XZJ-1050滚针轧机设计(总体设计移动辊设计导架设计)
XZJ-1050滚针轧机设计(总体设计移动辊设计导架设计),xzj,轧机,设计,总体,整体,移动,挪动,架设
河北科技大学理工学院毕业设计(论文)中期检查表学生姓名赵晓亮学 号071615630专业机械设计制造及其自动化选题情况课题名称XZJ-1050滚针轧机设计(总体设计,移动辊设计,导架设计) 难易程度偏难适中偏易工作量较大合理较小符合规范化的要求任务书有无开题报告有无外文翻译质量优良中差学习态度出勤情况好一般差工作进度快按计划进行慢中期工作汇报及解答问题情况优良中差 检查人 2011年 月 日理工学院毕业设计(论文)任务书专 业: 机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名: 赵晓亮 学 号: 071615630 设计(论文)题目:XZJ-1050滚针轧机设计(总体设计, 移动辊设计,导架设计) 起 迄 日 期: 2011年 2月 21日 6月 10日 设计(论文) 地点: 本院 指 导 教 师: 陈征宇(副教授) 任务书下达日期: 2011年2 月 20日 2 毕 业 设 计(论文)任 务 书1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的:通过本课题的设计,了解滚针轧机工作原理及发展状况,掌握滚针轧机各部分的功能,特别是对自己设计的部分更要理解其能够应用的场合,达到举一反三的目的。在设计过程中,学会如何收集资料、分析资料、如何做好市场调查,并把在书本中所学到的理论知识综合地应用到解决实际问题当中来,系统地、完整地掌握机械的设计过程。同时,提高计算机的应用能力、英语笔译能力和独立工作及相互协作地能力,为学生走向社会打下坚实的基础。2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求课题任务:根据技术参数绘制总装配图;设计移动辊;设计导架;绘制两个主要零件的零件图;编写设计计算说明书1份;译文1篇(不少于3000汉字)。内容和要求: 被加工工件直径310mm; 最大工件长度50mm ; 工件材料GCr15; 轧制功率11kW; 整机使用时间250000h3本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划:起 迄 日 期工 作 内 容2011年 2月21日 3月4日 3月5 日 4月 10日 4月11 日 月 10日5月30日 6月6 日 6月7日 6月 10日搜集、整理、分析、熟悉相关资料。撰写开题报告,翻译外文资料,开题。根据技术参数绘制总装配图,设计移动辊,设计导架,绘制两个主要零件的零件图。编写设计计算说明书,完善设计内容,准备毕业答辩。毕业答辩。所在专业审查意见:负责人: 2011年 月 日毕 业 设 计(论文)任 务 书理工学院毕业设计前期工作材料学生姓名: 赵晓亮 学 号: 071615630 专 业: 机械设计制造及其自动化 题 目: XZJ-1050滚针轧机设计 (总体设计,移动辊设计,导架设计) 指导教师: 陈征宇(副教授) 材 料 目 录序号名 称数量备 注1毕业设计选题、审题表12毕业设计任务书13毕业设计开题报告含文献综述14毕业设计外文资料翻译含原文15毕业设计中期检查表1201 1 年 04 月 说明:毕业设计(论文)中期检查工作结束后,请将该封面与目录中各种材料合订成册,并统一存放在学生“毕业设计(论文)资料袋”中(打印件一律用A4纸型)。理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译专 业: 机械设计制造及其自动化 姓 名: 赵晓亮 学 号: 071615630 (用外文写)外文出处: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 521534 附 件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 指导教师评语: 签名: 年 月 日附件1:外文资料翻译译文数控机床的一种新的方法和设备运动精度的测量工具第一部分:原理和设备摘要本文描述了测量运动数值精度两部分的新方法和设备对照(NC)工具机。在第一部分中,介绍了测量原理和原型装置的特点。该装置由两个旋转编码器与双连杆组成。该设备的加工范围是一种半径几乎是双链接长度的圆盘,它环绕着中心联动和圆盘周长的变化点除了一个小区域的中心圆盘和一个外围地区外。由于该方法对工作范围内任何测量点都是高分辨率的,所以它能测量数控机床很多项目的运动精度。该方法特别适用于测量圆形运动轨迹的精度。该装置结构紧凑,它被安装在一台机床上,测量简单,快捷。该实验结果表明,该原型装置对于小功率有很好的效果,对圆周运动轨迹的测量有很高的精度。在实验结果中,噪声影响的测量是很难被察觉到的。关键词:数控机床;运动精度;测量装置1.简介 鉴于数控(NC)机床,运动精度性能评估是最重要的指标之一,因为它直接影响加工精度的完成。当设置和调整数控装置的参数和诊断制造错误的原因时,运动精度测量结果被作为主要参考依据 1-5,在工程实践中 为了衡量不同项目的运动精度,各种特定的设备是必需的。例如定位精度和直线运动精度的项目很容易被测量。但是,它仍然难以精确测量一个圆周运动轨迹的精度,更不用说一般的运动轨迹。三种型号的设备来 测量工程实践打圈轨迹的准确性。第一类包括 一个测试棒和一维探针3,6。第二种采用了一个具有一个二维探针的圆盘7。第三种是更广泛的使用,有一个双球杆机构,它包括两端各有一个球和两个插座一个球面 1,8,9。球可通过磁效应与插座联系。这个棒可以沿着它的轴伸长或收缩,并且一个内部的轴向位移传感器检测。在一般情况下,对于少数预先设定的半径,这些设备只能用来评估圆形运动轨迹的精度,其原因是由于其结构和传感器的限制能力。此外,有些研究人员在一定程度上指出存在于实际应用中的一些问题6。例如:该设备自己误差和滑动接触摩擦引起的噪声,以及在一台机床上,其设备被复杂而费时的设置。 最近,已提交了一些测量平面运动轨迹精度的其它的方法和设备。这些设备由柿野等人设计。他利用一个能跨网高精度感应到运动轨迹的编码器10。该设备是非常昂贵,它在操作一台机床设置时是复杂和困难的,尽管其优异的性能。由权和巴尔德肯提出的另一项设备,它用了一个良好的机械加工块和两个接触式位移传感器 5,11。该设备由于传感器的功能限制只能用在一个小范围内衡量一个运动轨迹。在这份文件调查中,提出的目的是开发一种新的测量数控机床的运动精度的方法和设备。该方法 应该有能力来衡量和运动精度的多数项目,尤其是监测 一个高精度平面运动轨迹。此外,这种方法在实际应用中必须简单,这种设备必须有一个适量的低成本,而且结构紧凑。 本文分为两部分。第一部分报告中介绍一些基本的调查结果。在接下来的一部分中,介绍了测量原理和所研制的方法和设备的基本构成。在第3节中,详细的介绍了设置一台数控机床设备的简单而实用的程序。然后,在第四节中对该设备的分辨率进行了分析 并讨论。在第5节中,通过对一台加工中心上发达原型装置的使用来获得一些基本的实验结果。结果表明:圆周运动轨迹的测量在小功率、精度、重复性的响应的良好。 