飞行模拟转台设计【液压】
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毕业设计(论文)任务书I、毕业设计(论文)题目:飞行模拟转台设计II、毕 业设计(论文)使用的原始资料(数据)及设计技术要求:1. 采用并联机构,由三个液压缸联接上下两个平台,下平台固定,上平台的位姿通过液压缸的伸缩调整。同时上平台上安装可以绕轴旋转机构,从而实现飞行姿态模拟。2. 通过控制液压缸的伸缩,从而调整上平台的位姿。3. 设计液压飞行模拟转台的机械结构。III、毕 业设计(论文)工作内容及完成时间:1. 搜集资料写开题报告,英文翻译。 第1周第2周2. 模拟转台的机械结构设计。 第3周第5周3. 绘制零件图和装配图。 第6周第8周4. 设计液压缸的液压回路。 第9周第10周5.对系统进行三维建模。 第11周第14周6. 撰写毕业论文。 第15周第16周7. 答辩准备及毕业答辩 第17周 、主 要参考资料:1 赵佩华单片机接口技术及应用北京:机械工业出版社,20032陈康宁等机械工程控制基础西安:西安交通大学出版社,19973何克忠,李伟计算机控制系统北京:清华大学出版社,19984成大先等机械设计手册(液压传动)北京:化学工业出版社,20045机械设计手册编委会机械设计手册北京:机械工业出版社,20046 YUICHI SASAKI. Development of a computer-aided process planning system Based on a knowledge base. Marine science and technology(2003)7:175-179. 航空与机械工程 院(系) 机械设计制造及其自动化 专业类 0781053 班 学生(签名): 日期: 自 2011 年 3 月 15 日至 2011 年 5 月 28日 指导教师(签名): 助理指导教师(并指出所负责的部分):航空与机械工程 系(室)主任(签名):附注:任务书应该附在已完成的毕业设计说明书首页。学士学位论文原创性声明本人声明,所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立完成的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含法律意义上已属于他人的任何形式的研究成果,也不包含本人已用于其他学位申请的论文或成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式表明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名: 日期:学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权南昌航空大学可以将本论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 作者签名: 日期:导师签名: 日期:一、选题的依据及意义随着飞机和导弹的快速发展,要求其具有更高的性能和稳定性,这就要我们通过对他们的性能参数进行测量评估进而进行改进,但一架真正的飞机或一枚导弹的成本太高,我们不可能也没有必要用一架真正的飞机或导弹来进行实验采集数据,这就要求我们采用一些比较合理的实验装置来实现飞机或导弹的飞行状态,这样飞行模拟实验转台得以发展。该转台可以将重物放在其上面也可以用来对飞行员进行培训,因为它可以模拟飞机在空中飞行的各种姿态。该装置的出现既达到了对飞机或导弹性能参数的采集,进而改进,在成本上远远低于一架飞机或导弹的价格,对飞机和导弹的发展具有不可估量的价值。飞行模拟转台是具有重大经济价值和国防战略意义的高精尖实验设备,它是在实验室条件下模拟飞行器或导弹在空中飞行姿态半实物仿真的有力工具,它和目标发生装置组合在一起模拟导弹跟踪目标的过程,可以真实地模拟出导弹等飞行器在空间的各种姿态和动力学特性,从而对其传感器件、控制系统和执行机构等硬件设备的性能加以测试和评价,为飞行器的研制、改进和再设计提供各种参考依据。它的性能指标直接关系到飞行仿真结果的逼真度。随着当前国际形势的日益严峻和我国现代军事技术的不断发展,对模拟转台的精度要求不断提高。作为一种高精度的运动仿真设备,其台体动态特性直接影响到转台动态仿真的可靠程度。在设计阶段对机械台体进行动态特性分析和优化设计,尤其是对框架等结构支撑部件的动态特性研究和结构优化设计十分重要。二、国内外研究概况及发展趋势目前,大部分飞行模拟转台采用串联式机构,而本设计则采用并联式机械机构来实现的。采用并联机构的优点在于其承载能力大,机构简单。本机构由上下两个工作平台,下平台固定在地面上,上平台用来放待实验的物品,在上下平台之间采用三个液压缸连接,通过液压缸上升高度的不同,来实现上平台的倾斜,而上平台可由电动机带动旋转从而达到模拟飞机在飞行过程中的各种状态。飞行模拟器研制及应用被认为是飞行模拟技术发展的基础性工程和关键环节,一直受到世界各国尤其是发达国家的高度重视。美国是世界上最早开展飞行模拟器研究和应用的国家,在技术和数量上一直居领先地位。