基于单片机的自动门控制系统设计【说明书+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】
基于单片机的自动门控制系统设计【说明书+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,说明书+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,基于,单片机,自动门,控制系统,设计,说明书,仿单,cad,solidworks
毕业设计(论文)基于单片机的自动门控制系统设计The design of automatic door control system based on single chip microcomputer学生姓名学院名称专业名称指导教师年月日徐州工程学院毕业设计(论文)徐州工程学院学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明: 所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用或参考的内容外,本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标注。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。论文作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日徐州工程学院学位论文版权协议书 本人完全了解徐州工程学院关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定,即:本校学生在学习期间所完成的学位论文的知识产权归徐州工程学院所拥有。徐州工程学院有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的纸本复印件和电子文档拷贝,允许论文被查阅和借阅。徐州工程学院可以公布学位论文的全部或部分内容,可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容提交至各类数据库进行发布和检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。论文作者签名: 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 日期: 年 月 日摘要 自动门作为单片机控制的典型,广泛应用于各种地方,随着科技的发展,传动图的手拉门已经将会逐渐淘汰,新型的自动门将会越来越广泛地得到应用。如今伴随着信息时代的到来,人们的生活水平日益提高,方便、快捷、 自动、智能成为时代的主题,在现代超市、办公楼等等环境中,门控系统早已不仅仅局限在物理空间上,人们更为关注的是一个安全、方便、舒适的环境,自动化的电子产品自然成为人们追求的目标。 本设计将以单片机为核心设计了系统结构图、程序指令、流程图等等,在保留了原始门控系统的基本功能的同时又增加了一系列的实用功能并简化其电路结构,其将以控制方便,灵活,只要改变输入单片机的控制程序,便可控制门的关闭和开合,从而使得人们的在超市购物,在办公楼办公的环境不断完美,不断智能化。通过对基于单片机的自动门的设计,我们得出了该自动门具有反映灵敏、高效、智能化的结论。关键词 单片机;控制系统;可靠性;系统 IABSTRACTPneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something,aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced.The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate.Keywords industrial robot Forging machine loading manipulator cobit目 录1绪论.1 1.1自动门的发展现状及应用.2 1.2国内外发展状况. .3 1.3课题的提出及主要任务.62 机械传动部分的设计计算.17 2.1 电机的选型计算.18 2.2 同步带轮传动的设计计算.183 自动门控制系统方案的设计.9 3.1单片机的作用和功能.14 3.2单片机的应用场合.14 3.3传感器的工作原理.15 3.4故障检测及显示系统的构成.16 3.5门开合行程的检测.174 硬件系统的设计.21 4.1电路电框图的确定.22 4.2 硬件系统总体逻辑图的设计.22 4.3 电路原理图的确定.225 系统软件的设计.23 5.1系统主程序流程图的确定.23 5.2开门子程序流程图的确定.24 5.3 开门中断程序流程图的确定.24 5.4 T1中断服务程序流程图的确定.25 5.5 程序源代码的生成.266 调试与检测.27 6.1 自动门控系统的调试.27 6.2 自动门行程的检测.28结论.29致谢.30参考文献.311 绪 论1.1 自动门的发展现状及应用我国自动门行业建立时间比较短,多以中小型企业为主,经受市场洗礼和考验的程度还不够充分,自动门企业管理水平与国际化的接轨还有一定的差距,在客观认识国内自动门市场的需求空间和目前发展存在的诸多问题时,与国际化的接轨和发展就显得尤为的重要。