近距离自动移动式机械手臂设计【气压驱动式】
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PLC控制机械手设计机械手电气控制系统,除了有多工步特点之外,还要求有连续控制和手动控制等操作方式。工作方式的选择可以很方便地在操作面板上表示出来。当旋钮打向回原点时,系统自动地回到左上角位置待命。当旋钮打向自动时,系统自动完成各工步操作,且循环动作。当旋钮打向手动时,每一工步都要按下该工步按钮才能实现。以下是设计该机械手控制程序的步骤和方法。1、机械手传送工件系统示意图,如图1所示。 图1 机械手传送示意及操作面板图2、输入和输出点分配表及原理接线图表1 机械手传送系统输入和输出点分配表名 称代号输入名 称代号输入名 称代号输出启动SB1X0夹紧SB5X10电磁阀下降YV1Y0下限行程SQ1X1放松SB6X11电磁阀夹紧YV2Y1上限行程SQ2X2单步上升SB7X12电磁阀上升YV3Y2右限行程SQ3X3单步下降SB8X13电磁阀右行YV4Y3左限行程SQ4X4单步左移SB9X14电磁阀左行YV5Y4停止SB2X5单步右移SB10X15原点指示ELY5手动操作SB3X6回原点SB11X16连续操作SB4X7工件检测SQ5X173、操作系统 操作系统包括回原点程序,手动单步操作程序和自动连续操作程序,如图3所示。其原理是:把旋钮置于回原点,X16接通,系统自动回原点,Y5驱动指示灯亮。再把旋钮置于手动,则X6接通,其常闭触头打开,程序不跳转(CJ为一跳转指令,如果CJ驱动,则跳到指针P所指P0处),执行手动程序。之后,由于X7常闭触点,当执行CJ指令时,跳转到P1所指的结束位置。如果旋钮置于自动位置,(既X6常闭闭合、X7常闭打开)则程序执行时跳过手动程序,直接执行自动程序。4、回原位程序回原位程序如图4所示。用S10S12作回零操作元件。应注意,当用S10S19作回零操作时,在最后状态中在自我复位前应使特殊继电器M8043置1。5、手动单步操作程序如图5所示。图中上升/下降,左移/右移都有联锁和限位保护。6、自动操作程序 自动操作状态转移见图6所示。当机械手处于原位时,按启动X0接通,状态转移到S20,驱动下降Y0,当到达下限位使行程开关X1接通,状态转移到S21,而S20自动复位。S21驱动Y1置位,延时1秒,以使电磁力达到最大夹紧力。当T0接通,状态转移到S22,驱动Y2上升,当上升到达最高位,X2接通,状态转移到S23。S23驱动Y3右移。移到最右位,X3接通,状态转移到S24下降。下降到最低位,X1接通,电磁铁放松。为了使电磁力完全失掉,延时1秒。延时时间到,T1接通,状态转移到S26上升。上升到最高位,X2接通,状态转移到S27左移。左移到最左位,使X4接通,返回初始状态,再开始第二次循环动作。在编写状态转移图时注意各状态元件只能使用一次,但它驱动的线圈,却可以使用多次,但两者不能出现在连续位置上。因此步进顺控的编程,比起用基本指令编程较为容易,可读性较强。7、机械手传送系统梯形图如图7所示。图中从第0行到第27行为回原位状态程序。从第28行到第66行,为手动单步操作程序。从第67行到第129行为自动操作程序。这三部分程序(又称为模块)是图3的操作系统运行的。回原位程序和自动操作程序。是用步进顺控方式编程。在各步进顺控末行,都以RET结束本步进顺控程序块。但两者又有不同。回原位程序不能自动返回初始态S1。而自动操作程序能自动返回初态S2。8、指令语句表82.3机械手手臂结构的设计按照抓取工件的要求,车床上料机械手的手臂有三个自由度,及手臂的伸缩、左右回转和降(或俯仰)运动。手臂的回转和升降运动是通过立柱来实现的,立柱的横向移动即为手臂的横移。手臂的各种运动有气缸来实现。2.3.1机械手手臂设计要求机器人手臂的作用,是在一定的载荷和一定的速度下,实现在机器人所要求的工作空间内的运动。在进行机器人手臂设计时,要遵循下述原则;1.应尽可能使机器人手臂各关节轴相互平行;相互垂直的轴应尽可能相交于一点,这样可以使机器人运动学正逆运算简化,有利于机器人的控制。2.机器人手臂的结构尺寸应满足机器人工作空间的要求。工作空间的形状和大小与机器人手臂的长度,手臂关节的转动范围有密切的关系。但机器人手臂末端工作空间并没有考虑机器人手腕的空间姿态要求,如果对机器人手腕的姿态提出具体的要求,则其手臂末端可实现的空间要小于上述没有考虑手腕姿态的工作空间。3.为了提高机器人的运动速度与控制精度,应在保证机器人手臂有足够强度和刚度的条件下,尽可能在结构上、材料上设法减轻手臂的重量。力求选用高强度的轻质材料,通常选用高强度铝合金制造机器人手臂。目前,在国外,也在研究用碳纤维复合材料制造机器人手臂。碳纤维复合材料抗拉强度高,抗振性好,比重小(其比重相当于钢的1/4,相当于铝合金的2/3),但是,其价格昂贵,且在性能稳定性及制造复杂形状工件的工艺上尚存在问题,故还未能在生产实际中推广应用。目前比较有效的办法是用有限元法进行机器人手臂结构的优化设计。在保证所需强度与刚度的情况下,减轻机器人手臂的重量。4.机器人各关节的轴承间隙要尽可能小,以减小机械间隙所造成的运动误差。因此,各关节都应有工作可靠、便于调整的轴承间隙调整机构。5.机器人的手臂相对其关节回转轴应尽可能在重量上平衡,这对减小电机负载和提高机器人手臂运动的响应速度是非常有利的。在设计机器人的手臂时,应尽可能利用在机器人上安装的机电元器件与装置的重量来减小机器人手臂的不平衡重量,必要时还要设计平衡机构来平衡手臂残余的不平衡重量。6.机器人手臂在结构上要考虑各关节的限位开关和具有一定缓冲能力的机械限位块,以及驱动装置,传动机构及其它元件的安装。2.3.2设计具体采用方案机械手的垂直手臂(大臂)升降和水平手臂(小臂)的伸缩运动都为直线运动。直线运动的实现一般是气动传动,液压传动以及电动机驱动滚珠丝杠来实现。考虑到搬运工件的重量较大,考虑加工工件的质量达30KG,属中型重量,同时考虑到机械手的动态性能及运动的稳定性,安全性,对手臂的刚度有较高的要求。综合考虑,两手臂的驱动均选择液压驱动方式,通过液压缸的直接驱动,液压缸既是驱动元件,又是执行运动件,不用再设计另外的执行件了;而且液压缸实现直线运动,控制简单,易于实现计算机的控制。因为液压系统能提供很大的驱动力,因此在驱动力和结构的强度都是比较容易实现的,关键是机械手运动的稳定性和刚度的满足。因此手臂液压缸的设计原则是缸的直径取得大一点(在整体结构允许的情况下),再进行强度的较核。同时,因为控制和具体工作的要求,机械手的手臂的结构不能太大,若仅仅通过增大液压缸的缸径来增大刚度,是不能满足系统刚度要求的。因此,在设计时另外增设了导杆机构,小臂增设了两个导杆,与活塞杆一起构成等边三角形的截面形式,尽量增加其刚度;大臂增设了四个导杆,成正四边形布置,为减小质量,各个导杆均采用空心结构。通过增设导杆,能显著提高机械手的运动刚度和稳定性,比较好的解决了结构、稳定性的问题。2.4机械手腕部的结构设计机器人的手臂运动(包括腰座的回转运动),给出了机器人末端执行器在其工作空间中的运动位置,而安装在机器人手臂末端的手腕,则给出了机器人末端执行器在其工作空间中的运动姿态。