该文件第2部分将报告进一步的调查结果,用一种高效实用的方法来确定该设备可能出现的错误,并结合实验结果提出对一般的平面运动弹道的测量说明。2.测量装置的大纲图1是一个研制测量设备的原型示意图。该装置由一个双连杆和两个佳能的K - 1激光旋转编码器组成,分置于链接1和链接2的根部检测转角的链接。该设备是固定基于一台数控机床的测量装置上,例如:一个X- Y层次的加工中心。 链接2用一个连接针和一个耦合器连接到机床主轴。这两个链接的旋转平面互相平行且垂直于旋转轴的主轴。在一个完整的旋转中,每个编码器在同一区间可以发出一个角度信号与81,000正弦脉冲波。这些信号用一个编码器配对通过佳能的IU -16传送到个人计算机。而原来的正弦波脉冲在插补中均分为16万脉冲,因此,对各个环节方面发出分辨率为1角秒的信号。图。二是照片测量装置的原型。第3节中充分说明,在开始进行测量前,为了不造成混乱,我们可以通过设置一个简单的A测量坐标系(MCF)来进行操作,Machine tool spindle :机床主轴,Coupler:耦合器,Tip of measurement device:尖端测量装置,Link2:链接2,Link1:链接1,Rotary encoder 2:旋转编码器2,Rotary encoder1: 旋转编码器1,Base of measurement device:测量装置底座,Machine tool table:机床工作台,Interpolator:插补,Counter:计算机,Personal Computer:个人电脑,Printer:打印机。图1原型观测设备示意图图2测量装置的原型图片这个坐标轴的坐标是机床本身的XM、YM、ZM。其中编码器1位于旋转轴的链接1的一根轴是就是被定义的MCF Z轴。此轴平行于主轴的旋转轴,也就是说,它是平行于ZM轴。对MCF的X和Y轴都设置为分别平行于XM和YM的轴,和X- Y平面位于链接2的旋转平面中在校正坐标(X,Y,Z轴)的一个测量点时,这是定义在交集主轴旋转轴和X- Y之间的平面点,以下几点可以表示为:X=L1cos1+L2 cons (1+2)Y=L1sin1+L2 sin (1+2)Z=0 (1) L1和L2被称为链路长度,这两者之间的旋转距离是轴的每一个环节。1是连X轴正方向一相对的旋转角度,2是连二环线的一相对的旋转角度。为了最大限度地提高设备工作测量的范围,应尽量设置的链路长度为L1= L2= L. 测量时应避免自联动转变点,实际工作范围可以表示为:2L- (2)其中是一个距离MCF的原点o的测量点,而是一个正的数值,它需要根据所使用的轴承的特点来加以界定。在原型测量装置中,L的值一般介于100毫米和之间,其值通过实验证实,小于10毫米。因此,整个工作范围围绕原点O的内半径为10毫米,外径为190毫米。已经通过实验证实,该环节2沿Z方向的摆动距离是:在一整圈的联动中,所有不同的半径均小于5微米。3. MCF的设置通过测量一个数控机床主轴的设备,校正值可以很容易地被确定。操作过程包括三个步骤:(1)在原点0的位置上,测量两个旋转编码器初始化的输出角度,(2)沿着XM方向,两次移动机床工作台 (或主轴,对机床的类型而定),然后记录编码器在这两个停车位置输出的角度,(3)从所记录的角度中,计算原来链接位置上的角度。 参考图 3,1和2表示链接1和链接2的原角; 11和21表示链接1和链接2在第一个停车的位置记录输出的角度,以及12和22表示在第二个停车位置时输出的角度。在图中,O x y是一个过渡性的坐标系,在此坐标系中设置MCF。两框架的起源一样,并且X轴沿原来的方向链接1设置。在O x y,三个主轴的旋转位置,双方的初始位置和停车点轴,分别记为(X0,Y0),(X1,Y1)的和(x2,y2)。他们的坐标可表示为:图3 1和2的测定 (3) (4) (5)此外,当三个点在一条平行于机床XM轴的直线上时,将可以得到下面的公式: (6)将式(3)-(5) 代入式(6) 可以推出下面的公式: (7)则 (8)因此,通过求解方程(7),2可以得到(参考文献12,第259-262)为: (9)其中atan2(A,B)是A / B的反正切函数,其值是按标志A和B的组合唯一定义范围(0,2p)的。 另一方面,通过(X0,Y0的),(X1,Y1)和(x2,y2)的对角直线射影到X轴可决定: (10)从式(10),得到的两个的值1和2,可以得到: (11)而 (12)通过取(1)和(2)的平均值来代替(1)或(2)以减少 可能的测量误差的影响。如图3所示,双方的关系为= -,从而可表示为: (13)在实际测量中,从式(9)和(13),虽然可能有两个异议的1(0)和2(0),这两个方面的联动的姿势可能是(见图4。)根据设备在原来的位置上的实际姿态的测量可以很容易地来正确的确定姿势。事实上,当1(0)和2(0)被确定时,设立这个MCF已经被完成。在上述过程的解释中,MCF的X和Y轴是被设置为分别平行于机床本身的XM和YM轴。在以下测量时,1(0)和2(0)二者总是被添加到相应编码器的输出角的一个测点。总和是指各环节的旋转角度,1 和2,在这一点。因此,在MCF的坐标点可以很容易地被获得通过式(1)另一方面,在设定MCF之后,其在坐标原点O位置上的机床本身的框架可以很容易地被决定通过比较一个在这两点坐标框架的坐标。如果原点被作为一个编码NC程序的参考点,然后移动机床,一个点的位置或一个平面内的运动轨迹在这个测量装置的工作范围内是可以测量的。Posture:姿态图4 1、2、之间的关系3.结论研制并提交一种新的方法和装置来测量数控机床的运动精度,其主要特征可归纳如下:(1)所研制的测量装置结构简单,紧凑且又提供了一个很广泛的高分辨率的工作范围,生产成本低廉。(2)该测量装置的安装过程非常快捷,并在实际应用中操作简单方便。(3)由于该设备的结构特征,该方法很适用于圆的轨迹精度的测量。 附件2:外文原文(复印件)International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 41 (2001) 521534A new method and device for motion accuracy measurementof NC machine tools. Part 1: principle and equipmentAbstractThis paper describes in two parts a new method and device for measuring motion accuracy of numericalcontrol (NC) machine tools. In the first part, the measurement principle and the characteristics of the prototype device are proposed. The device consists of a double-bar linkage with two rotary encoders. The working range of the device is disc-shaped with a radius of almost the double the link length, except a small area around