416.303.581.987.0977.263.5910.90Control15.182.881.985.781.0312.4014.21513.223.681.164.2772.7420.0017.60Control14.823.202.006.438.6317.2012.84616.663.921.485.891.2612.4012.87Control17.643.981.485.89106.3132.8018.05714.262.981.283.8156.1746.0014.72Control13.843.322.147.184.7018.3011.92814.962.001.783.5662.5611.9017.57Control11.823.921.827.1345.9932.206.45915.122.701.283.469.2529.702.68Control10.783.001.725.1656.5917.1010.971014.562.441.884.5912.3022.302.68Control12.383.021.484.4712.8357.502.883 Walnut shell whole stretch mechanics performance is determinedEmerged from walnut microwave experimental results that, by all the breakdown of the sample after microwave processing are from walnut suture line the breakdown of the place, and it shows in walnut suture line tensile mechanical properties and surface of different materials walnut. Therefore, the need to place relict tensile mechanical nature of the study, this needs in walnut shell the tensile test. Because of walnut size is differ, irregular shape, test the clip if too loose, the tensile easily when slippage; If the clip too tight, it is easy to appear clip crack a phenomenon, so difficult test. For this reason, we designed a set of adjustable size shape walnut shell chuck for walnut shell of the tensile test.3. 1 equipment and methodsTest in SAN S CMT 6140 microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine, a self-made walnut special jig. Before the test, will walnut and surface with a fixture acetone clean, and the determination of walnut trunnion, side diameter and diameter. The two clamping fixture first in the testing machine, adjust the fixture chuck size to appropriate value will chuck after fixed, again with strength and AB glue stick to the fixture will walnut (will show the seams of the walnut, do not stick on the glue) to try to ensure that the center of the two fixtures in one line, and walnut and the vertical seam lines. To glue dry after appearing again the walnut shell stretch mechanics performance test, the end of the shape of the cross section will walnut surveying and mapping out and record the most strong values.3. 2 results and analysisIn walnut shell when the tensile, walnut seam place along the cracked. At this time, the stress in walnut suture line reaches limit, this stress value is measured by the testing machine of the most strongly and shifted walnut in circular seam for the calculation of the sectional area. Test results listed in table 4.Table 4 walnut shell tensile test the test resultsSerial numberShaft Diameter /mmDiameter /mmSide diameter /mmShell thickness of suture /mmDensity of the suture line /( Nmm- 1)Most strongly /NUltimate tensile strength of suture /MPa130.7030.4630.985.167.17685.701.44230.0031.3038.201.982.85279.641.40335.8238.0039.506.248.27985.991.64438.5832.3630.764.506.27636.771.45533.0034.8033.204.594.28467.731.11633.8234.0234.142.263.80406.261.81The mean33.6733.4934.464.105.44577.021.47From the table 4, it is known that the seam of walnut in limit tensile stress for 1. 47 MPa, and walnut on the surface tensile stress value 9. 