电动汽车充电控制系统设计
电动汽车充电控制系统设计,电动汽车,充电,控制系统,设计
电动汽车充电控制系统的设计 电动汽车是目前世界上唯一能达到零排放的机动车。由于环保的要求,加之新材料和新技术的发展,电动汽车进入了发展高潮。电动汽车作为绿色交通工具,将在21世纪给人类社会带来巨大的变化。顺应当前国际科技发展的大趋势,将电动汽车作为中国进入21世纪汽车工业的切人点,不仅是实现中国汽车工业技术跨越式发展的战略抉择,同时也是实现中国汽车工业可持续发展的重要选择。 目前我国电动汽车研究已取得阶段性成果,已经完成了电动轿车、电动中型客车和电动大型客车的开发工作。在我国大中城市都普遍存在着十分严重的交通问题和汽车尾气排放污染问题,电动汽车是一种非常理想的中速和短途的日常公共交通工具,因此在我国有着得天独厚的发展条件和广阔的应用前景。根据欧美和日本等先进国家的经验,在进行电动汽车的开发和制造的同时,必须开发电动汽车公共充电站和进行电动汽车示范工程建设,为电动汽车的推广使用积累经验。在城市繁忙地段开辟电动汽车交通线,进行电动汽车的推广示范是一项很有意义的工作,为了作好这项工作,就必须进行电动汽车充电机及其充电管理系统的开发。 随着电动汽车研究的深入,对于电动汽车用电池充电器有了一定的需求,因为这是一个比较新的应用领域,开发者主要集中在一些科研单位或大学中。国内的生产单位主要是面向电瓶车、电动游览车、蓄电池维护等应用场合,因此充电机功率范围有限。从上面的分析可以看出,研制电动汽车大功率智能充电机具有重要意义。 外、与交流电网连接,为电动汽车动力电池提供小功率直流电源的供电装置,直流充电桩具有充电机功能,可以实时监视并控制被充电电池状态,同时,直流充电桩可以对充电电量进行计量。 根据充电方法不同,电动汽车的充电技术可分为:常规充电方式、快速充电方式、无线充电方式、更换电池充电方式等。 1常规充电方式 该充电方式根据相应电池的充电曲线,采用恒流、恒压的传统充电方式对电动车进行充电,使整个充电过程更接近电池的固有特性,有效避免了电池被过充和欠充的问题。这种方式以比较低的充电电流为蓄电池充电,相关技术成熟可靠,所以相应的充电机的工作和安装成本也比较低。电动汽车家用充电设施(车载充电机)和小型充电站多采用这种充电方式。典型的充电时间为810h(SOC可达到95%以上)。对电池和电动汽车来说,这种方式是最安全可靠的充电方式,它对电网没有特殊要求。 2快速充电方式 快速充电方式是指在短时间内使蓄电池达到或接近充满状态的一种方法。该充电方式以1-3C的大充电电流在短时间内为蓄电池充电。充电功率很大,能 达到上百千瓦。该充电方式的充电时间与燃油车的加油时间接近。其典型的充电时间是可达到2030min,但这种充电方式对电池寿命有很大的影响。此外,该充电方式对电网也有较高的要求,要建设专用电网,一般应靠近10kV变电站附近或服务中心中使用,还需采取较为复杂的谐波抑制措施,与前者相比安装成本相对较高,只适合大型充电站使用。 3更换电池的充电方式 该方式要求车辆电池组设计标准化,易于更换。车辆运营中需要及时的更换电池,同时充电站可以对电池进行专业化管理,但由于电池组快速更换专业化要求高,只适用于标准的充电站,这种电池更换系统要求昂贵的机械装置和大量的蓄电池,同时,存放大量未充电和已充电的蓄电池需要很多空间,修建一个蓄电池更换站所需空间远大于修建一个正常充电站或快速充电站所需的空间,因此这种电池更换系统的初始成本很高,而且,目前车载动力电池的电气和尺寸参数还没统一标准,市场应用还需等待时日。 4非接触式充电方式 电动汽车非接触充电方式的研究目前主要集中在感应式充电方式,不需要接触即可实现充电,目前,日产和三菱都有相关产品推出,其原理是采用了可在供电线圈和受电线圈之间提供电力的电磁感应方式,即将一个受电线圈装置安装在汽车的底盘上,将另一个供电线圈装置安装在地面,当电动汽车驶到供电线圈装置上,受电线圈即可接受到供电线圈的电流,从而对电池进行充电。 目前,这套装置的额定输出功率为10kW,一般的小型电动汽车可在7-8小时内完成充电,这种方式的成本较高,还处于实验室研发阶段,其功能还有待时间验证。此外,非接触式充电方式的原理还包括磁共振和微波等,技术都被日本厂商垄断。 综上所述,电动汽车的充电还是采用普通充电为主、快速补充充电为辅的充电方式。对于电动公交车而言,充电站设在公交车总站内。在晚间下班后利用低谷充电,时间56小时。全天运行的车辆,续驶里程不够时,可利用中间休息待班时间进行补充充电。充电器的数量和容量根据车队的规模而定,充电站由车队管理。1C3C的快速充电模式,已经在探讨应用,但应确保在电池的安全和使用寿命的前提下进行,一般说来,电动汽车充电间是由配电站、监控室、充电机、充电平台、维护车间、更换区等部分组成。其中充电机是其核心设备。从相关标准来看,地方政府和各能源集团对标准制定比较热心,深圳、上海、江苏等地纷纷制定了各自充电站的地方标准;今年7月份,北京市政府也出台了北京首部电动汽车充电站标准。国家电网和南方电网根据各自实际情况制 6定了电动汽车充电方面的相关标准。在国家标准方面,2010年1月,国家标准委员会发布了电动汽车充电站的通用要求,目前,国家电网制定的充电站标准有望升级为国家标准。The design of control system of charging electric car As soon as of Aviation Technology Liu xin Yaintroduced a concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophistif cated production, and other advanced manufacturing technology and the characteristics of the development omachine tools in the portfolio of applications, how to deepen and extend the application of specific measures. In the machine tool industry, with the social demands of the continuous improvement of products, along with the growing competition in the market to meet user requirements, including the improvement of product quality, shorten production cycles, reduce costs, improve service and win market has become a breakthrough. In order to achieve this goal and win market, it should be the introduction of modern and advanced manufacturing technology: concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, in order to promote the development of combination machine. Concurrent Engineering is also known as concurrent engineering, integrated, parallel to optimize product design and its related processes (including manufacturing and support) system approach, which guide the product development staff began to consider a product from concept to design to the demise of throughout the life cycle of all the factors, including quality, cost, programming and user needs. Concurrent Engineering is the first to shorten product development cycles as a means to develop. Products will be characterized by the development, production engineering involved in the acts broken down into a series of tasks, such as market analysis, design, process design, production plans and equipment purchases, processing, quality assurance, testing and after sales service. These sub-tasks as far as possible and consider synchronous parallel to achieve improved design to shorten the cycle and improve quality, reduce costs, optimize the design purpose. It stressed that integrated, coordinated and parallel, namely: (1) management, design, production, and service of all project-related personnel and product information integration as a whole, and stressed that all relevant departments and the interests of the overall goal line (2) to the establishment of a competent and reasonable charge of the project personnel structure of the working group coordinated management model, by the Working Group in the ministries responsible for project elements, and the promotion of the coordination of tasks, (3) parallel processing stages of the work. According to the project in the different tasks of the linkages between the different ministries mandate of the elements of the work process can be completely overlap or duplication. In accordance with these principles, formulate a reasonable, and optimize the work plan, and the location in which the necessary settings assessment, the Working Group by the project implementation so that all sub-tasks in parallel, to move forward in an orderly manner, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the whole project . According to the