《英语高级口语》PPT课件.ppt
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1,英语高级口语,西南科技大学网络教育系列课程,2,前言,Dearlearners,fromnowon,wearegoingtolearnSpokenEnglish,moreexactly,practiceSpokenEnglish.Bytheway,mynameisWuTianjiao,youronlinetutorforthiscourse.Letsworktogetherandtrytoachieveasmuchaspossible.Isincerelyhopethatyouwillbeabletocommunicateyourideasfreelyattheendofthisterm.Beforewestartourlesson,Idliketoaskyouseveralquestionsifyoudontmind.1.WhydoweneedtopracticeourspokenEnglish?2.Whatshallwestartwith?3.HowtoimproveouroralEnglishefficientlyandeffectively?4.Isintegrationwiththecultureimportant?5.Whatregionalvarietyshallwefollow,BritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish?,3,Toanswerthequestionsmentionedaboveandsomeothers,youaretoreflectuponthemfirst,sincethesequestionsarereallyimportantforlearners.Hopetheywillbeusefultoyou.Idlovetogiveyousometips,however,youcandobetterthanIexpectifyouconstantlypracticeandreflectuponyourlearningexperience.Then,youmayhavemoreorbetterideasonhowtoenhanceourcommunicativeaptitude.Asweknow,learnersthemselvesaredecisivefactorsinlanguageacquisition.Stillremembertheprincipleoflearningalanguage?ItisLearningbydoing.Well,haveago!,4,课程简介,高级口语教程的基本体例为16个单元的课文主体,每个单元又分为核心课文,示范性对话,知识性朗读材料和表达交流练习四方面内容。选题涉及语言学习,交际原理,日常生活,科学技术,旅游观光,社会热点,教育政策,环境保护,经济贸易等方面的内容。为口语表达实践提供话题,表达方式,思路和操练等方面的参照性材料。由于口语教程的时间十分有限,不可能按常规“精读”的教法实施。因此,我只选择各个单元中的部分内容进行重点指导或练习,或指导你们有重点地利用课外时间进行各单元内容的学习。英语口语课是实践性很强的课程,学生的自觉程度和学习能力很重要。因此,在大量朗读,兼顾背诵的前提下,增强“开口讲话”的内在动力,克服“多讲多错”的心态,抓紧讨论和演讲的实践环节,强化语言的组织和表达能力则是取得口语学习效果的最根本要素。光凭“弄懂,弄通书本”是远远不够的。,5,UnitonePublicSpeaking,Speakingisanart.Andspeakingisonepartofourdailylife.Weuseittoinform,topersuadeandtoentertain.Butitisdifficulttobegoodatit.Asurveyconductedin1973askedmorethan2,500Americanstolisttheirgreatestfears.Tothesurpriseoftheresearchers,thelargestnumberofpeople-41percent-listedspeakingbeforeagroupamongtheirgreatestfears.Bycontrast,only18percentincludeddeathasoneoftheirgreatestfears.Butdontworryaboutit.Practicemakesperfect.,6,Warm-up热身练习,Readthefollowingpassageloudlyandclearly:MyPledge/Oath(誓言)Whatsyourstory?Youcantspeak!Youcantunderstand!Youfeelbad!Youfeelhopeless!Thatscrazy!Cheerup!Itsnottheendoftheworld.SpeakingEnglishisapieceofcake.Dontlookback.Enjoylosingface.Justforgetaboutyourface.Themoremistakesyourmake,Themoreprogressyoumake.Dontgiveup.Justtryyourbest.Relax!Dontpanic(惊慌)!Takeiteasy!Bepatientandenjoyyourself.,7,LearningEnglishshouldbefun.SpeakinggoodEnglishisnobigdeal.Itsworthyourtimeandeffort.Itsaneasyjob.Dosomethingaboutit.Youhavenochoice.Nomoreexcuses!Getmoving.Letsgetstarted!LetstalkinEnglish.Youdbetterdoitnow.Ihaveeveryconfidenceinyou.Iwanttobeproudofyou.Itsmypleasuretohelpyouanytime.Youcancountonme!Dontworryaboutit.Imserious.Illtrymybest.Wewillmakeittogether.Wewishyouthebestofluck!,8,Newwordsandexpressions相关词汇,diaper尿布(nappy)taco煎玉米饼(墨西哥人常吃的一种食物)oyster牡蛎nacre珠母贝calcium钙attorney律师hypothetical假设的anecdote轶事,9,Languagepoints重点难点分析,LanguagePointsforpartB1.Iusedtobequiteatalossataloss在此意为“困惑;不知所措”2.Isimplycouldntcatch.Catch在此应理解为“听到;领会”Example:Idontquitecatchon.我不很理解。Sorry,Ididntcatchwhatyousaid.Couldyoupleasesayitagain?对不起,我没听清楚你说的话,请你再讲一遍好吗?,10,Taco饼数百年来,玉米一直是墨西哥食品中的主角。而以玉米为原料制成的Taco饼也是墨西哥最基本、也最有特色的食品。这是一种用玉米煎制的薄饼,煎好后形成一种荷包状,硬硬的,脆脆的,吃的时候,顾客可根据自己的喜好加入碳烤的鸡肉条或是牛肉酱,然后再加入蕃茄、生菜丝、玉米饼起司等等配料,看上去颜色格外丰富,就好似一件艺术品一般。包好以后,放入嘴中一咬,外面脆生生的,而里面却有香、辣、酸、甜各味俱全,刚柔相济、多味混杂,真叫人“爱不释口”。此外,还有一种玉米饼,形状要小些,吃的时候,沾着各式各样的墨西哥酱吃。当然,这些酱汁九成以上是辣椒和番茄调制而成的,有的在里面还加入了芒果,自有一种天然的香味。,Culturalbackground文化背景,11,PresentingSkills演说技巧,英语演讲其实很简单,只要把握三个S就够了;所谓3Ss,就是(一)Standup.站起来。(二)Saywhatyouhavetosay.说出你该说的话。(三)Andsitdown.坐下。不过当然有很多技巧。1.Knowyourtopic(知道你要讲什么题目)2.Knowyouraudience(了解你的听众)3.Knowyourstartandstoptimes,aswellaswhoelseison(知道你开始和停止的时间以及除你之外还有谁要讲话)4.Knowwhatyouwantpeopletododifferentlyandtellthem(对你所说的和人们所做的有什么不同,心中要有数,并让听众知道)5.Makemajorpoints.(写下你的讲话要点)6.Checkallyourequipment,sound,lightingandseatingarrangements.(检查你的器材、音响、灯光和座位),12,7.Asksomeoneyoutrustandrespecttoconstructivelycritiqueyou.(请一个你所信任和尊敬的人对你的讲稿提出建设性的批评和意见)8.Relaxbeforeyougoon.(演讲前要放松)9.Practice,practice,practice.(练习、练习,再练习)10.Rememberthatevenifyoumissabitorforgetacoupleoflines,nobodyknowsexceptyou.(记住即使你漏掉一点或忘掉几行,除了你自己,别人是不会发现的)11.Omittellingjokesunlessyouarealreadyagoodjoketellerorplantogetbetter.(收起你想讲的笑话,除非你已经擅长讲笑话或者计划在这方面有所提高)12.Havefun(要有趣味)上述12项提示是国外人士从大量实践中总结出来的有用经验,可供我们借鉴。根据我自己的实践经验,我想着重提出5点:明确透过演讲要传递什么信息;了解听众的特点和要求;准备讲稿或讲话要点;语言要求清晰、简练、优美、生动、形象、有频率和感召力;临场陈述要举止稳重大方,语言语调准确,13,AdditionalExercises附加练习,Answerthefollowingquestions:1IsEnglisheasierormoredifficultthanyournativelanguage?Whyandhow?2CompareEnglishwithanyotherlanguageyouhavehadtolearn,intermsofgrammar,spellingandpronunciation.3Howshouldforeignlanguagesbetaughtinschools?Whatshouldbethetypicalelementsofagoodlesson?4Whenyoulearnaforeignlanguage,apartfromthelanguagewhatelsedoyoulearnabout?Preparefor1minute,thentellyourpartneratruestoryofstudyingEnglish.Timelimit:3minutes.Youcanwritedownkeywordsasguideline.Recitethosefamousspeechespresentedinthefollowingadditionalreadingmaterials.,14,Tipsforyoutolistento口语贴士,训练语音语调对于任何语言来说,基础都是语音。