过去的几年里,我国自动门行业进入了快速的发展期。在国内、国外两个大市场都有比较好的发展势头。相关负责人认为,随着近年来的楼市调控、原材料价格上涨、运输及人工成本的不断攀升使我国自动门业发展呈现出新的特征,具体如下:一、生产、销售日益规模化、信息化 为了提升品牌知名度, 自动门企业采用了许多的营销策略。例如, 松下自动门的门店装饰人文化, 导购专业化、营销活动信息化、服务意识的提高。利用现代技术与手段, 对高要求、高消费客户群提供个性化服务。自动门企业还不断学习国外知名品牌的营销策略、服务技巧等, 努力提高自身的营销服务水平。规模化,大工业生产机械化,信息管理的现代化是自动门企业做大做强的必然选择。二、发展大环境趋好 近年,国家出台了一系列保增长、扩内需、调结构的整体要求和保持经济平稳较快的发展政策,这对自动门业发展意义重大。此外,建材下乡的实施及各地保障房的建设,作为具有低碳、环保的自动门行业必然得到大力推广和重视。三、出口稳步增长 虽然我国自动门的出口仍处在起步阶段, 但具有广阔的发展空间。我国自动门企业高度重视提高产品质量, 不断追求生产高档位、高品质的产品。一些产品在质量和款式上完全可以与国际上品牌居室门相媲美。部分发达国家采购势头日益旺盛, 这对于扩大自动门的出口极为有利。四、人才储备受重视 自动门行业起步较低,行业的整体素质不高,经济增长方式粗放,产品的抄袭、同质化的现象屡见不鲜。近年来,随着企业自身防范意识的提高,加强了对高级专业人才的储备,近年来,在文化产业活动、产品设计及高级专业人才的储备方面有所提高,利用先进的工艺技术和优秀人才的管理经验,尽可能的设计制作个性化产品,避免同质化的产生。有效地提升产品质量,树立品牌形象。所以,从以上众多新特征可以看出,我国的自动门市场还是很有发展前景的,注重产品的质量和售后服务,提高行业人才的整体素质等等,才能加快我国的自动门行业水平与国际化的接轨速度,国际化对我们来说是挑战也是机遇,想要在这种大趋势下立足,乃至有更大的发展,就需要利用国际化的优势和特点,加强与世界接轨与交流的机遇,努力提高国际化的视野和国际化的发展布局。1.2 国内外发展状况 在国外,进入90年代以来,自动化技术发展很快,技术已经很成熟,并取得了惊人的成就,自动化技术是自动门的重要部分。在现在人们生活中自动门可 以节约空调能源、降低噪音、防尘、防风,同时可以使出入口显得很庄重高档,因此应用非常广泛。在国外大都市里的大厦、宾馆、酒店、银行、商楼、写字楼,自动门已经随处可见,但在国内,自动门的自主研发尚处于初级阶段。在自动门控制系统设计中,稳定、节能、环保、安全、以及人性化是需要首先考虑的因素。 由于自动门门体的重量及体积不同会对自动门驱动传动系统提出不同的要求,所以各种自动门又可以分为重型自动门和轻型自动门。客流量的差异会对自动门的使用产生很大的影响,因此,自动门还可以分为一般自动门和频繁使用自动门。自动门根据使用的场合及功能的不同可分为自动平移门、自动平开门、自动旋转门、自动圆弧门、自动折叠门等,其中普通门用的场合比较少,旋转门由于价格昂贵而且非常庞大,一般只使用于高档酒店宾馆,自动平移门使用的最广泛,大家一般所说的自动门、感应门就是指自动平移门,目前市场上流行的平移型自动门又一般是两开,这种门的特点是简单易控,维护方便。 自动平移门最常见的形式是自动门内外两侧加感应器,当人走进门时,感应开关感应到人得存在,给控制一个开门信号,控制器通过驱动装置将门打开。当人通过之后,在将门关上。由于自动门再通电后可以实现无人管理,不但能给我们带来人员进出方便,又提高了建筑的档次,于是迅速在国内外建筑市场上得到大范围的普及。 自动门控制方式:自动门的控制方法有很多,从控制器的不同来说,有继电器控制,即通过按钮和复杂的接线安装来控制,只能控制器控制,即通过运行现代自动化设备来控制,它具有稳定性高,安全等优点,因此被很多生产厂商所运用,由于继电器路基控制的自动门系统存在许多缺陷而逐步被智能控制器的自动门所淘汰。 在智能控制器的选析上,自动门的主控制器有微电脑控制器控制和可编程器控制,微电脑控制主要有体积小、安装方便等优点,目前有许多厂家用此种方式生产自动门,PLC的特点是稳定性高、维护方便,目前许多大型商场的自动门都是由这种控制方式控制的。1.3 课题的提出及主要任务 本次课题的内容是自动门控制系统的设计,其中自动门控制系统的设计主要包括三个方面:第一,自动选择与智能控制系统配置的智能化设计,门的运行速度可自由设定,并可以自由设置门的半开状态,这样调整方便。