traditional methods of work, the work of the various stages in a row serial. In such a product development approach, divorced from each other at various stages, are not related, resulting in increased design error, and difficult to discover such a design rework, to lengthen the development cycle, adding to the costs. Parallel working methods used, the process will be integrated with parallel consideration, the work can be carried out duplication. Problems can be promptly coordinate the changes so that the follow-up stage left to increase the difficulty of correction And costs. Thus, the application of concurrent engineering can significantly shorten the product development cycle, reduce costs, it is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine. Concurrent engineering methods will be applied to product development, the effect was very significant. March 1997, Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology with a motorcycle design and manufacturing plants to sign the 6-crank machine project contract for delivery end of the year, and the requirements of machine tools in the past quite different. In the project using a concurrent engineering approach, in parallel, cross-operation , greatly reducing the design, manufacture period, the successful completion of the tasks.Parallel development of the combination of machine specific methods are: (1) the establishment of a multi-composed of professionals to develop working groups. By the Working Group of the specific part of the implementation of the project, members of the Working Group in collaboration division of duties, timely and coordinated in order to achieve optimization of the design. Such as a machine tool demand in the clamping fixture parts to the process of floating, if separate consideration from the mechanical structure to meet this requirement more difficult, complex structure of the fixture. Later, with the hydraulic design of electrical control and coordinate, control procedures proposed amendments to change the order clamping action, adjusting the hydraulic pressure of solutions to meet the requirements of the clamping. (2) in the formulation of programmes, the signing of the contract stage, on the preliminary identified a number of standard components. (3) Multiple Multi-accreditation programme. Machine Tool Technology in determining the overall programme, key components in the overall design process, many times by the Solidworks committee to review the design plan, and put into production before the user in the design plan joint trials. Thus, from the design to take into account the beginning of a process design, tooling design, manufacturing, assembly and other downstream various stages of debugging problems that may arise, thus greatly reducing the number of design changes Rated meet user requirements, to achieve design best. (4) a design pre-release method. Machine overall plans in a formal drawing ago, has been released in stages set by the main structure and the major components of data, process design, tooling design can be carried out ahead of schedule. In the design of the machine tool to determine some components such as fixtures, tools such as the coordination of size, and at the same time began to design and tool fixture, and, also identified slider, mobile workstations and other components, these components have the choice as far as possible Standard components, in the design of its operation will be completed. And the overall design of the various components such as fixtures, and timely coordination between the tool, linked to changes in the size of each other timely coordination so that the size of other relevant drawings are promptly corrected.(5) components in the design of the processing cycle can be long specific parts such as folders, such as casting stereotypes as soon as possible to advancing the process design, production.(6) completion of the various components of a design, process design and ready to enter the production stage. Therefore, the various components of the parts is in the workshop, parallel processing.Adopt this approach, the Working Group 4 were used only four weeks time on the part of generic components such as the slider, mobile platforms and power first went into operation at the same time, the completion of the mechanical design of the machine and outsourcing of orders. Machine tool production process, the various components in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Association, and several manufacturers at the same time. In the machine, installation and debugging, but also several machine at the same time, through these work, and machine tools for the timely delivery of valuable time. Agile manufacturing in the United States of the Caspian Sea, the 21st century manufacturing strategy in the report of a new manufacturing paradigm. After development, the United States lacocca Institute will be defined as: a company that is agile in the market for the unpredictable changes in the competitive environment in the development and prosperity of a capability, that is rapidly changing global market a rapid response capability, with the company computer network and the global production system, the market, competitors to link up in the