语音不仅包括单字的发音,还包括真实交际中词汇、习语的连读、失去爆破、弱化、浊化、重音、缩读等许多音变形式。至于语调节奏,则是地道流利英语的润滑剂。英语发音是很丰富的,北京外国语大学应用英语系的美籍教授PaulHanse先生说英语的味道在于语音抑扬顿挫,在于元音的极度夸张和用腹部说话。而中国人说英语常见的毛病是习惯用喉咙发音,而不用鼻子和腹腔发音。有人用顺口溜总结为:“嘴唇几乎没的干,牙齿(缝)不知怎么办,舌头自己瞎拌蒜,声带可干可不干,小腹根本看不见。”另外,中文和英文的发音方式很不一样,中文基本都以元音结尾,英文则有很多单词以辅音结尾,因此很多中国人元音发的不到位,辅音的发音部位也有问题,这样说出来的英语往往声音平淡,语句生硬,没有节奏感。为训练正确的语音语调,我们可以大声朗读难度适宜的读物(中短篇),口腔肌肉到位。对于不能确定的发音一定要查字典以更正自己的发音,同时熟记常用句子、固定词组或搭配。还可以朗读英文绕口令,同时可以口中含块糖以加大强化训练的力度.这样我们的口腔肌肉就能迅速适应英文发音,使我们的口语变得流利,清晰.例如:Shesellsseashellsatseashore.Theshellsshesellsareseashells,Iamsure.朗读时速度分为三档:慢速,中速和高速。慢速时,口型要夸张,音要发准,做到给每一个音足够的时间和力度,语音语调非常清晰,有表情且有动作的大声读;中速时,要求流利熟练,轻松脱口而出,口型到位,学习者力求做到发音准确,吐字清晰,并注意练好吞吃音技巧;高速时,要求深吸一口气,一口气尽快说完,声音和口型都不必太大,但发音不能变形。训练时从慢到快,逐渐加速。,15,另外我们还可以模仿磁带或广播上的发音,模仿以英语为母语的人的语音和语调。模仿是学习外语主要方法之一,模仿的原则:一要大声模仿。这一点很重要,模仿时要大大方方,清清楚楚,一板一眼,口形要到位,不能扭扭捏捏,小声小气地在嗓眼里嘟嚷。刚开始模仿时,速度要慢些,以便把音发到位,把音发准了以后,再加快速度。直到能用正常语速把句子轻松地说出来,脱口而出。模仿的具体方法,第一步,模仿单词的语音。刚开始模仿时,速度不要过快,用慢速模仿,以便把音发到位,待把音发准了以后,再加快速度,用正常语速反复多说几遍,直到达到不用想就能用正常语速把句子轻松他说出来(脱口而出),对于自己读不准或较生疏的单词要反复多听几遍,然后再反复模仿,一个单词一个单词地练,在那些常用词上下功夫,尽量模仿得像一些。第二步,模仿词组的读法。有了第一步的基础,这一步就容易多了。重点要放在熟练程度和流利程度上,要多练一下连读。失去爆破、不完全爆破,同化等语音技巧。第四步,段落及篇章模仿,重点在于提高流利程度。打开录音机或收音机跟着模仿,“他”说你模仿,同步进行。目的要提高口腔肌肉的反应速度,使肌肉和大脑更加协调起来。模仿时分三步训练。1.模仿词组。练习连读,失去爆破,不完全爆破,同化等语音技巧。2.模仿常用句式,注意意群节奏感和重读弱读的处理。3.模仿段落及篇章。与磁带或广播同步进行。重点放在流利程度及语调上。要有抑扬顿挫和节奏感。,16,Additionalreadingmaterials辅助阅读,英语演讲及范例,17,【一】麦克阿瑟(DouglasMacArthur,1880-1964),1951离开日本时的演讲。以下是该演讲的结尾。,Iamclosingmyfiftyyearsofmilitaryservice.WhenIjoinedthearmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecenturyitwasthefulfillmentofallmyboyishhopesanddreams.TheworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceItooktheoathontheplainatWestPoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butIstillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythatoldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway.我即将结束五十年的军旅生涯。我从军是在本世纪开始之前,而这是我童年的希望与梦想的实现。自从我在西点军校的教练场上宣誓以来,这个世界已经过多次变化,而我的希望与梦想早已消逝,但我仍记着当时最流行的一首军歌词,极为自豪地宣示老兵不死,只是凋谢。,18,【二】甘乃迪就职演说片段。,Tothatworldassemblyofsovereignstates,theUnitedNations,ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace,werenewourpledgeofsupporttopreventitsbecomingmerelyaforumforinvective-tostrengthenitsshieldofthenewandtheweak-andtoenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun.对于主权国家之世界会议的联合国,在战争的手段远超越和平的手段之今日,我们最后也是最大希望的联合国,我们要更新我们支持联合国的誓词,防止它变成一个谩骂的场所,而要强化它对新入会国与弱小国家的保护,同时扩大其宪章到任何其所能及之地区。.Allthiswillnotbefinishedinthefirstonehundreddays.Norwillitbefinishedinthefirstonethousanddays,norinthelifeofthisadministration,norevenperhapsinourlifetimeonthisplanet.Butletusbegin.所有这些不会在前一百日内完成。也不会在前一千日内完成,也不会在我的任期内,甚至不会在我们在世的有生之年内完成,但让我们开始吧!,19,【三】马丁路德金牧师,在1963年8月27日于华盛顿发表的演讲IHaveaDream之片段。,Iamhappytojoinwithyoutodayinwhatwillgodowninhistoryasthegreatestdemonstrationforfreedominthehistoryofournation.今天我很高兴与大家共同参加这次将会在我国历史上名垂千古,为追求自由而举行的最大一次示威运动。Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasthejoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity.在一百年以前,有位伟大的美国人签署了奴隶解放宣言,而今天我们正是立足于他所象征的影像下。这项重大的宣告对数百万在苛酷的不公平烈焰下惊惧的黑人而言,不啻是一线伟大的希望之光。它的来临就像愉悦的曙光结束了他们受到束缚的漫长黑夜。,20,But,onehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishedinthecornersofAmericansociety,andfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.但是一百年后,黑人依然没有自由;一百年后,黑人的生活依然由于种族隔离的手铐与歧视的脚链而悲惨地失去行动自由;一百年后,黑人生活在物质繁荣之大海中的一个贫穷孤岛;一百年后,黑人依然在美国社会的一隅饱受折磨,而发现是自己土地上的被放逐者。Isaytoyoutoday,myfriendssoeventhoughwefacethedifficultiesoftodayandtomorrow,Istillhaveadream.ItisadreamdeeplyrootedintheAmericanDream.Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseup,liveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmanarecreatedequal.”今天我告诉你们,我的朋友!虽然我们面临今天与明天的困难,但我仍有一个梦想。这是深植于美国之梦的一个梦想。我梦想着有一天这个国家将会站立,过着教义上所说:我们秉持显而易见的真理,那就是人类生而平等。的真理生活。,21,【五】二次世界大战丘吉尔临危受命之演说片段。,丘吉尔向国会发表血、汗与泪这篇演说时,二次世界大战正逐渐进入白热化的阶段。德国纳粹的军队在欧陆势如破竹,对隔着英吉利海峡的英国则进行大规模的日夜轰炸,声言要夷平伦敦,企图迫使英国屈服。面对危急存亡的关头,向来采取怀柔政策的前首相张伯伦(Chamberlain)已无法支撑大局,被迫在五月十日辞职下台。同一天,丘吉尔临危受命,组织新政府,成为新的英国首相。生字解释,22,Blood,SweatandTears血、汗与泪,InthiscrisisIhopeImaybepardonedifIdonotaddresstheHouseatanylengthtoday.Ihopethatanyofmyfriendsandcolleagues,orformercolleagues,whoareaffectedbythepoliticalreconstruction,willmakeallallowanceforanylackofceremonywithwhichithasbeennecessarytoact.在这个危急存亡的时刻,如果今天我对下议院的演讲不够详尽,还希望多予体谅。在这次政治改组中,希望受到影响的朋友。同事,或以前的同事能原谅我的失礼,这也是不得已的做法。IwouldsaytotheHouse,asIsaidtothosewhohavejoinedthisGovernment:Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.Wehavebeforeusanordealofthemostgrievouskind.Wehavebeforeusmany,manylongmonthsofstruggleandofsuffering.正如我对加入新政府的人员说过的,我现在也要对下院说:除了血、苦干,泪与汗之外,我没有甚么可以奉献的。我们面对的是一次最严苛的考验。在我们面前的将是很长很长的艰苦岁月。,23,Youask,Whatisouraim?Icananswerinoneword:Victory-victoryatallcosts,victoryinspiteofallterror,victory,howeverlongandhardtheroadmaybe;forwithoutvictory,thereisnosurvival.Letthatberealized;nosurvivalfortheBritishEmpire;nosurvivalforallthattheBritishEmpirehasstoodfor,nosurvivalfortheurgeandimpulseoftheages,thatmankindwillmoveforwardtowardsitsgoal.