第二,始终处于最佳的运行状态自动门,具有自动校正功能,即使遇到大风引起的运行阻力,依然能保持平滑开闭动作。第三,自动倒车安全装置这一安全设计,遇到障碍物或其他异常情况时,门体自动反转,并在下一个阻力区接近在一个安全的前进速度,避免夹紧事件和配件损坏的现象,提高了自动门运行的安全性,延长寿命的自动门。备用电源保证自动门电源能正常运行,配置备用电源。安装辅助光电传感器时需要安装在特定的区域,自动门可以安装辅助光传感器(红外保护装置),门一打开,人们静静地站着,手拉葫芦辅助光传感器,门应保持开放。当手几秒钟后,门关闭。 本次课题的主要任务是研究自动门的控制系统的组成及工作原理,确定设计方案,通过单片机设计出该门的电路原理图,各流程图,并写出设计说明书等等。该系统主要由单片机和电机控制电路,红外检测电路,故障检测电路等组成。在正常操作过程中,红外检测电路输出信号以产生直流控制信号,电机驱动门的操作,当系统检测到了相对应的信号,系统就进入相应的类型。如果在关闭过程中门遇到阻力,就会自动打开,从而避免造成人身的损伤。其系统原理方框图如下:2 机械传动部分的设计计算 自动门控制系统是通过传感器感应到门下面有无人的到来从而反馈信号给中控系统,然后通过中控系统控制电机转动从而带动门移动的结构。 一般由两扇门组成,已知整个自动门控制系统结构部分的的总重量150KG,其他重量50KG,我们取总重量为200Kg,反复移动速度为12r/min,其中忽略空气阻力和摩擦力。其具体方案布局图如下:2.1 电机的选型计算 针对系统工况,根据以上条件,对电机的选型计算过程如下:具体的电机设计计算如下:1、确定运行时间本次设计加速时间 负载速度(m/min)有速度可知每秒上升50mm,电机转速 3.负载转矩式中:4.电机转矩启动转矩必须转矩S为安全系数,这里取1.0。 根据以上得出数据,我们选用电机型号为160BL-A,此无电机厂家为机电产品。根据电机的特性曲线以及参数表如下:根据计算和特性曲线以及电机基本参数表,我们选用电机型号为160BL-4030H1-LK-B,电机额定功率为0.37KW,额定转矩为7.62N.m,最大转矩为9N.m,额定转速为 3000r/min。 2.2 同步带轮传动的设计计算(1)传动名义功率P_=0.37kW(2)主动轮转速n1=1500rmin,从动轮 =350rmin(3)中心距a=100mm左右(4)工作情况, 24小时运转求设计功率P=K0 Pm=0.42= 0.8Kw,式中Ko为载荷修正系数由设计功率0.8Kw 和n =1500rmin,由查得带的型号为L型,对应节距P =9.525mm(1)选择小带轮齿数由小带轮转速n=1500r/min,L型带,查表得小带轮最小许用齿数 Z1=14,则大带轮齿数 Z2= i Z1,其中i= n1n2=1500350=4286Z2=428614=60取标准带轮齿敦=60(2)确定带轮节圆直径dI=Pb Z1/=42.736mmd2= Pb Z2/=182mm(3)确定同步带的节线长度L,L= 2acos +(d2+d1 )2+( d2-d1)180式中: =sin-1 (d2-d1)/2a =0218;126 (以a=100mm代入) 则L =150.54 选择最接近计算值的标准节线长(见表4)L=160.20mm(4)计算同步带齿数zZb=Lp/Pb=160.20/9.525=17(5)传动中心距n的计算a=Pb( Z2-Z1)2zcos式中: inV =314l6 inV=tg-用逐步逼近法计算,=1351 8(弧度)代入上式得出a=102.45与精确计算结果相似。最后测量装置同步带选用L型同步带P= 9.525mmZB=17, L,= 15020ram b= 25.4mm同步带轮: Z1=14,Z2=60,dI=Pb Z1/=42.736mmd2= Pb Z2/=182mm3 自动门控制系统方案的设计3.1单片机的作用和功能随着半导体集成工艺的不断发展,单片机的集成度将更高、体积将更小、功能将列强。在单片机家族中,80C51系列是其中的佼佼者,加之Intel公司将其MCS51系列中的80C51内核使用权以专利互换或出售形式转让给全世界许多著名IC制造厂商,如Philips、NEC、Atmel、AMD、华邦等,这些公司都在保持与80C51单片机兼容的基础上改善了80C51的许多特性。这样,80C51就变成有众多制造厂商支持的、发展出上百品种的大家族,现统称为80C51系列。80C51单片机已成为单片机发展的主流。专家认为,虽然世界上的MCU品种繁多,功能各异,开发装置也互不兼容,但是客观发展表明,80C51可能最终形成事实上的标准MCU芯片。STC89C51RC系列单片机是宏晶科技出的新一代高速/低功耗/超强抗干扰的单片机,指令代码完全兼容传统8051单片机,12时钟/机器和6时钟/机器可选,HD版本和90C版本内部集成MAX810专用复位电路。89C52与89C51的区别在于51的程序空间为4K字节,而52程序空间为8K字节,其余性能与结构相同。