the centre of the disc and an outer area both around the change points of the linkage at the centre and the circumference of the disc. Because the method has high resolution for any measuring point within the working range, it can be applied to measure most items of motion accuracy of NC machinetools. The method is particularly suitable to measure the trajectory accuracy of circular motions. The device has a compact structure and its installation on a machine tool to be measured is simple and quick. The experimental results show that the prototype device has very good response to small displacement and good repeatability with high precision to the measurement of circular motion trajectories. The influence of measurement noise is hardly observed in the experimental results. Keywords: NC machine tool; Motion accuracy; Measurement device1. IntroductionIn assessment of the performance of numerical control (NC) machine tools, motion accuracyis one of the most important indices since it influences directly the accuracy of finish machining.Measurement results of motion accuracy are used as the main reference while setting and adjusting the parameters in an NC apparatus and diagnosing the error causes in manufacturing 15.To measure different items of motion accuracy in engineering practice, various specific devicesare required. Some items, for instance positioning accuracy and linear motion accuracy, can beeasily measured. However, it remains difficult to measure precisely the trajectory accuracy of acircular motion let alone a more general motion trajectory. Three types of device are used tomeasure the trajectory accuracy of circular motions in engineering practice. The first type consistsof a test bar and a one-dimensional probe 3,6. The second type employs a reference disc witha two-dimensional probe 7. The third type is more widely used and has a double-ball-bar mechanismwhich includes a bar with a ball at each end and two sockets with a spherical surface1,8,9. The ball can be connected with the sockets by magnetic effect. The bar can be expandedand contracted along its axis, and an interior sensor detects the axial displacement. In generalthese devices can only be used to assess the trajectory accuracy of circular motions which arelimited to a few prespecified radii, because of the limitation of their structures and the sensorcapability. Moreover, some problems exist to some extent in their practical applications as wellas those pointed out by several researchers 6: for example, the error influence of the devices themselves, the influence of measurement noise caused by sliding friction among the contact elements, and the complex and time-consuming set-up of the devices on a machine tool.Recently, a few other methods and devices to measure the trajectory accuracy of planar motion have been presented. The device proposed by Kakino et al. made use of a cross-grid encoder with high precision to sense the motion trajectory 10. The device is very costly and its setting up operation on a machine tool is complex and difficult, despite its excellent performance. Another