机器人手腕是机器人操作机的最末端,它与机器人手臂配合运动,实现安装在手腕上的末端执行器的空间运动轨迹与运动姿态,完成所需要的作业动作。2.4.1机器人手腕结构的设计要求1.机器人手腕的自由度数,应根据作业需要来设计。机器人手腕自由度数目愈多,各关节的运动角度愈大,则机器人腕部的灵活性愈高,机器人对对作业的适应能力也愈强。但是,自由度的增加,也必然会使腕部结构更复杂,机器人的控制更困难,成本也会增加。因此,手腕的自由度数,应根据实际作业要求来确定。在满足作业要求的前提下,应使自由度数尽可能的少。一般的机器人手腕的自由度数为2至3个,有的需要更多的自由度,而有的机器人手腕不需要自由度,仅凭受臂和腰部的运动就能实现作业要求的任务。因此,要具体问题具体分析,考虑机器人的多种布局,运动方案,选择满足要求的最简单的方案。2.机器人腕部安装在机器人手臂的末端,在设计机器人手腕时,应力求减少其重量和体积,结构力求紧凑。为了减轻机器人腕部的重量,腕部机构的驱动器采用分离传动。腕部驱动器一般安装在手臂上,而不采用直接驱动,并选用高强度的铝合金制造。3.机器人手腕要与末端执行器相联,因此,要有标准的联接法兰,结构上要便于装卸末端执行器。4.机器人的手腕机构要有足够的强度和刚度,以保证力与运动的传递。5.要设有可靠的传动间隙调整机构,以减小空回间隙,提高传动精度。6.手腕各关节轴转动要有限位开关,并设置硬限位,以防止超限造成机械损坏。2.4.2设计具体采用方案通过对数控机床上下料作业的具体分析,考虑数控机床加工的具体形式及对机械手上下料作业时的具体要求,在满足系统工艺要求的前提下提高安全和可靠性,为使机械手的结构尽量简单,降低控制的难度,本设计手腕不增加自由度,实践证明这是完全能满足作业要求的,3个自由度来实现机床的上下料完全足够。具体的手腕(手臂手爪联结梁)结构见图8。图8 车床上料机械手手指2.5机械手末端执行器(手爪)的结构设计2.5.1机械手末端执行器的设计要求机器人末端执行器是安装在机器人手腕上用来进行某种操作或作业的附加装置。机器人末端执行器的种类很多,以适应机器人的不同作业及操作要求。末端执行器可分为搬运用、加工用和测量用等。搬运用末端执行器是指各种夹持装置,用来抓取或吸附被搬运的物体。加工用末端执行器是带有喷枪、焊枪、砂轮、铣刀等加工工具的机器人附加装置,用来进行相应的加工作业。测量用末端执行器是装有测量头或传感器的附加装置,用来进行测量及检验作业。在设计机器人末端执行器时,应注意以下问题;1.机器人末端执行器是根据机器人作业要求来设计的。一个新的末端执行器的出现,就可以增加一种机器人新的应用场所。因此,根据作业的需要和人们的想象力而创造的新的机器人末端执行器,将不断的扩大机器人的应用领域。2.机器人末端执行器的重量、被抓取物体的重量及操作力的总和机器人容许的负荷力。因此,要求机器人末端执行器体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑。3.机器人末端执行器的万能性与专用性是矛盾的。万能末端执行器在结构上很复杂,甚至很难实现,例如,仿人的万能机器人灵巧手,至今尚未实用化。目前,能用于生产的还是那些结构简单、万能性不强的机器人末端执行器。从工业实际应用出发,应着重开发各种专用的、高效率的机器人末端执行器,加之以末端执行器的快速更换装置,以实现机器人多种作业功能,而不主张用一个万能的末端执行器去完成多种作业。因为这种万能的执行器的结构复杂且造价昂贵。4.通用性和万能性是两个概念,万能性是指一机多能,而通用性是指有限的末端执行器,可适用于不同的机器人,这就要求末端执行器要有标准的机械接口(如法兰),使末端执行器实现标准化和积木化。5.机器人末端执行器要便于安装和维修,易于实现计算机控制。用计算机控制最方便的是电气式执行机构。因此,工业机器人执行机构的主流是电气式,其次是液压式和气压式(在驱动接口中需要增加电-液或电-气变换环节)。2.5.2机器人夹持器的运动和驱动方式机器人夹持器及机器人手爪。一般工业机器人手爪,多为双指手爪。按手指的运动方式,可分为回转型和移动型,按夹持方式来分,有外夹式和内撑式两种。机器人夹持器(手爪)的驱动方式主要有三种1.气动驱动方式这种驱动系统是用电磁阀来控制手爪的运动方向,用气流调节阀来调节其运动速度。由于气动驱动系统价格较低,所以气动夹持器在工业中应用较为普遍。另外,由于气体的可压缩性,使气动手爪的抓取运动具有一定的柔顺性,这一点是抓取动作十分需要的。2.电动驱动方式电动驱动手爪应用也较为广泛。这种手爪,一般采用直流伺服电机或步进电机,并需要减速器以获得足够大的驱动力和力矩。电动驱动方式可实现手爪的力与位置控制。但是,这种驱动方式不能用于有防爆要求的条件下,因为电机有可能产生火花和发热。3.液压驱动方式液压驱动系统传动刚度大,可实现连续位置控制。2.5.3机器人夹持器的典型结构1.楔块杠杆式手爪利用楔块与杠杆来实现手爪的松、开,来实现抓取工件。2.滑槽式手爪当活塞向前运动时,滑槽通过销子推动手爪合并,产生夹紧动作和夹紧力,当活塞向后运动时,手爪松开。这种手爪开合行程较大,适应抓取大小不同的物体。3.连杆杠杆式手爪这种手爪在活塞的推力下,连杆和杠杆使手爪产生夹紧(放松)运动,由于杠杆的力放大作用,这种手爪有可能产生较大的夹紧力。通常与弹簧联合使用。4.齿轮齿条式手爪这种手爪通过活塞推动齿条,齿条带动齿轮旋转,产生手爪的夹紧与松开动作。5.平行杠杆式手爪采用平行四边形机构,因此不需要导轨就可以保证手爪的两手指保持平行运动,比带有导轨的平行移动手爪的摩擦力要小很多。2.5.4设计具体采用方案结合具体的工作情况,本设计采用连杆杠杆式的手爪。驱动活塞往复移动,通过活塞杆端部齿条,中间齿条及扇形齿条使手指张开或闭合。手指的最小开度由加工工件的直径来调定。本设计按照工件的直径为80-130mm来设计。手爪的具体结构形式如图9所示:图9 手爪的具体结构2.6机械手的机械传动机构的设计2.6.1工业机器人传动机构设计应注意的问题机器人是由多级联杆和关节组成的多自由度的空间运动机构。除直接驱动型机器人以外,机器人各联杆及各关节的运动都是由驱动器经过各种机械传动机构进行驱动的。机器人所采用的传动机构与一般机械的传动机构相类似。常用的机械传动机构主要有螺旋传动、齿轮传动、同步带传动、高速带传动等。由于传动部件直接影响着机器人的精度、稳定性和快速响应能力,因此,应设计和选择满足传动间隙小,精度高,低摩擦、体积小、重量轻、运动平稳、响应速度快、传递转矩大、谐振频率高以及与伺服电动机等其它环节的动态性能相匹配等要求的传动部件。在设计机器人的传动机构时要注意以下问题:1.为了提高机器人的运动速度及控制精度,要求机器人各运动部件的重量要轻,惯量要小。因此,机器人的传动机构要力求结构紧凑,重量轻,体积小。2.在传动链及运动副中要采用间隙调整机构,以减小反向空回所造成的运动误差。3.系统传动部件的静摩擦力应尽可能小,动摩擦力应是尽可能小的正斜率,若为负斜率则易产生爬行,精度降低,寿命减小。因此,要采用低摩擦阻力的传动部件和导向支承部件,如滚珠丝杠副、滚动导向支承等。4.