你们问:我之后的目标是甚么?我可以用一个字来回答:胜利-不惜一切代价的胜利、不畏恐怖的胜利,不管道路可能多么漫长艰苦;因为没有胜利,就无法生存。这点我们必须了解,大英帝国无法生存,大英帝国代表的一切便不复存在,而推动时代前进、使人类迈向目标的一切动力也不会再有。ButItakeupmytaskwithbuoyancyandhope.Ifeelsurethatourcausewillnotbesufferedtofailamongmen.AtthistimeIfeelentitledtoclaimtheaidofall,andIsay,Come,then,letusgoforwardtogetherwithourunitedstrength.但我满怀快乐和希望,努力肩负起我的职责。我确信,我们的理想在人类之间不会遭到失败。这个时候我觉得我有理由要求所有其它人的协助。我要说的是,奋起吧,我们要团结一致,全力以赴,共同向前迈进。,24,UnitTwoJobhuntingandJobHopping,Hi,there.HowareyougettingalongwithyourspokenEnglish?Doyoupracticebothinandafterclass?Ifyes,itsgreat!Ifyes,butonlyinclass,itsgood,butfarfromenough.Ifyouonlyreadandtrytounderstandtheconversationswithoutspeakingpractice,mm,youllsufferaloss!Thefirststepisto,ofcourse,openyourmouthandspeakinEnglish.Remember,speakloudlyandclearly.Pleasedonotover-protectyourself-egoorfalsepride.Dontbeafraidofmakingmistakes,sincemakingmistakesisapartoflanguagelearningprocess.Thesemistakeswilldisappearaslongasyoucontinuetolearnandpractice.,25,Warm-up热身练习,Writedowntwojobswhich:1canbedonebyrobots2nolongerexist3requireabsolutelynointelligence4havelowsalariesbuthighprestige5requireverylongtraining6willbemostneededinthefuture7areoverpaid8youngchildrentypicallywanttodo9canbedonefromhome10youwouldreallyhatetodo11Whichistheeasiestjob?Themostboringone?Themosttiringone?Themostusefulone?Theworstone?Infiveminutesyouhavetotryandwritedowntwojobswhichcorrespondtothecategories,thenimaginetheirfiguresanddrawpictures.,26,Newwordsandphrases生词和短语,Orientation定位,导向Substantial实质性的Non-verbal非言语的(表达方式)non-前缀表示非,无,不Ramification结果;影响Approximately大约,近似的Evaluation评估,评价educationalevaluation教育评定courseevaluation课程评价cost-benefitevaluation成本效益评估跳槽:job-hopping,JumpshipDefinition:Toleaveyourjob;tomovefromonesituationtoanother.Example:Whenthecompanyannouncedthatitwaslosingmoney,manyofitsemployeesjumpedship.,27,Culturalbackground文化背景,求职面试中一些建议Knowsomethingabouttheorganizationyouareapplyingto.(了解一些你申请工作单位的情况)Dressproperly.Dontshakehandwiththeintervieweruntilhe/sheextendshis/herhand.(穿着要得体,人家伸手时才握手。)Dontsitdownuntilinvitedtodosobytheinterviewer.(人家未请,先別坐下。)Makeeye-contactwiththeinterviewerduringtheinterview.(面试时,眼睛要看着对方。)Listenactivelyandstaycalm.(注意听,保持冷静。)Ifinvitedtoameal,beespeciallycarefulaboutyourtablemanners.(被邀吃饭时,要特別注意餐桌礼节。)Donttalkwithyourmouthfull.(嘴里有食物,不可开口说话)Dontmakemuchnoisewhileyoueat.(吃东西不要出声音)Dontblowyournoseorusethetoothpickattable.