device proposed by Kwon and Burdekin employed a fine machining block and two contact-typedisplacement sensors 5,11. The device can only be used for measuring the trajectory of a motion which is restricted in a small range, due to the limitation of the sensors capability.The aim of the investigation presented in this paper was to develop a new method and devicefor measuring motion accuracy of NC machine tools. The primary objectives were that the method should have the capability to measure most items of motion accuracy and, in particular, to monitor the trajectory of a planar motion with high precision. Moreover, the method must be simple and convenient in practical applications and the device must have a compact structure with a low cost.The paper is divided into two parts. Part 1 reports some basic investigation results. In the nextsection of this part, the measurement principle and the fundamental structure of the developed method and device are presented. In Section 3, a simple and practical process for setting up thedevice to an NC machine tool is expressed in detail. Then, the resolution of the device is analysed and discussed in Section 4. Section 5 illustrates some basic experimental results obtained by using the developed prototype device on a machining centre. The results show well the response for small displacement, and the precision and repeatability in measurement of circular motion trajectories.Part 2 of the paper will report further results of the investigation, where an efficient and practical approach to identify the possible errors of the device is proposed together with illustrative experimental results on trajectory measurement of general planar motions.2. Outline of the measurement deviceFig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the developed prototype measurement device. The device consists of a double-bar linkage and two Canon K-1 laser rotary encoders, which are set at the root end of Link 1 and Link 2 to detect the rotation angles of the links. The device base is fixed on the table of an NC machine tool to be measured, for example, the XY stage of a machining centre. The tip of Link 2 is connected to the spindle of the machine tool with a connecting pin and a coupler. The rotation planes of both links are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the rotation axis of the spindle. In one full revolution, each encoder can send out an angle signal of 81,000 sine wave pulses with the same interval. The signals are transferred to a personal computer through a Canon IU-16 interpolator which is specially paired with an encoder. One original sine wave pulse is equally divided into 16 square pulses in the interpolator; therefore,the resolution of the angle signal with respect to each link is 1 second. Fig. 2 is a photograph of the prototype measurement device.A measuring coordinate frame (MCF) can be set up through a simple operation, which will be explained fully in Section 3, before starting a measurement. In order not to cause confusion, the Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the prototype measurement