缩短传动链,提高传动与支承刚度,如用预紧的方法提高滚珠丝杠副和滚动导轨副的传动和支承刚度;采用大扭矩、宽调速的直流或交流伺服电机直接与丝杠螺母副连接,以减小中间传动机构;丝杠的支承设计采用两端轴向预紧或预拉伸支承结构等。5.选用最佳传动比,以达到提高系统分辨率、减少等效到执行元件输出轴上的等效转动惯量,尽可能提高加速能力。6.缩小反向死区误差,如采取消除传动间隙、减少支承变形等措施。7.适当的阻尼比,机械零件产生共振时,系统的阻尼越大,最大振幅就越小,且衰减越快;但大阻尼也会使系统的失动量和反转误差增大,稳态误差增大,精度降低。故在设计时要使传动机构的阻尼合适。2.6.2工业机器人常用的传动机构形式1.齿轮传动机构在机器人中常用的齿轮传动机构有圆柱齿轮,圆锥齿轮,谐波齿轮,摆线针轮及蜗轮蜗杆传动等。机器人系统中齿轮传动设计的一些问题齿轮传动形式及其传动比的最佳匹配选择。齿轮传动部件是转矩、转速和转向的变换器用于伺服系统的齿轮减速器是一个力矩变换器。齿轮传动比应满足驱动部件与负载之间的位移及转矩、转速的匹配要求,其输入电动机为高转速,低转矩,而输出则为低转速,高转矩。故齿轮传动系统要有足够的刚度,还要求其转动惯量尽量小,以便在获得同一加速度时所需的转矩小,即在同一驱动功率时,其加速度响应最大。齿轮的啮合间隙会造成传动死区(失动量),若该死区是闭环系统中,则可能造成系统不稳定,常使系统产生低频振荡,因此要尽量采用齿侧间隙小,精度高的齿轮;为尽量降低制造成本,要采用调整齿侧间隙的方法来消除或减小啮合间隙,从而提高传动精度和系统的稳定性。2.3 manipulator arm structure designAccording to the requirement, lathe to grab workpiece material arm has three degrees of freedom of the manipulator arm, and adjustable, turning around and drop (or pitch) movement.Turn and lifting movement of the arm is realized by pillar, column the lateral movement known as the shifting arm. Different campaigns have cylinder arm to realize. 2.3.1 manipulator arm design requirementsThe robotic arm role, it is in a certain load and a certain speed, realize the work required in robot in space sport. When designing the robotic arm, follow the following principles;1. Should as far as possible make the robotic arm each joint axis parallel; Perpendicular axis should as far as possible fellowship in a bit, so can make the robot kinematics inverse robot control simplifies, helps.2. The robotic arm structure size should satisfy the requirements of robots work space. Working space shapes and sizes and robot arm length, arm joint rotation range have close relationship. But the robotic arm end work space does not consider the space robot wrist gesture requirements, if robot wrist gesture to specific request, it can realize space arms ends to less than the above did not consider the wrist gesture work space.3. In order to improve the robot movement speed and control accuracy, should keep the robotic arm have enough under the condition of the strength and stiffness, as far as possible on the structure, material manage to reduce the weight of his arm. Strive to choose high intensity of lightweight materials, usually choose high-strength aluminum alloy manufacture a robotic arm. At present, in a foreign country, is also studying with carbon fiber composite materials manufacturing robot arm. Carbon fiber composite materials tensile strength, high ant-vibration sex good, small proportion (its proportion of 1/4 quite to steel, equivalent to aluminum alloy 2/3), but it is expensive, and in the performance stability and manufacturing complex shape workpiece exist problems of technology, it is not in application in practical production. At present more effective method is to use the finite element method for the optimization design of the robotic arm structure. The intensity and stiffness in ensuring the required under the weight of his arm, reduce the robot.4. The robot of each joint bearing clearance as small as possible, in order to