2015年英语高考说明新增词汇学习材料.docx
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2015年英语高考说明新增词汇学习材料整理人 葛孝浩1.anticipate v / ntspet/ v expect (sth) 期望, 预料(某事物): Do you anticipate (meeting) any trouble? 你预料会有麻烦吗? We anticipate that demand is likely to increase. 我们预料需求可能增加. see (what is going to happen or what needs to be done) and act accordingly 预见到(要发生的事或需要做的事)而采取措施: She anticipates all her mothers needs. 她预见到母亲的一切需要而事先做好安排. * Anticipating that it would soon be dark, they all took torches. 他们预见到天快黑了, 就都带上了手电筒. * A good general can anticipate what the enemy will do. 善战的将领能预知敌军动向而作好战斗部署. 2.assure v/ (r); US ur/ v (a) tell (sb) positively or confidently 明确地或有信心地告诉(某人); 向(某人)保证: I assure you theyll be perfectly safe with us. 我向你保证, 他们和我们在一起十分安全. * They were assured that everything possible was being done. 已经向他们保证, 凡是可能做的都做到了. (b) sb/oneself (of sth) cause sb/oneself to be sure or feel certain about sth 使某人自己对某事物确信不疑或觉得肯定无误: They tried to assure him of their willingness to work. 他们尽力使他相信他们乐意工作. * She was able to assure herself that nothing had been taken from her purse. 她确信钱包里什麽东西都没被拿走. make (sth) certain; ensure 使(某事物)确定; 确保: Her success as an actress was now assured. 她当演员很成功, 已毋庸置疑了. insure (sth), esp against sbs death 给(某事物)保险(尤指寿险): What is the sum assured? 人寿保险额是多少? 3.cease v / sis/ v (fml 文) come or bring (sth) to an end; stop 停止; 中止: Hostilities (ie Fighting) between the two sides ceased at midnight. 双方在午夜停止敌对行动(战斗). * The officer ordered his men to cease fire, ie stop shooting. 长官命令士兵停火(停止射击). * That department has ceased to exist. 那部门已不复存在. * The factory has ceased making bicycles. 那工厂已停止生产自行车了. (idm 习语) wonders will never cease = wonder n.4.compile v / kmpal/ v (a) sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etc 收集(资料)并编辑(成书 表 报告等): compiling statistics for a report on traffic accidents 为交通事故报告汇集统计数字. (b) sth (from sth) produce (a book, list, report, etc) in this way 编纂, 编辑, 编制, 编写(书 表 报告等): The police have compiled a list of suspects. 警方已编制了涉嫌者名单. * a guidebook compiled from a variety of sources 汇集多方资料编辑的旅行指南. 5.comprehensive a / kmprhensv/ adj that includes (nearly) everything (几乎)包罗万象的; 全面的: a comprehensive description, account, report, etc 全面的描述 叙述 报道等 * She has a comprehensive grasp of the subject. 她已全面掌握了这一学科. 6.contrast n / kntrst/ v contrast 2 / kntrst/ n (to/with sb/sth); (between A and B) 1 U action of contrasting 对比; 相比: Careful contrast of the two plans shows up some key differences. 把这两个计划仔细地加以对比就可以看出一些关键性的差异. * His white hair was in sharp contrast to (ie was very noticeably different from) his dark skin. 他的白头发与黑皮肤形成了鲜明的对比. * She had almost failed the exam, but her sister, by contrast, had done very well. 她考试差点不及格, 而她的妹妹相比之下考得很好. * In contrast with their system, ours seems very old-fashioned. 我们的制度与他们的相比, 显得过於守旧了. C, U difference clearly seen when unlike things are compared or put together; thing showing such a difference 明显的差异; 对照: The white walls make a contrast with the black carpet. 白色的墙壁与黑色的地毯形成了鲜明的对照. * There is a remarkable contrast between the two brothers. 他们兄弟俩截然不同. * The work you did today is quite a contrast to (eg noticeably better/worse than) what you did last week. 你今天干的活儿跟你上周干的判然不同(如明显地要好不如). * The contrast of light and shade is important in photography. 在摄影艺术中明暗的反差是很重要的.7.criteria n criterion / kratrn/ n (pl -ria / -r; -r/) standard by which sth is judged (评判的)标准, 尺度: Success in making money is not always a good criterion of success in life. 