high-quality, high-performance, low-cost, customer product configuration settings, such as user demand-driven market situation demonstrated a capability. Characterized by the flexible production technology, flexible organization management and professional skills of the staff have integrated into a coordinated, interconnected systems, in order to achieve the strategic goal of reunification, the same industry in different enterprises through joint infrastructure links, past life-and-death competition will become friendly and cooperative competition, thereby changing market faster response. Therefore, this technology is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine. (1) promote the Agile first modular products, reflected in the composition of the machine is in the machine tool components and the standardization of serialization. Crankshaft Machine Tool in the development and design, can greatly shorten the design cycle, the application of concurrent engineering is a factor, large number of standard components, the application of common components is a key element. (2) In the Agile Manufacturing, must reflect the people and organizations is the most valuable asset. In the production of large quantities, people are always Solidworks solution as manufacture and sale of the crux of the problem, and in Agile Manufacturing, the best use of people is the key to solve the problem, technology is only a method or means. Therefore, the need for the Project Working Group organizational model advocated hard working, give full play to their initiative.Sophisticated production is the United States in the 1990s, Japans Toyota Motor Corporation summed up production management methods on the basis of summing up by the production. It stressed that by improving the production of enterprises in the management of the activities, including the efficiency of various activities and cost accounting, to achieve the fastest speed of response to the market, the lowest cost of production, the optimal product design to design and Manufacturing of products needed by the market. Its features are user-God, a people-centred, as a means to streamline, to zero defect goal.Can be seen from the above analysis, and advanced manufacturing technology in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Portfolio machine has been developed in a number of applications, but still need to further deepen and extend the application. In later work, Should pay attention to the following aspects:(1) Working Group on the further implementation of the project model, a responsibility to the people, by the use of concurrent engineering group responsible for the completion of the way from the machine tool technology programme to design, manufacture, testing and delivery of the work of the staff at the same time strengthen the knowledge and skills training, keep track machine tool industry at home and abroad combination of the latest developments.(2) market changes and the development of pre-study plan at the same time maintain close ties with users, users who regularly visit provides its users with quality after-sales service, and equipment operation and understanding of user needs, in order to improve the design.(3) high-quality products to win customers. Machine Tool in the development portfolio, in addition to enhancing the sense of quality, the new technology, the application of new technology in the market is also an important means. Now users generally require machine efficiency, flexibility, and adapt to small quantities and variety of processing. Portfolio Tool to enhance the efficiency of production and increase in the design should be cutting speed, the use of advanced tools, centralized processing consider three aspects.(4) attention to the development of products can be reconstructed so as to achieve the structure of modular machine. In the design, the use of group technology, and promote common machine combination of the development and application of functional modules, can be flexible coordinates NC unit model.(5) the application of agile manufacturing technology, the establishment of an effective Union dynamic virtual forms of cooperation. Further strengthen and outsourcing of production plants and factories, HS cooperation. Make full use of existing community technology, information equipment and personnel resources, strong - strong alliance, complementary advantages, the use of the virtual company model to expand our production capacity.(6) In combination with the design of machine tools to further promote the production of computer and information network technology applications. Promote the application of CAD technology, the realization of a map designed to establish CAD / CAM / CAPP works Design environment.(7) to further strengthen Solidworks cooperation and exchanges and enhance my portfolio in the machine tool industry and the status of visibility, at the same time actively explore new markets and customers. Efforts should be made to explore the international market, such as the Toyota Motor Co., Japans exports to the body of the cars engine of vertical CNC machining deep hole biaxial deep hole drilling machine, I have a combination of machine to enter the international market and made a good start.10
收藏