device.Fig. 2. Photograph of the prototype measurement devicecoordinate axes in the coordinate frame of the machine tool itself are denoted as XM, YM and ZM in the following. The rotation axis on the root side of Link 1, where Encoder 1 is located, is defined as the Z axis of the MCF. This axis is parallel to the rotation axis of the spindle; that is, it is parallel to the ZM axis. The X and Y axes of the MCF are set to be parallel respectively to the XM and YM axes, and the XY plane is located on the rotation plane of Link 2. Within the MCF, the coordinates (X, Y, Z) of a measuring point, which is defined as the intersection point between the spindle rotation axis and the XY plane, is given by the following:X=L1cos1+L2cos(1+2)Y=L1sin1+L2sin(1+2)Z=0(1)where L1 and L2 are called the link lengths, which are the distances between the two rotation axes of each link. q1 is the rotation angle of Link 1 relative to the positive direction of the X axis and q2 is the rotation angle of Link 2 relative to Link 1. In order to maximise the working range of the measurement device, it is obvious that the link lengths should be set as L1=L2=L.Since the change point of the linkage should be avoided in measurement, the actual working range can now be expressed as:2L- (2)Where is the distance from a measuring point to the origin O of the MCF, and is a positive value which needs to be defined according to the characteristics of the bearings used. In the prototype measurement device, the normal value of L is 100 mm and the value of ,which has been confirmed by experiments, is less than 10 mm. Therefore, the whole working range has a disc shape around the origin O whose inner radius is 10 mm and outer radius is 190 mm. It has also been confirmed by experiments that the shaking displacement of the tip of Link 2 along the Z direction is all less than 5 mm within one full revolution of the linkage with different radii.3. Setting up of MCFThe MCF can be easily set up after connecting the measurement device with the spindle of an NC machine tool. The operation process includes three steps: (1) initialising the output angles of the two rotary encoders to 0 at their original positions; (2) moving the table of the machine tool (or the spindle, depending on the type of the machine tool) twice along its feed direction XM and then recording the output angles of encoders at the two stopping positions; and (3) calculating the original angles of the links at the original positions from the recorded angles.Referring to Fig. 3,1 and2 denote the original angles of Link 1 and Link 2; 11 and 21the output angles of Link 1 and Link 2 recorded at the first stopping position; and 12 and 22 the output angles at the second stopping position. In the figure, OXY is the MCF to be set up and oxy is a transitional coordinate frame. The origins of both frames are set the same and the x axis is set along the original orientation of Link 1. In oxy, three positions of the rotation axis of the spindle, the initial position and both stopping points, are denoted as (x0, y0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), respectively. Their