本论文以89C51RC系列来讲述。单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机,和计算机相比,单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。单片机的使用领域已十分广泛,如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机,就能起到使产品升级换代的功效,常在产品名称前冠以形容词“智能型”,如智能型洗衣机等。由于单片机体积小,使用方便的特点,被应用在智能仪器上,再结合其他的传感器之类的,可以实现对温度、湿度等精密量的测量,功能十分的强大。同样由于单片机的体积小、环境适应能力强和使用方便等方面的优点,单片机也被普遍应用于工业控制上,比如多种多样的通讯系统以及机器人等方面。此外,由于单片机的适应能力很强,所以在我们常用的手机、电脑等物品上应用十分广泛。还有,医院的医疗设备如呼吸机等也有单片机的广泛应用。还有就是汽车系统、物流系统、电力系统、通讯系统等都广泛应用单片机。其中,单片机的结构图如下:3.2单片机的应用场合 由于单片机有许多优点,因此其应用领域之广,几乎到了无孔不入的地步。单片机应用的主要领域有:1)智能化家用电器:各种家用电器普遍采用单片机智能化控制代替传统的电子线路控制,升级换代,提高档次。如洗衣机、空调、电视机、录像机、微波炉、电冰箱、电饭煲以及各种视听设备等。2)办公自动化设备:现代办公室使用的大量通信和办公设备多数嵌入了单片机。如打印机、复印机、传真机、绘图机、考勤机、电话以及通用计算机中的键盘译码、磁盘驱动等。 3)商业营销设备:在商业营销系统中已广泛使用的电子称、收款机、条形码阅读器、IC卡刷卡机、出租车计价器以及仓储安全监测系统、商场保安系统、空气调节系统、冷冻保险系统等都采用了单片机控制。 4)工业自动化控制:工业自动化控制是最早采用单片机控制的领域之一。如各种测控系统、过程控制、机电一体化、PLC等。在化工、建筑、冶金等各种工业领域都要用到单片机控制。 5)智能化仪表:采用单片机的智能化仪表大大提升了仪表的档次,强化了功能。如数据处理和存储、故障诊断、联网集控等。 6)智能化通信产品:最突出的是手机,当然手机内的芯片属专用型单片机。 7)汽车电子产品:现代汽车的集中显示系统、动力监测控制系统、自动驾驶系统、通信系统和运行监视器(黑匣子)等都离不开单片机。 8)航空航天系统和国防军事、尖端武器等领域:单片机的应用更是不言而喻。单片机应用的意义不仅在于它的广阔范围及所带来的经济效益。更重要的意义在于,单片机的应用从根本上改变了控制系统传统的设计思想和设计方法。以前采用硬件电路实现的大部分控制功能,正在用单片机通过软件方法来实现。以前自动控制中的PID调节,现在可以用单片机实现具有智能化的数字计算控制、模糊控制和自适应控制。这种以软件取代硬件并能提高系统性能的控制技术称为微控技术。随着单片机应用的推广,微控制技术将不断发展完善。3.3传感器的工作原理本测量系统采用的是光穿透型光电传感器,这里我们采用的是基恩士的LS-7000系列:LS-7000 系列产品是一款高速、高精度的数字测微计,无需接触目标物即可对其尺寸进行测量。该系列用途广泛,可应用于联机测量和脱机测量。每秒 2400 次的高速采样可以确保达到两倍于普通型号的采样速度。这样就可以对挤压制品进行连续测量以及对运动工件进行联机测量。重复精度为 0.15 m配备最新的光学系统,确保两倍于普通型号的重复精度,从而为高精度产品的制造提供了有力的支持。连接两个测量头进行双渠道同步测量结合使用两个测量头可对两个目标物进行同步测量。利用阈值更改功能对透明目标物进行稳定的检测DE 处理器支持阈值更改功能,这样就可以对透明目标物进行稳定的检测。高亮度 GaN 绿色 LED 辐射光能够通过专用的散射模组和准直装置镜头变成均匀的平行光,并照射到测量范围内的目标物上。然后目标物的影像即通过远心光学系统显示在HL-CCD (高速线性 CCD) 上。HL-CCD (高速线性) 的输出入射信号将由控制器中的DE (数字边缘检测) 处理器和 CPU 进行处理。因此,目标物的尺寸规格就可以被显示和输出。3.4故障检测及显示系统的构成在故障检测电路中,配置了温度和速度传感器,用来监测电机的工作情况, 从而实现电机过热保护和门运行障碍保护,同时还设置了电压监控电路,用于检 测系统异常情况。检测电路首先将检测到的信号转换成电压,然后经 ADC0809 转换器变成数字信号,单片机定期读取数据,一旦发现数据异常,即马上采取相 应的紧急措施, 向系统发出故障信号, 系统停止工作, 向故障显示电路发出指令, 发出报警信号并显示故障类型。3.5门开合行程的检测门行程检测电路通过检测门行程开关的闭合情况来发送不同的信号, 使电机 改变转速,进而控制门运行的速度以提高运作效率,为了保护门不受到损害和保 证门运行效率,在门行程检测电路中设置了四个行程开关。