57 MPa compared are much smaller, this is what walnut in microwave role in the cause of the broken seam after, this limit tensile stress can be used as microwave technology parameter selection basis.4 ConclusionBased on the test of fresh walnuts emerged, and walnut shell material and the mechanical properties of walnut shell are tested, get the following main conclusions:(1) the fresh walnuts microwave process after the break hull rate can amount to 87. 65%, in the microwave technology parameters, temperature and power is the time factor to influence emerged rate.(2) test after the microwave processing of walnut elastic modulus is 21. 82 MPa, tensile strength of 10. 043 M Pa, both with the processing there were no significant changes before that microwave role in walnut shell material has a little influence on tensile mechanical properties.(3) test in the seam of walnut limit tensile stress value is 1. 41 MPa, and walnut shell material limit tensile stress value is much more than a small, for choosing suitable for microwave technology parameters of walnut emerged provides reference basis.References:1 ShiJianXin, Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel machinery at home and abroad and emerged from the present situation and the problem study J. J xinjiang agricultural mechanization, 2001 (6) : 29 32.2 Michael essien moving army. Walnut kernel methods and test emerged take D. Urumqi: xinjiang agricultural university, 2002.3DongYuan DE, ShiJianXin, QiaoYuanYuan. Walnut different way of emerged emerged take effect benevolence J. Journal of agricultural products processing, 2007 (9) : 4 5, 9.4 ShiJianXin, ZhaoHaiJun, Michael essien moving army. Based on the finite element analysis technology of walnut shell J. Journal of agricultural engineering, 2005, 21 (1) : 185 188.5 WuZiYue. Cotton walnut shell take benevolence of mechanical J. Journal of agricultural engineering, 1995, 11 (4) : 164 169.6 YangRui, yan. Laser and walnut interaction is the mechanics and finite element analysis J. Agriculture machine research, 2008 (4) :.7 LiXiaoXia. Buckwheat shell mechanical properties and microwave process test emerged D. TaiGu: shanxi agricultural university, 2008.8 ZhangLi. Chestnut microwave device mechanism and processing technology research D. Hefei: hefei university of technology, 2004.9 Yang fu Ephraim, takami m, ZhuNiu. Use the microwave can related to the new technology of garments shell to new method J. Food science and technology, 2006 (9) : 80 83.外文原文微波对核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质的影响研究摘 要以刚采摘的新鲜核桃为研究对象,进行了微波核桃破壳试验,破壳率达到87.5%,同时,研究了微波作用对核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质的影响,结果表明:微波处理后,核桃壳体材料弹性模量、抗拉强度等力学性质指标与处理前比较无明显变化。另外,还对核桃整壳拉伸力学性质指标与处理前比较无明显变化。另外,还对核桃整壳拉伸力学性质进行了测定获得了核桃壳缝合线处的拉伸强度极限值为1.47MPa,为确定核桃微波破壳所需的膨胀压力提供了参考依据。关键词:微波;破壳;整壳拉伸;力学性质0 前 言核桃机械破壳存在的破碎率高、整仁率低等问题一直是制约核桃实现机械化生产加工的重要原因, 对我国核桃产业的发展造成了一定影响。因此,探索新的机械化核桃破壳方法对于实现产业化、出口创汇、增加经济效益等具有迫切的现实意义。目前,国内外对于核桃机械化破壳技术的研究主要集中在定间隙挤压破壳、打击破壳等方法及应用有限元等方法进行相关破壳机械的设计方面,但仍存在破碎率高、整仁率低等问题。另外,将新兴技术应用于坚果破壳的研究也是方兴未艾,如杨锐等对核桃受激光辐照行为进行了数值分析与模拟,探索了激光技术脱壳机理;李晓霞探索了荞麦微波脱壳方法; 张莉、杨芙莲等利用微波技术实现了对板栗的脱壳。作者在前人研究的基础上,对微波技术进行核桃破壳的作用机理进行了初探,证明核桃微波破壳方法是可行的。本文是对前面研究的进一步深入探讨,为探求微波加工工艺参数(功率、时间、湿度和温度)对核桃及壳体材料力学性质的影响规律,试验研究了微波技术作用前后核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质的差异,并测定了核桃壳缝合线处的拉伸强度极限值,为确定核桃微波破壳所需的膨胀压力并为进一步指导微波技术参数的选择提供参考依据。1 核桃微波破壳试验核桃微波破壳主要是通过微波作用于核桃仁时,其内部水分子在交变电磁场作用下极化取向作高频转变,致使核桃壳内部在短时间内产生很高的热量形成高压水汽,当高压水汽对核桃壳的压力即膨胀压力大于核桃壳的拉伸极限应力时,核桃壳发生破裂。