reduce to mechanical clearance error motion caused. Therefore, the joints should have reliable operation, easy adjustment bearing clearance adjustment institutions.5. The robot arm relative to rotate the joints should as far as possible under the weight of the balance, the mechanical load and enhance decreases the response speed of the robotic arm movement is very favorable. In the design of robot arm, should as far as possible use in the robot of mechanical and electronic components and devices installed the weight of robotic arm to reduce weight, the unbalanced balancing mechanism when necessary to balance design remnants of unbalanced weight arm.6. The robotic arm on the structure to consider all the joints with certain limit switches and buffering mechanical set blocks, and driving device, transmission mechanism and other components installed.2.3.2 Design specific using schemeManipulator arm (arm) vertical lifting and level of arm (forearm) for linear motion telescopic movement. Linear motion realization is generally pneumatic transmission, hydraulic transmission and motor drive the ball screw to achieve. Considering the weight of carrying workpieces larger, consider the machining quality reaches the 30KG, belong to medium weight of the manipulator, and considering the stability of the dynamic performance and movement of the arm, the stiffness of safety, have higher demand. Comprehensive consideration, two arms driver all choose hydraulic drive mode, through hydraulic cylinder of direct drive, hydraulic cylinder is drive component and executive moving parts, and not to design another executive pieces; And the hydraulic cylinder realizing linear motion control simple, easy to realize the computer control.For hydraulic system can provide great motivation, so in driving force and structural strength are relatively easy to implement, and the key is manipulator of stability and stiffness of the sports meet. Therefore the arm hydraulic cylinder of design principle is the diameter of the cylinder made great point (in overall structures permission), then a nuclear strength.manipulator arm cannot too big, if only by increasing the hydraulic cylinder of cylinder size to increase stiffness, cannot satisfy the system is the rigidity requirement. Therefore, in the design of the additional guide-bar mechanism, forearm add two guide bar, and piston rod together constitute an equilateral triangle section form, try to increase its stiffness; Big arms add four guide bar, a positive quadrilateral layout, to reduce the quality, each guide bar adopts hollow structure. By adding a guide bar, can significantly improve the stability and stiffness of the manipulator movement, good solve structure, reliability problems. 