它们分别代表开门极 限、程极限 1、行程极限 2、关门极限。门在开启过程中,分别经过慢速、加速、 减速和停止四个过程,门的关闭过程则与上述过程相反。门运行到极限位置时, 限位开关动作,单片机根据接收到响应的信号,改变电机运行速度。4 硬件系统的设计 4.1电路电框图的确定红外线自动门控制系统的硬件框图,如下所示。这个系统主要由AT89C51单片机及其外围电路,一个红外线检测电路,步进电动机控制电路,故障检测电路,故障显示电路,控制方式切换电路等几个部分组成。单个环路检测的红外线检测电路和栅极冲程检测电路的输出信号,以产生步进电机的控制信号,电动机驱动门动作,系统检测时,控制模式被改变,则系统进入相应的控制模式。如门在打开时遇到有人或者其他障碍物时,系统就会通过单片机控制程序进入故障处理程序。其硬件组成图与结构图分别如下所示: 单片机结构图 由于将多功能8位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中,ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器,AT89C51是它的一种精简版本。AT89C51单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统性高且价廉的方案。芯片管脚如图所示: 4.2 硬件系统总体逻辑图的设计在许多类型的自动门传感器中,我们选择平移型感应自动门机作为此次设计的重点。首先,自动门机组由以下部分组成:(1) 主控制器:它是自动门的指挥中心,通过内部指令程序来控制整个门的动作,并发出相应的命令,指挥马达或电动门锁系统;人们可以很方便地通过主控制器来调节门的打开速度和范围等等参数(2)感应探测器:负责采集外部信号,就像人的眼睛,当有移动的物体进入它的工作范围内,它会反馈一个脉冲信号给主控制器。(3)电动机功率:提供开放和关闭的主动力,加速和减速控制门。(4)当门打开和关闭再次完成感应探测器探测到有人进入脉冲信号的时候,中控系统接收到信号后,电机运行。当电机正转时,门打开,当电机反转时,自动门关闭。4.3 电路原理图的确定 根据自动门自动控制系统的相关设定得出它的电路原理图如下图所示:5 系统软件的设计 整个系统软件由主程序、开门子程序,T0中断服务程序、T1中断服务程序,外部中断服务子程序组成。主程序主要是完成系统初始化,中断设置等功能。外部中断程序的设置是为了确保红外自动门在无人的情况下自动运行。当检测到有人到访时,自动启动电机,从而达到自动关闭门的目的。5.1系统主程序流程图的确定系统主程序流程图主要是反映了自动门控制系统的控制逻辑,它代表了各个程序执行的先后顺序,本次设计的是自动门控制系统,其主程序流程图如下图所示:5.2开门子程序流程图的确定已知在自动门控制系统中,开门子程序主要是执行中控系统发出的脉冲信号,从而通过步进电机来控制门的打开的功能,其具体流程图如下:5.3 开门中断程序流程图的确定 开门中断程序主要是为了防止有人或物在门打开的过程中进入,为了安全而设置的一个程序,其具体流程图如下:5.4 T1中断服务程序流程图的确定5.5 程序源代码的生成 主程序的生成:开门子程序的生成:关门子程序的生成:T0中断服务程序的生成:6 调试与检测6.1 自动门控系统的调试调试是为了确保自动门的安全概率达到要求,以确保人身的安全。系统的操作必须符合以下条件:1、门必须实现自动控制,必须特别注意需要控制滚轮的重量和门相匹配的重量以及尺寸符合技术规范的要求。2、确保门是倾斜的滑动。3、确保门在活动过程中运动轨迹准确,无摩擦等任何异常现象发生。4、确保地面条件结实以确保门在安装固定好后牢固,不动摇。5、仔细检查上面的引导和限制机械块安装到位。6.2 自动门行程的检测 门行程检测电路通过检测门行程开关的闭合情况来发送不同的信号,使电机改变转速,进而控制门运行的速度以提高运作效率,为了保护门不受到损害和保证门运行效率,在门行程检测电路中设置了四个行程开关。它们分别代表开门极限、行程极限1、行程极限2、关门极限。门在开启过程中,分别经过慢速、加速、减速和停止四个过程,门的关闭过程则与上述过程相反。门运行到极限位置时,限位开关动作,单片机根据接收到响应的信号,改变电机运行速度。在故障检测电路中,配置了温度和速度传感器,用来监测电机的工作情况,从而实现电机过热保护和门运行障碍保护,同时还设置了电压监控电路,用于检测系统异常情况。检测电路首先将检测到的信号转换成电压,然后经单片机内部的户以转换器变成数字信号,单片机定期读取数据,一旦发现数据异常,即马上采取相应的紧急措施,向系统发出故障信号,系统停止工作,向故障显示电路发出指令,发出报警信号并显示故障类型。