据统计,美国的飞行模拟器研制和采办费用每年增长一倍,仅1995年2000年的费用就高达36亿美元。俄罗斯同样是世界上的飞行模拟大国和强国,他们的所有飞机都配备有相应的飞行模拟器,仅空中飞行模拟器就有20余种,其中包括先进的空地综合飞行模拟系统。值得提出的是俄罗斯在飞行模拟器的基础理论研究,特别是人-机工效学和飞行员建模与仿真等方面都名列前茅。英、德、法等国的飞行模拟器研制及应用也始终处于世界先进行列。 我国在飞行模拟器研制及应用方面虽然起步比美、俄、英法等国较晚,但仍是世界上发展飞行模拟器较早的国家。于20世纪60年代开始使用射击练习器和仪表飞行练习器,并建立了研究用飞机控制系统模拟试验台、航空发动机模拟试验台。20世纪80年代发展更快,先后研制成功了一系列研制用飞行模拟器和工程用飞行模拟器,并普及设计、制造和使用了各个机种的飞行模拟训练器。出此,我国还是世界上少数能够设计和建造空中飞行模拟器的国家之一,所以可堪称为“飞行模拟器大国”。11 单片机控制系统的发展概况单片机,就是单片微型计算机的简称,又称微控制器。2自上世纪70年代面世以来不过短短30余年的历史,但因嵌入式应用而得到迅猛的发展,各种新颖的单片机层出不穷,令人目不暇接。它具有因体积小、成本低、控制能力强等优点,又由于现在开发环境的不断改善,正在以空前的速度迅速取代经典电子系统,广泛的应用于家用电器、机器人、工业控制单元、仪器仪表、汽车电子系统、金融电子系统、通讯系统等嵌入式产品中。目前单片机的种类繁多,世界各国厂商已研制出大约50个系列、30多个品种的单片机产品。与早期经典的8位单片机MCS51相比,无论是频率、字宽、寻址范围、集成度等方面都有了巨大的突破。现代科技的发展使得单片机的功能正日渐完善:1、单片机集成越来越多资源,内部存储资源日益丰富,用户不需要扩充资源就可以完成项目开发,不仅是开发简单,产品小巧美观,同时系统也更加稳定,目前该方向即是发展为SOC(片上系统)。2、单片机抗干扰能力加强,使的它更加适合工业控制领域,具有更加广阔的市场前景。3、单片机提供在线编程能力,加速了产品的开发进程,为企业产品上市赢得宝贵时间。4、在线仿真变的容易。用户一旦开发一个比较大的系统,开发调试变的非常复杂,同时由于单片机资源有限,不能象PC一样直接调试自己的软件,于是出现了品种繁多的专业仿真器,为用户的开发提供了强大功能,加速了开发进程,降低了开发难度。目前还已经有公司推出了可以在线调试的单片机,使得单片机系统的调试与开发变得更加方便、快速。随着单片机的发展,人们对事物的要求越来越高,单片机的应用软件技术也发生了巨大的变化,从最初的汇编语言,开始演变到C语言开发,不但增加了语言的可读性,结构性,而且对于跨平台的移植也提供了方便,另外一些复杂的系统开始在单片机上采用操作系统,一些小的嵌入式实时操作系统(RTOS)等,一方面加速了开发人员的开发速度,节约开发成本,另外也为更复杂的实现提供了可能。当前比较流行的RTOS有:WINCE,uClinux,Linux,uC/OS等等。本次设计的飞行模拟实验转台在选择控制系统时在综合考虑了微机、单片机和可编程控制器的成本、控制的难易程度和结构化布线等因素后,也拟定采用单片机进行控制。2 PID控制算法的发展概况PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative)即比例、积分、微分,指的是一项流行的线性控制策略。由于在工业生产过程的实际控制中,总是存在外界的干扰和系统中各个参数的变化,它们将会使系统性能变差。为了改善系统的性能,提高控制质量,通常在控制中引入比例(Proportional)环节来提高系统的快速性;为了消除静态误差,提高精度,加强系统对参数变化的适应能力,引入积分(Integral)环节;为了提高系统对动态过程的预知能力,克服惯性的影响,引入微分(Derivative)环节。这就是通常所说的PID控制。3按照偏差的比例、积分、微分进行控制(PID控制)是连续系统控制理论中技术最成熟、应用最为广泛的一种控制技术。它结构简单、参数易于调整、稳定性能好、可靠性高,使它在控制理论和技术飞速发展的今天仍然具有强大的生命力,在长期应用中已经积累了丰富的经验。特别是工业过程控制中,在决定系统参数的时候往往要借助现场调试和经验,在这种情况下,PID控制就更显示它的威力。其应用经久不衰,应用范围越来越广泛,改进方法也越来越多。二十世纪60年代发展、成熟起来的现代控制理论和近几年发展的智能控制理论仍在大量的PID控制的方法和思想。按照偏差的比例、积分和微分进行控制是过程控制中应用最为广泛的一种控制规律。实际运行经验和理论分析都充分证明,这种控制规律在相当多的工业对象的控制中是可以得到较满意的控制效果的,在计算机控制系统里首先采用的控制算式也是PID。三、设计要求及工作内容1 .采用并联机构,由三个液压缸联接上下两个平台,下平台固定,上平台的位姿通过液压缸的伸缩调整。同时上平台上安装可以绕轴旋转机构,从而实现飞行姿态模拟。2.由微机(单片机)控制液压缸的伸缩,从而调整上平台的位姿。3.设计液压飞行模拟转台的机械结构。4.设计液压缸的液压系统。5.设计单片机控制系统的电路。6.设计相关控制算法。