coordinates can be expressed as:Fig. 3. Determination of1 and2 (3) (4)and (5)Moreover, the following equation can be obtained since the three points lie on the same straight line which is parallel to the XM axis of the machine tool: (6)Substituting Eqs. (3)(5) into Eq. (6), the following equation can be introduced: (7)Where(8)Thus, by solving Eq. (7), 2can be obtained (Ref. 12, pp. 259262) as: (9)where atan2(A, B) is the arc tangent function of A/B whose value is uniquely defined within the range of (0, 2) according to the combination of the signs of A and B.On the other hand, the angle y of the straight line through (x0, y0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) relative to x axis can be decided by: (10)Substituting Eqs. (3)(5) into Eq. (6), the following equation can be introduced: (11)Where (12)The value of takes the average of 1 and 2 instead of 1 or 2 alone in order to reducethe effect of possible measuring errors. As shown in Fig. 3, the relationship1(0) =- holds, thus 1(0) can be expressed as: (13)In a practical measurement, although there may be two resolution pairs of 1(0) and 2(0) from Eqs. (9) and (13), which are with respect to the two possible postures of the linkage (see Fig. 4),the correct one can be easily determined according to the actual posture of the measurement device at the original position. In fact, when 1(0) and 2(0) are determined, the set up of the MCF has already been completed. Based on the process explained above, the X and Y axes in the MCF are naturally set to be parallel to the XM and YM axes, respectively, of the machine tool itself. In the following measurement, 1(0) and 2(0) are always added to the output angles of the corresponding encoders for a measuring point. The sums are defined as the rotation angles of the links,1 and2,at the point. Therefore the coordinates of the point in the MCF can be easily obtained from Eq.(1).On the other hand, after setting up the MCF, the position of its origin O in the coordinate frame of the machine tool itself can be easily decided through comparing the coordinates of a point in both coordinate frames. If the origin is taken as a reference point for coding NC programs and then move the machine tool, the position of a point or the trajectory of a planar motion within the working range of the measurement device can be measured.Fig. 4. Relationship among 1, 2, and ConclusionsA new method and device to measure the motion accuracy of NC machine tools is developed and presented. The major features can be summarised as follows.1. The developed measurement device has a simple and compact structure yet provides a large working range with high resolution. The cost to produce the device is fairly low.2. The installation process of the device for measurement is simple and quick. The measurement operation is easy and convenient in actual applications.3. The proposed method is particularly suitable to measurement of trajectory accuracy of circular motions due to the structural characteristic of the device.16
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