结论时光荏苒,一晃就半年过去了,在这几个月的时间了,我不仅复习所学的知识,而且还获得新的经验与启示,在各种软件的使用找到的资料或图纸设计,会遇到不清楚的作业,老师和学生都能给予及时的指导,确保设计进度,本文所设计的是基于单片机的自动门控制系统的设计,通过初期的定稿,查资料和开始正式做毕设,让我系统地了解到了所学知识的重要性,从而让我更加深刻地体会到做一门学问不易,需要不断钻研,不断进取才可要做的好,总之,本设计完成了老师和同学的帮助下,在这里,我向帮助我的老师和同学们表示感谢,没有大家共同的努力,今天的我起不到这个成就。致谢 本文所设计的是基于单片机的自动门控制系统的设计,原理比较简单,功能实用,设计比较合理。在论文完成之际,我首先向我的导师致以衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意!在这期间,导师在学业上严格要求,精心指导,在生活上给了我无微不至的关怀,给了我人生的启迪,使我在顺利的完成学业阶段的学业的同时,也学到了很多做人的道理,明确了人生目标。导师严谨的治学态度,渊博的学识,实事求是的作风,平易近人、宽以待人和豁达的胸怀,深深感染着我,使我深受启发,必将终生受益。经过近半年努力的设计与计算,论文终于可以完成了,我的心里无比的激动。虽然它不是最完美的,也不是最好的,但是在我心里,它是我最珍惜的,因为它是我用心、用汗水成就的,也是我在大学四年来对所学知识的应用和体现。四年的学习和生活,不仅丰富了我的知识,而且锻炼了我的能力,更重要的是从周围的老师和同学们身上潜移默化的学到了许多。在此,向他们表示深深的谢意与美好的祝愿。参考文献 1徐灏等.单片机原理M(第二版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003 2程悦荪.自动门控制系统的设计M.北京:中国农业出版社,1981 3周纪良.自动门控制系统的设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,1991 4吉林工业大学教研室编.自动门的构造M.北京:中国农业出版社,1982 5成大先主编.机械设计手册减(变)速器电机与电器M.北京:化学工业出版社,1999 6朱冬梅.画法几何及机械制图M.北京:高等教育出版社,2000 7陈立德.机械设计基础M.北京:高等教育出版社,2002 8陈立德.机械设计基础课程设计指导书M.北京:高等教育出版社,2002 9刘劲.机械制图国家标准M.北京:机械工业出版社,2000 10陈立周.机械优化设计方法M.北京:冶金工业出版社,1985 11拖拉机编辑部主编.自动门控制系统的设计和计算M.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1980 12周纪良.自动门控制系统结构型式和结构图谱J.农业机械学报,1979(2):47-63 13周纪良,孔维恭,于瑞玺.自动门承载能力计算方法的研究J.农业机械学报,1988(2):32-39 14高象平,李齐隆等.自动门优化设计M.广州:广东科技出版社,1987 15周纪良,孔维恭.基于单片机的自动门控制系统的设计和研究J.拖拉机,1983(3):12-21 16 Charles W. Beardsly, Mechanical Engineering, ASME, Regents Publishing Company,Inc,1998. 26Mechanical design theory research and discussion The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project ANSYS software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something,aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, dont know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardnesss of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speeds process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer augerThis paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speeds process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process.For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5-0.8 mms, entering to the speed 5 ms/ min, the knife has th
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