四、目标、主要特色及工作进度目标:设计一个三由于液压缸支撑并通过液压缸上升高度的不同来实现一个倾斜角度,单片机控制,使用PID控制算法的飞行模拟实验转台。主要特色:该系统具有位置检测和速度检测功能,可通过改变液压缸上升的高度不同使工作台与水平面的夹角变化,实现飞机飞行时的各种倾斜状态,从而达到模拟飞机的作用.毕 业设计(论文)工作内容及完成时间:1. 搜集资料写开题报告,英文翻译。 第1周第2周2. 模拟转台的机械结构设计。 第3周第5周3. 绘制零件图和装配图。 第6周第8周4. 设计液压缸的液压回路。 第9周第10周5.对系统进行三维建模。 第11周第14周6. 撰写毕业论文。 第15周第16周7. 答辩准备及毕业答辩 第17周五 、主 要参考资料:1.赵佩华单片机接口技术及应用北京:机械工业出版社,20032.陈康宁等机械工程控制基础西安:西安交通大学出版社,19973.何克忠,李伟计算机控制系统北京:清华大学出版社,19984.成大先等机械设计手册(液压传动)北京:化学工业出版社,20045.机械设计手册编委会机械设计手册北京:机械工业出版社,20046.YUICHI SASAKI. Development of a computer-aided process planning system Based on a knowledge base. Marine science and technology(2003)7:175-179.7.Yu.I.Begichev, L.M.Koziorov, V.Yu.Lukanichev. Computer-Aided Flight Simulators: A Design Concept. Automation and Remote Control, 2001,7:1049-1056. 毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目 飞行模拟转台设计专 业 名 称 机械设计制造及其自动化班 级 学 号 078105310学 生 姓 名 李 江 指 导 教 师 高延峰填 表 日 期 2011 年 5 月 8 日说 明开题报告应结合自己课题而作,一般包括:课题依据及课题的意义、国内外研究概况及发展趋势(含文献综述)、研究内容及实验方案、目标、主要特色及工作进度、参考文献等内容。以下填写内容各专业可根据具体情况适当修改。但每个专业填写内容应保持一致。飞行模拟转台设计 学生姓名: 李 江 班级:0781053指导老师:高延峰老师摘要:飞行模拟转台是航空航天仿真试验的重要设备之一,近年来仿真技术的发展对飞行模拟转台提出了更高的要求,同时也促进和飞行模拟转台的开发。飞行模拟转台是具有重大经济价值和国防战略意义的高精尖实验设备,它是在实验室条件下模拟飞行器或导弹在空中飞行姿态半实物仿真的有力工具,它和目标发生装置组合在一起模拟导弹跟踪目标的过程,可以真实地模拟出导弹等飞行器在空间的各种姿态和动力学特性,从而对其传感器件、控制系统和执行机构等硬件设备的性能加以测试和评价,为飞行器的研制、改进和再设计提供各种参考依据。它的性能指标直接关系到飞行仿真结果的逼真度。随着当前国际形势的日益严峻和我国现代军事技术的不断发展,对模拟转台的精度要求不断提高。作为一种高精度的运动仿真设备,其台体动态特性直接影响到转台动态仿真的可靠程度。在设计阶段对机械台体进行动态特性分析和优化设计,尤其是对框架等结构支撑部件的动态特性研究和结构优化设计十分重要。本文主要介绍液压模拟转台,包括设计特点和主要性能,并对主要指标的测试情况作了简单介绍和分析。关键字:飞行模拟转台 航空航天 仿真 指导老师签名:Hydraulic flight simulation turntableThe students name: Li jiang class: 0781053Teacher: GaoYanFengAbstract: flight simulation turntable is aerospace simulation experiment is one of the important equipment in recent years, the development of simulation technology for flight simulation turntable is put forward higher request, but also promote the development and flight simulation turntable. Flying simulation turntable is significant economic value and significance of defense strategy, it is exquisite experiment equipment in the laboratory conditions simulated flying in the air or missile flight hardware-in-the-loop simulation, it is a powerful tool and plant together to