2.4 structure design of robot wristRobot arm movement (including the waist of the seat, and gives the rotary motion) robot end actuators in its working space position, which the movement in the end of the installation of robotic arm, then gives the wrist robot end actuators in the motion of its working space gesture. CaoZuoJi robot wrist is the end of the robot, and the robotic arm with exercise, realize the end of installation of wrist of actuators space with movement trajectory posture, finish the homework action needed.2.4.1 The robot wrist structure design requirements1. Freedom of robot wrist readings, should according to assignments need to design. The more robot wrist freedom, the number of each joint Angle, the robot wrist the greater flexibility of the robot is higher, the adaptability also rightness homework more strong. However, the increase of freedom, also will make the wrist structure more complex, robot control more difficult, costs will increase. Therefore, the wrist of freedom, should according to actual operation degree is required to determine. In meet operational requirements of the premise, should make free degree as less. General robot wrist freedom for 2 to 3 degree, some needs more freedom, and some robot wrist dont need freedom, with only the movement by the arm and waist can achieve operational requirements of the task. Therefore, to the concrete analysis of multiple layouts, consider robot, sports scheme, choose the simplest satisfy the requirements of the plan.2. Robot wrist installed in the end of robot arm robot wrist, in the design, should strive to reduce the weight and volume to compact structure. In order to reduce the weight of robot wrist, wrist institutions drive sperating transmission. Wrist drive general installation in the arm, and do not adopt direct drive, and choose high-strength aluminum alloy manufacture.3. Robot wrist to and end actuators connected, accordingly, want to have the standard connection to facilitate the flange, structure of loading and unloading end actuators.4. Robot wrist institutions should have enough strength and stiffness, strength and movement to ensure the relay.5. To have reliable transmission gap adjusting mechanism, to minimize returned empty clearance, improve the transmission precision.6. The wrist of each joint axis rotation to limited a switch, and set limit to prevent hard out-of-gauge cause mechanical damage.2.4.2 design specific adopts planThrough the nc machine tools for feeding and unloading operations, considering the concrete analysis of concrete form CNC machine processing and manipulator up-down material operations in the specific requirements, and technological requirements of meet the system under the premise of improving safety and reliability of the structure of the manipulator, to make as far as possible simple, reduce the difficulty of the design and control of freedom, not to increase his wrist proved it is fully meet operational requirements of the three degrees of freedom, to realize the up-down material completely enough machine. Specific wrist (arms PAWS coupling beam) structure see figure 8.Figure 8 . Lathe feeding manipulator finger2.5 manipulator actuators (PAWS) structure designing2.5.1 manipulator actuator design requirementsRobot end actuator is installed on the robot wrist used