因此,果壳的致密结构是其内部形成高压的重要保证;核桃仁所含的水分是内部产生高压水汽的物质基础;微波的技术参数(功率、时间和温度等)则是核桃壳能够破裂的外在动力。因此,有必要对核桃微波破壳所需的技术参数进行试验研究。1.1 材料与仪器试验选用采摘后刚褪去外皮的晋龙1号棉核桃为研究对象,核桃仁含水率达 21% , 为防止水分散失,将试验样本用塑料袋密封置于冰箱内藏,WLD07S-08 型格兰仕微波炉,微波作用温度、功率和时间均可调;游标卡尺。1.2 试验方法采用3因素3水平完全组合试验,每个组合选取3个形状相似、大小相近的核桃作为重复样本,试验前测试核桃的轴径、横径、测径大小。试验结束时,观测核桃壳破裂情况并进行记录。1.3 结果与分析核桃微波破壳情况如表 1所示。表 1 核桃微波破壳试验结果组号温度/功率w时间min破壳率 /%1503002100250300366.7350300433.345050021005505003100650500466.77507002100850700366.795070041001060300266.71160300366.71260300410013605002100146050031001560500410016607002100176070031001860700466.71970300266.72070300310021703004100227050021002370500366.724705004100257070021002670700310027707004100由表 1可知,81颗核桃中只有10颗未破开,破壳率达到 87. 65% ,若单独考虑每个温度、每个功率、每个时间的破壳率,其结果见表 2。表 2 单因素对核桃破壳率的影响因素温度/功率/w时间/min50670300500700234破壳率/%81.588.892.674.192.696.385.285.292.6由表 2可知, 在这 3个因素中,温度的高低决定壳体内的水蒸汽压力的大小;功率的大小决定壳体内水蒸汽温度上升的快慢;由于WLD07S-08型微波设备的工作特点,即达到设定温度后就停止工作,故时间的长短不能影响壳体内水蒸汽的最大压力,也不影响温度上升的快慢,所以时间因素对破壳率的08型微波设备的工作特点,即达到设定温度后就停止影响相对较小,与前期研究结果一致。2 微波对核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质的影响通过对核桃微波处理前后压缩破坏力的对比试验得知,微波处理后核桃的压缩破坏力明显减少,这说明在进行大量核桃破壳时,对于在微波处理后未发生破裂的核桃再进行压缩破壳是比较容易的。另外,我们还发现微波作用过程中,核桃壳受到内部高压水汽的作用,发生了拉伸变形。因此,研究微波技术对核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质的影响, 可为进一步揭示核桃微波破壳的作用机理提供依据。作者对微波作用前后壳体材料的弹性模量及抗拉强度进行了对比试验研究。试验所用样本与前面核桃破壳试验研究中相同,用锯条在核桃上沿轴线方向获取长约10mm,宽约 2 mm的核桃壳作为试件。因为核桃是曲壳形的,所取试件的长度应尽量小,在曲率越小的方位锯下的效果越好。将经过微波处理和未经处理(对照组)的核桃均制成试件,用游标卡尺测取其长度、宽度和厚度。2.2 设备及方法SANS-CMT 6140微机控制电子万能试验,精度达5%N的200N传感器。设定加载速率为10mm/min,采用常规材料力学拉伸试验方法进行。由于试件太小,为避免夹持时弄断试件或夹歪,夹持时使用镊子操作。记录力变形曲线以及核桃壳发生破裂时的力值。2.3 结果与分析由表3可知,得到微波处理后核桃壳的弹性模量为21.82M P a,抗拉强度为10. 043 MPa;微波处理前弹性模量为22. 52MPa,抗拉强度为9.57MPa。说明微波作用对核桃壳体材料的拉伸力学性质影响不大。表 3 核桃壳体材料拉伸力学性质指标值编号长度 /mm宽度/mm厚度 /mm面积 /mm2最大力 /N弹性模量 /Mpa抗拉强度/Mpa113. 601.901.382.6220.3424.207.76对照14. 262.561.704.3540.424.009.29210.682.001.482.9629.5427.709.98对照11.522.561.784.5625.5526.705.61310.242.621.082.8310.3820.403.67对照14.961.801.703.0610.767.033.52416.303.581.987.0977.263.5910.90对照15.182.881.985.781.0312.4014.21513.223.681.164.2772.7420.0017.60对照14.823.202.006.438.6317.2012.84616.663.921.485.891.2612.4012.87对照17.643.981.485.89106.3132.8018.05714.262.981.283.8156.1746.0014.72对照13.843.322.147.184.7018.3011.92814.962.001.783.5662.5611.9017.57对照11.823.921.827.1345.9932.206.45915.122.701.283.469.2529.702.68对照10.783.001.725.1656.5917.1010.971014.562.441.884.5912.3022.302.68对照12.383.021.484.4712.8357.502.883核桃整壳拉伸力学性能的测定从核桃微波破壳试验结果看出,所有经微波处理后破裂的试样均是从核桃缝合线处破裂的,这说明核桃缝合线处的拉伸力学性质与核桃壳表面材料的有所不同。因此,需要对缝合线处的拉伸力学性质进行研究,这就需要对核桃整壳进行拉伸试验。由于核桃大小不一,形状不规则,试验时若将其夹得太松,则拉伸时容易滑脱;若夹得太紧,则易出现夹裂现象,所以试验难度较大。为此,我们专门设计了一套可调节尺寸的壳形核桃夹头来进行核桃整壳的拉伸试验研究。3.1 设备与方法试验在 SANSCMT6140微机控制电子万能试验机上进行,采用自制的核桃专用夹具。 试验前,将核桃和夹具表面用丙酮清洗干净,并测定核桃的轴径、侧径和横径,将两个夹具先装夹在试验机上,调节夹具夹头尺寸至合适值后将夹头固定,再用强力AB胶将核桃粘到夹具上(将核桃的接缝露出,不可粘上胶),尽量保证两个夹具的中心在一条线上,且使核桃的缝合线与该中心线垂直。待胶完全干透后再进行核桃整壳拉伸力学性能测试,试验结束时将核桃断面的形状测绘出来并记录最大力值。3.2 结果与分析在进行核桃整壳拉伸时,核桃沿缝合线处裂开。此时,核桃缝合线处的应力达到极限值,该应力值是通过试验机上测出的最大力与裂开后核桃缝合线处的环形截面积计算得到的,测试结果列于表4。表4 核桃整壳拉伸试验测试结果序号轴径 /mm横径/mm侧径 /mm缝合线处壳厚/mm缝合线密度/( Nmm-1)最大力 /N缝合线处极限拉伸应力/MPa130.7030.4630.985.167.17685.701.44230.0031.3038.201.982.85279.641.40335.8238.0039.506.248.27985.991.64438.5832.3630.764.506.27636.771.45533.0034.8033.204.594.28467.731.11633.8234.0234.142.263.80406.2
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