simulate the process of missile tracking, can truly simulate flying in space of missile etc all sorts of attitude and dynamic characteristics of the sensor, thus, control system and enforcement agencies and other hardware equipment performance test and evaluation, the development and improvement for vehicle and is designed to provide all kinds of reference. It is directly related to the performance index of fidelity flying simulation results. With the current international situation and the increasingly serious in modern military technology unceasing development, the accuracy of simulation turntable is improving. As a kind of precision motion simulation equipment, the dynamic characteristics of the machine body directly affect the reliability of the dynamic simulation turntable. In the design phase of mechanical machine body dynamic analysis and optimal design of frame structure, especially the dynamic characteristics of the study supported components and structure optimization design is very important. This paper mainly introduces the hydraulic simulation turntable, including the design characteristic and main performance, and the main indexes of tests are introduced and analyzed.Keywords: flight simulation turntable aerospace simulationSignature of supervisor:目录1. 绪论11.1 选题的依据及意义11.2 国内外研究概况及发展趋势12 . 单片机控制系统设计22.1 单片机的选用及功能介绍22.2 片外存储器功能简介32.3 显示与键盘部分设计42.4 交流异步电动机变频调速系统6 2.4.1 交流异步电动机变频调速原理7 2.4.2主电路和逆变电路工作原理7 2.4.3 变频与变压10 2.4.4 电动机与单片机的接口122.5 位移和转速检测部分的设计13 2.5.1 位移检测传感器和转速检测传感器的选用13 2.5.2 光栅位移和转速传感器与单片机的接口设计143 机械结构与液压传动系统设计173.1升降系统结构分析18 3.1.1液压缸结构18 3.1.2 液压缸零部件分析21 3.1.3油缸的壁厚校验233.2 传动系统结构分析与计算24 3.2.1 电动机的选择24 3.2.2.2轴尺寸设计27 3.2.3 键的选择与校核29 3.2.4 皮带的选择303.3 液压系统分析33 3.3.1液压系统33 3.3.2 液压泵与电动机的选择34结论36参考文献37致谢38Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual designIn recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent.One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analysesOur country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover packers for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise.2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction.3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice.4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low.5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful.Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design contentPeople long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structures design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a functions , satisfies the various technology and various there existing in economic targets , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly:1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc.2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front.3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection.4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time. Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a products turn.5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole.Three, concluding remarksThe thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that queen GMP times brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual designs.论药品包装机械的概念设计 近年来,由于我国经济形势的持续高涨和国家对制药行业强制性推行GMP(药品生产质量规范)认证制度,药品包装机械取得了长足的进步。新产品日益增多,技术水平有了很大的改进。但与国际水平相比还存在着很大的差距,近60%的产品达不到发达国家上世纪80年代的水平,先进大型的设备主要依赖进口。我国药品包装机械的低技术水平在很大程度上是由我国企业设计人员低水平设计引起的。一、我国药品包装机械现状分析我国药品包装机械与国际先进水平相比尚有较大的差距.国产药品包装机械设计上主要存在以下几点不足:1) 机械性能落后,国产药品包装机械大多精度低、速度慢、平稳性差。包装机械运转过程包含大量复杂的间歇式运动,主要由凸轮、连杆来实现。然而许多设计人员不会根据工作循环图和精度要求独立设计计算凸轮连杆机构的运动学和动力学参数,只是简单的把国外样机的凸轮连杆零件拆卸下来进行逐点测绘,造成执行机构误差很大。国产药品包装机械大多运行速度较低,如铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率一般为100300个/min,全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度50200盒/min,而国际上先进的铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率能够达到600个/min,全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度能够达到600 800盒/min。国产药品包装机械不仅运行速度慢,而且还伴有较大的噪音。2) 控制水平落后。国产药品包装机械大多控制水平低、自动性差、故障率高。国产药品包装机械(主要指盒装和灌装机械)大多采用PLC作现场控制,而国外先进的药品包装机械大多由计算机系统实现监控,控制水平相对落后。大多数国产药品包装机械自动性较差。一是普遍采用单机生产模式,全自动生产线少。二是做不到全自动运转,需要人工加料,手动装箱。如一些纸盒包装机中,药板、说明书纸页、纸盒都需要手动加料,且需专人随时注意说明书、药板、纸盒是否已经用完,以免造成机器空转或造成缺说明书、药板、药盒现象的发生。另外,国产药品包装机械故障率较高。控制元器件(如继电器、电磁阀、接触器、断路器等)等经常容易损坏,死机故障也时有发生。3)功能单一、可扩展性差。药品包装机械是针对特定的包装形式设计的。一般在规定的规格范围内可调。而我国许多药品包装机械在设计时考虑不充分,没有为进一步的改造留出足够的空间,致使设计的机械只能适应于几种简单的模板,不适应包装材料或模板尺寸的变化,即使适应生产的包装成品质量也不佳。 4)综合考虑不足,资源没有充分利用。