for an operation or additional device homework. Robot end, many different kinds of actuators, in order to adapt to the different assignments and operation robot requirements. End actuators can be divided into move use, processing with with and measurement etc.Move use end actuators refers to all clamping device used to grab or adsorption transported objects.Processing with end actuators with gun, welding torch is milling cutter, grinding wheel, such as the robot machining tool, used for additional device corresponding processing work.With end actuator is measured with the additional head or sensors measuring device used to measuring and test operations.In design robot end actuators, should pay attention to the following questions;1. The robot end actuator is designed according to the operation requirement robot. A new terminal actuators occurrence, can increase a robotic new application places. Accordingly, according to the needs of the homework with people and create a new robot imagination, will continue at actuators expansion of the application field of robot.2. The weight of the robot end actuators to grab objects and the sum of weight and operating force the load force. The robot allow Therefore, request the end-effector actuators small volume, light weight, compact structure.3. The end-effector actuators with specificity is universal sexual paradox. Universal end actuators on the structure is complex, and even harder to achieve, for example, the universal humanoid multisensory dexterous robot hand yet practional utilization. At present, can be used to produce or those simple structure, universal sex not strong robot end actuators. Starting from the industrial application, should focus on the development of special, efficient robot end actuators, plus end actuators, in order to achieve the fast changing device of function, the robot is not advocated homework with a universal end actuators to complete variety of homework. Because this kind of everything the implementation of the structure is complex and expensive.4. Versatility and universal sex are two concepts, universal sex machine, and refers to the multi-energy refers to the end of generality, limited actuators, suitable for different robots, which requires the end actuators have standard machine interface (such as flange), make end actuators realizes standardization and blocks digestion.5. The end-effector actuators to facilitate installation and maintenance, easy to realize the computer control. Use computer control the most convenient is electric type actuator. Therefore, the industrial robot actuators mainstream is electric type, followed by the hydraulic and pneumatic type (in driving interface to increase electricity - liquid or electricity - air transform link).2.5.2 robot grippers sports and drive modeRobot grippers and machine hand claw. General industrial machine hand for double refers to how claws, PAWS. According to finger movement way, can be divided into back transformation and mobile type, press clamping way to