(不要拧鼻涕或用牙签剔牙)Dontappeartobepushyoroverlyanxioustogetajob.(不必过分表现急着要工作)Behonest,butnottoomodest.(要诚实,但不必太谦虚)Dontputyourselfdownorcutyourselfup.(不可妄自菲薄或自贬)Trytoavoiddiscussingpoliticsorreligionwithyourinterviewer.(避免与面试人谈政治或宗教),28,Exercises练习,Task3GroupDiscussion2Therearemanyothercompanies.Whydoyouwanttoworkforus?Hints:theinterestinthejob/thereputationofyourcompany/ahighersalary/goodworkingconditions/therelevancetothemajor回答对策:Donttalkaboutwhatyouwant;first,talkabouttheirneeds:Youwouldliketobepartofaspecificcompanyproject;youwouldliketosolveacompanyproblem;youcanmakeadefinitecontributiontospecificcompanygoals.经典回答:A:Ihopetodemonstratemyabilityandtalentsinmyfieldadequately.(我希望能充分展示我在这个行业的能力和智慧。),29,3Whatsyourstrength?Hints:Sociable/reliable/vigorous/confident/dynamic/initiative经典回答:A:Helpfulnessandcaring.(乐于助人和关心他人。)A:Adaptabilityandsenseofhumor.(适应能力和幽默感。)A:Cheerfulnessandfriendliness.(乐观和友爱。)A:Iamanhonest,hardworkingandresponsibleman/womanwhodeeplycaresformyfamilyandfriends.(我是位诚实、工作努力,负责任的人,对家庭和朋友都很关心。)A:Iamafriendly,sensitive,caringanddeterminedperson.(我是位很友好、敏感、关心他人和有决心的人。),30,4Doyouhaveanyweaknesses?Hints:Toohonest/misplacetrustonothers/abitofperfectionist分析:这是个棘手的问题。若照实的回答,你会毁了工作,雇主试图使你处于不利的境地,观察你在类似的工作困境中将作出什么反应。回答对策:回答这样的问题应诚实。完满地回答应该是用简洁正面的介绍抵消反面的问题。回答的虽是自身的缺点,却要表现正面的效果,对工作的积极抵消了反面。回答样板1:“工人们指责我对工作太投入。我经常提前一点上班安排好我的工作,晚上晚一点下班,使要干的事得以完成。”回答样板2:“我需要学会更耐心一点。我的性子比较急,我总要我的工作赶在第一时间完成。我不能容忍工作怠慢。”,31,6Whydoyouwishtoleaveyourcompanyandworkforus?Hints:Toosmall/lackofchallenge/seekmoreopportunitiestodevelopmyself回答对策:Refineyouranswerbasedonyourcomfortlevelandhonesty.Giveagroupanswerifpossible,e.g.ourdepartmentwasconsolidatedoreliminated.经典回答:A:Well,Iamhopingtogetanofferofabetterposition.Ifopportunityknocks,Iwilltakeit.(我希望能获得一份更好的工作,如果机会来临,我会抓住。)A:IfeelIhavereachedtheglassceilinginmycurrentjob./Ifeelthereisnoopportunityforadvancement.(我觉得目前的工作,已经达到顶峰,即沒有升迁机会。),32,AdditionalExercises附加练习,Speaking:Brainstormontheconceptof“work”,thendiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner:1Apartfromschooloryourjob,whatelsedoyouconsidertobework?2Arethese“real”jobs:housewife,novelist,popstar,priest?Why?3Ifthesalarywerethesame,whichjobwouldyouliketodo:actor/actress,archaeologist,astronomer,chef,fashiondesigner,fortuneteller,musician,researchscientist,touristoperator?Why?4Ifyouhadenoughmoneynevertohavetoworkagain,wouldyoustopworking?Whatwouldyoudoinstead?Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingtitlesandwriteabout300words:1Myidealjob2Adayinthelifeofa3HowIwouldresolveunemployment,33,Tipsforyoutolistento口语贴士,训练眼神、表情和体势语言经常看到中国学生在与人交谈时,不自觉地目光低垂,双手背在身后或交握身前,体势语言极少。这是中国文化中表示谦虚的行为。殊不知目光低垂在老外眼中是自卑的表现,而限制了体势语言也限制了口语表达的表现力。体势语言的使用,使语言不仅生动有趣,还有直观的视觉感受。在语言交流的过程中,视觉有助于人们对语言的理解,因为,在可视场合下,人们可以根据人的表情、姿态、场景和气氛来帮助理解,从而提高交际效果。此外,母语操练者有特定的手势、表情和习惯,这都与语言本身有必然的联系,这也是学外语时不可忽视的现象。唐加博尔(Don.Gabor)曾在Howtostartaconversationandmakefriends中给英语学习者介绍了如何善用体势语言的技巧。6个字母代表:SSmile微笑是友好,愿意和别人交往的标记。OOpenposture开放式的姿势,是一种欢迎别人和你交谈的姿势。FForwardlean在和别人讲话时,身子要稍稍前倾。TTouch如果和别人相遇时,表示友好的最普通的形式是热情而有力的握手。EEye-Contact眼睛里传递非语言信息的最有效渠道。NNod和别人说话时,人们经常用点头来表示我在认真听你说或我同意你的说法。下面试归纳一下常用的体势语言:从nod(点头)谈起:英美人的点头,可以表示多种意思。tonodconsent点头表示同意。tonodonesfarewell点头表示告别tonodasasignofagreementorasafamiliargreeting。点头表示赞同或打招呼。,34,toholdonesheadhigh昂首挺胸(表示趾高气扬)toshakeonesfist挥动拳头(表示威胁)toshakeoneshead摇头(表示不知道)toshowaVsign由食指和中指构成字母“V”,而“V”是victory的第一个字母。因此,这一手势是祝愿胜利或庆祝胜利之意。towinkataperson向某人眨眼睛toshrugonesshoulders耸肩(表示冷淡或怀疑)tomakeaface面部露出厌恶的表情tokeep(orhave)onesfingerscrossed把中指叠在食指上交叉着,作十字状。这是暗中希望上帝保佑自己正在做的事成功。更有趣的是英美人用大拇指(thumb)做出许多不同的表示。tothumbonesnose以大拇指按鼻,其余四指张开,表示轻视。在英美等国家,你会看到这种手势经常用在调皮的孩子们中间。他们用大拇指点着自己的鼻子,而其他四指张开不停地摇动,表示轻蔑或嘲弄。也可以说“tocockasnookatsomebody。totwiddleonesthumbs无聊地交互绕动着两个大拇指。表示无所事事,懒散。thumbsdown大拇指朝下。表示反对或拒绝的手势。thumbsup翘起大拇指。表示赞成或夸奖。但值得一提的是在英美等西方国家,有时会看到有人站在马路边,朝驶过来的车辆伸出一只翘起大拇指的拳头。这是请求搭便车的表示。所以搭车也可以说“tothumbalift”。大家可以配合句子大胆放开作各种表情,加上多变的体势语言,在实际使用时根据不同的心态和场合自由发挥出来以增强表现力。,35,Additionalreadingmaterials辅助阅读,有关企业,事业,机关等单位的名称State-ownedenterprise国有企业Foreign-fundedenterprise外资企业Jointventure合资企业Department;section;branch部Bureau;administration局Factory;plant;mill;work;yard;depot厂Department;office处Section;department科(处,股,室,部门)InsuranceCompany保险公司Partycommittee党委Electricpoweradministration电业局Airlines航空公司ChemicalWorks化工厂,36,ComputerNetworkSystemCompany计算机网络系统公司3-DCartoonEngineeringCompany三维动画工程公司SoftwareTechnologyCorporation软件技术公司SoftwareDevelopmentCompany软件开发公司InstituteofSoftware软件研究所ResearchInstitute研究所High-TechnologyGroupCompany高技术集团LimitedCompany有限公司Monopolyshop专卖店有关职务,头衔,职称的词汇Director;director-general;commissioner;chief局长Deputychief副局长Factorydirector;directorofplantoperations;factorysuperintendent厂长Director;trustee董事Chairmanoftheboard;chiefexecutive董事长Divisionchief;sectionhead处长Deskman;officeworker科室人员,37,Sectionmember;sectionchief科员Director-generalofthegeneraloffice办公室主任SecretaryofthePartycommittee党委书记Officemanager办公室经理Sectionmanager;departmentmanager部门经理Assistantmanager;vicemanager