我国药品包装机械设计存在着混乱现象,许多机械设计人员对电机拖动同步技术、伺服传动技术不了解,可用简单的电器设备解决的问题却用复杂的机械装置来实现,有的虽然采用了同步电机等装置来控制机构运行,但选取不当。这些情况不仅造成了资源的极大浪费,而且使设计的机械的性能低下。5)造型死板。我国的药品包装机械设计时很少考虑机械的造型,很多厂家生产的机械造型不美观,甚至没有造型,给人感觉僵硬、死板、没有活力。一些药盒包装机中,螺钉螺母都安装在机器的外面板上,而一些润滑用的油杯和油嘴也随处可见,加油时容易使机器到处沾满油污,给人印象粗糙,不美观。 二、药品包装机械概念设计的内容人们经过多年的研究,将概念设计定义为:“在确定了任务后,通过抽象化拟定功能结构,寻求适当的作用原理及其组合等,确定出基本求解途径,得出求解方案。这一部分设计工作叫做概念设计”概念设计指明确设计目的和现有条件后,设计者搜索多方面的知识,分析提炼后生成框架式的广泛意义上的解。药品包装机械的概念设计要求根据产品生命周期各个阶段,进行产品功能创造、功能分解以及功能和子功能的结构设计,进行满足功能和结构要求的工作原理求解和进行实现功能结构的工作原理载体方案的构思和系统化设计概念设计的过程是一个求解实现功能的、满足各种技术和经济指标的、可能存在的各种方案并最终确定综合最优方案的过程。概念设计的作用主要体现在产品设计的早期阶段。总设计师根据产品功能的需求而萌发出来的原始构思和冲动形成产品的主体框架,及它应包括的各主要模块和组件,以完成整体布局和外型初步设计。然后进行评估和优化,确定整体设计方案。再由各部分设计人员把总设计师的设计思想落实到具体设计中去,实现细节设计。实施药品包装机械的概念设计首先要求设计人员加强对药品包装的认识,深化理解药品包装的内涵,引进现代包装理念,积极与国际接轨。现代包装不仅是保障产品的安全,使产品运输方便,而且起着宣传、环保、防伪、美观等多方面的作用。药品包装机械设计人员应密切关注包装系统的发展.深入研究包装工艺,熟悉包装材料的发展和其对机械产品的要求。只有这样才能设计出满足用户要求的高水平机械产品。药品包装机械的概念设计的内容主要有:1)明确设计任务,做好可行性分析。设计者在进行设计工作初始阶段时应充分考虑产品的可行性。一方面是市场的考虑,包括产品销售、产品原料、制造费用的考虑;另一方面是产品加工的考虑,包括现有加工能力、加工工艺、加工性能及周边配套行业的考虑。周边配套环境的考虑主要指当地企业加工能力、加工水平、热处理工艺及基础设施的建设等。2)功能设计。我国大多数药品包装机械是对国外同类机型的仿制。但由于我国存在的特殊国情,须对产品进行适当的改造,以满足我国的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。设计的机械除需要满足盒装、灌装功能外,我们还须考虑包装机械的附加功能,如包装盒中应加入量杯、药勺等工具,以方便用户使用。在机种的开发方面可以设计较为先进的机械,如无菌包装机械、保鲜包装机械等。还可以开发药品包装前处理成套设备和后处理配套设备。 3)功能分解。药品包装机械属于机电一体化产品,设计时应全面考虑各功能。一般而言,药品包装机械功能大致可分为机构运动、监测传感、信息处理及控制功能3大部分。机构运动功能按不同机种又可细分,如铝塑泡罩包装机可分为成型、热封、压痕、冲裁4大功能,而纸盒包装机械可分为折纸、下纸、药板推送、纸盒打开、纸盒传输、折舌、插舌、压平和打批号等功能。在设计过程中还要考虑机械润滑、机械安全运行、包装卫生等功能。这要求设计人员充分考虑检测技术,光、机、电一体化技术、计算机技术.气动技术、物流技术之间的交叉联系。 4)机构设计。为实现预定的功能,我们需要使用不同的机构。这一过程中需综合考虑整机的各个部分,使设计的产品在满足使用要求的同时,结构简单、实用。药品包装机械机构设计时,应选择和组合适当的机构运动原理,充分考虑实现特定运动所需机构,如凸轮机构,连杆机构,凸轮连杆机构。同时还应运用分离传动技术,综合考虑传动轴(如花键轴和阶梯轴等)和传动系统的设计问题。设计过程中应尽量减少不确定性因素造成的影响,使机构运行平稳。设计时还应对机械进行动力学分析,以提升机械运行速度和平稳性。另外还应考虑包装机械的多样、可调、容错、可扩展、平稳性以及美观化,追求机械轻巧但稳定。设计过程可参考各类包装机械设计的长处,同时借鉴别的机械(如塑料机械、印刷机械)的优点。除进行机构设计外.还应考虑各功能另外的实现途径,如真空、电器控制等,以期最优组合该产品。 5)系统控制方案的设计。药品包装机械中一个很重要的部分就是对各机构实时检测补偿,以保证设备运行顺畅。现在很多机械产品选用了大量的光电开关作为检测元件,有的机械上还装备有诸如微机检测泡罩系统之类的系统。这都需要精心设计和整个控制系统连为一体。三、结束语将概念设计的思想融入药品包装机械的设计可以减少设计失误,缩短设计周期,加快产品的开发,使设计的产品更合理、更具有亲和力、更适合人机工程。同时它也是降低成本和提高企业竞争力的主要手段。为了改善药品包装机械设计落后、缺乏竞争力的被动局面,以适应“后GMP时代”带来的挑战,设计人员必须重视产品概念设计,深化理解概念设计的重要性。
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