points, within the clip type and supporting type two kinds.Robot grippers (PAWS) drive mode basically has 3 kinds1. Pneumatic drive mode this drive system is by electromagnetic valve to control the movement direction of the PAWS, with air regulator to adjust its movement speed. The pneumatic drive system of lower prices, so pneumatic grippers are widely used in industry. In addition, because gas compressibility, contentious hands-on claw grab motion has certain compliant sex, it is very need to grab action.2. Electric drive mode of electric drive PAWS application also more widely. The PAWS, generally USES the dc servo motor or stepping motor, and need to get enough gear reducer driving force and torque. Electric drive mode can realize the force PAWS with position control. But this cannot be used for driving way under the condition of a explosion-proof requirements, because motor may produce sparks and fever.3. Hydraulic drive mode hydraulic drive system transmission can achieve great stiffness.wherever continuous position control.2.5.3 The typical structure robot grippers1. Leveraged wedge PAWSUsing wedge block and levers to realize the pine, open PAWS, come to grab workpiece.2. Slide groove PAWSWhen the pistons forward movement, sliding channel through the pin PAWS merger, pushing produce clamping action and clamping force, when the pistons backward motion, PAWS loosen. This trip is larger, PAWS switching to grab different sizes of the object.3. Connecting rod leveraged PAWSThe PAWS in Detroit, connecting rod and leverage thrust PAWS produce clamped to relax) movement, because (the force-magnifying function, leverage the PAWS might produce larger clamping force. Usually use a combination of and the spring.4. Rack-and pinion type PAWSThe PAWS through the pistons pushing rack, rack driving gear rotating, produce the clamping PAWS with loosen action.5. Parallel leveraged PAWSAdopt parallelogram frame, so there is no need to guide can guarantee to keep the two fingers PAWS with parallel movement, the parallel rails than PAWS friction move to smaller.2.5.4 design specific adopts planCombined with concrete works, this design USES the connecting rod of lever PAWS. Driven by piston, piston rod ends move, the middle rack and rack is fan rack makes the fingers open or closed. The minimum opening finger by machining diameter to the setting. This design according to the workpiece diameter of 80-130mm to design. The concrete structure form PAWS shown as shown in figure 9:Figure 9 The specific structure PAWS2.6 manipulator mechanical transmission design2.6.1 industrial robot transmission mechanism design problems should be paid attention toRobot is by multistage league stem and joint space composed of multi-degree-of-freedom sports organization. In addition to direct drive robot, robot outside each league rod and exercise is of each joint by drive through all kinds of mechanical transmission mechanism driven. Robot adopted the transmission mechanism
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