;sub-manager副经理Departmenthead部门主任Financedirector;chiefoffinance;chiefaccountant财务处长Storeman;storekeeper;custodian保管员Insuranceagent保险经理人;保险经纪人Translator笔译翻译Interpreter口译翻译Policeconstable初级警察Policeinspector;commissary高级警官Seniorclerk;officer;official高级职员Cadre干部High-rankingcadre高级干部,38,Accountant;treasurer;accountingclerk会计Certifiedpublicaccountant注册会计师Senioraccountant高级会计(师)Senioreconomist高级经济师Mechanic;mechanicalengineer;machinist机械师Programmer计算机程序设计员Architect;masterbuilder建筑师Scientificandtechnologicalworker科技工作者Blue-collarworker蓝领工人White-collarworker白领工人Socialworker社会工作者Auditor;controller审计师Seniorauditor高级审计员Journalist;newspaperman新闻工作者Correspondent特派记者Warcorrespondent战地记者Reporter新闻记者,39,Press-photographer摄影记者Researcher;researchworker研究员Safetyengineer安全工程师Electricalengineer电气工程师Aeronauticalengineer;commissionedairman航空工程师Seniorengineer;associateprofessorofengineering高级工程师Computersystemengineer计算机系统工程师Softwareengineer软件工程师Projectengineer设计工程师Typist打字员Touristguide导游员Visitingscholar访问学者Adjunct;assistant助理Teller出纳Medicalassistant医助;医士Physicianinordinary常任医生Doctor-in-charge主治医师Professoroftreatment主任医师ENTdoctor耳鼻喉医生,40,PersonalProgressandJob-hopping,Inmanypartsoftheworld,personalinfluenceisalmostessentialingettingahead.Oneneedsagodfather?asponsor.Herethatisnottrue.Naturallyallpeopleuseinfluencesometimes,butonerarelyadvancesfaronthatbasisaloneintheUnitedStates.Heretraitswhichleadtosuccessaregenerallyconsideredtobethewillingnesstoworkhard(atanykindofjob),scholarshiporskill,initiative,anagreeableandoutgoingpersonality.Inotherwordsevenintherealmofpersonalprogress,thisisado-it-yourselfsociety.Byandlarge,successisneitherinheritednorbestowed.Thismeans,therefore,thatouremploymentpracticesaredifferentfromthoseinmanyothercountries.Insomenationsitisconsidereddisloyaltoquitajob;deepreciprocalloyaltiesexistbetweenemployeeandemployer(recipientandpatron?Inmanycases);lifelongjobsecurityandfamilyhonorarefrequentlyinvolved.,41,ThisisnottrueintheUnitedStates.Job-hoppingispartofourconstantmobility.Weconsideritarighttobeabletobetterourselves,tomoveupward,tojumpfromcompanytocompanyifwecankeepqualifyingformoreresponsible(andthereforebetter)jobs.Thisinterchangeabilityofpersonnelseemsunreasonabletosomemembersofforeignnations.Whereareourroots?Howcanwebesocoldandinhuman?Weact?Somesay,asifweweredealingwithmachines,nothumans.?TheydonotunderstandthatagreatmanyAmericansliketomoveabout.Newjobspresentnewchall- 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