能挣钱并不一定是衡量人生幸福的可靠标准. * What are the criteria for deciding (ie How do we decide) who gets the prize? 评定获奖者以什麽作标准?8.crucial a / krul / adj (to/for sth) very important; decisive 至关重要的; 决定性的: a crucial decision, issue, factor 关键性的决定 问题 因素 * at the crucial moment 在紧要关头 * Getting this contract is crucial to the future of our company. 签订此项合同对本公司的前途至关重要. crucially / -l/ adv.9.crush v & n / kr/ v press or squeeze (sth/sb) hard so that there is breakage or injury 压(或挤)坏, 压(或挤)伤(某物某人): Dont crush the box; it has flowers in it. 别把盒子压破了, 里面有花. * Wine is made by crushing grapes. 葡萄酒是压榨葡萄制成的. * Several people were crushed to death by the falling rocks. 有几个人被落下来的岩石压死了. sth (up) break sth hard into small pieces or into powder by pressing 捣(或碾)碎某物; 把某物捣(或碾)成粉末: Huge hammers crush (up) the rocks. 用大锤把岩石砸成了碎块. (cause sth to) become full of creases or irregular folds (使某物)显得皱皱巴巴的: The clothes were badly crushed in the suitcase. 衣服压在箱子里皱得不像样子了. * Some synthetic materials do not crush easily. 有些化纤衣料不易起皱. defeat (sb/sth) completely; subdue 消灭, 击溃, 镇压(某人某事物); 制服: The rebellion was crushed by government forces. 政府军已把叛乱镇压下去. * Her refusal crushed all our hopes. 她一拒绝, 我的希望就全都破灭了. * He felt completely crushed (ie humiliated) by her last remark. 他听到她最後的一番话感到深受凌辱. crush (sb/sth) into, past, through, etc sth (cause sb/sth to) move into or through a narrow space by pressing or pushing (使某人某物)挤入或挤过: A large crowd crushed past (the barrier). 大群的人挤过了(障碍物). * You cant crush twenty people into such a tiny room. 不能让二十个人挤进这样一个狭小的房间里. * The postman tried to crush the packet through the letter-box. 邮递员使劲把邮件塞进信箱里. crush sth out (of sth) remove sth by pressing or squeezing 挤出或榨出某物: crush the juice out of oranges 榨橙子汁 crush 2 / kr/ n sing crowd of people pressed close together 拥挤的人群: a big crush in the theatre bar 剧院小卖部里拥挤不堪的人群 * I couldnt get through the crush. 我无法从人群中挤过去. C (on sb) (infml 口) strong but typically brief liking (for sb); infatuation (对某人的)强烈而短暂的喜爱, 迷恋: Schoolchildren often have/get crushes on teachers. 小学生往往很钦佩老师. U (Brit) drink made from fruit juice 果汁饮料: lemon crush 柠檬饮料.10.curse v & n/ ks/ n C impolite or obscene word or words used to express violent anger 咒骂语: angrily muttering curses 愤怒地低声咒骂. sing word or words spoken with the aim of punishing, injuring or destroying sb/sth 咒; 咒语: The witch put a curse on him, ie used a curse against him. 女巫念咒诅咒他. * be under a curse, ie suffer as a result of a curse 遭受诅咒 * lift a curse, ie cancel it 解除咒语. C cause of evil, harm, destruction, etc 祸根; 祸由: the curse of inflation 通货膨胀的祸害 * Gambling is often a curse. 赌博往往是个祸根. * His wealth proved a curse to him. 他的财富到头来害了他. curse 2 / ks/ v (a) (at sb/sth) utter curses (curse1 2) (against sb/sth) 诅咒(某人某事物): to curse and swear 咒骂 * He cursed (at) his bad luck. 他诅咒自己运气不好. * I cursed her for spoiling my plans. 我诅咒她坏了我的事. (b) Tn use a curse(curse1 2) against (sb/sth) 念咒语诅咒(某人某事物): The witch-doctor has cursed our cattle. 巫医念了咒语想叫我家的牛遭殃. (phr v) be cursed with sth be afflicted with sth, esp habitually; have the stated bad thing 受某事物之害(尤指经常); 为某事物所苦: be cursed with bad health, a violent temper, bad luck, etc 因身体有病 脾气暴躁 命运不好等而吃苦头.11.despair n / dspe(r)/ n U state of having lost all hope 失去一切希望; 绝望: Your stupidity will drive me to (ie make me feel) despair. 你愚蠢得使我寒心. * He gave up the struggle in despair. 他绝望地放弃了斗争. * She was overcome by despair. 她已完全绝望. * his despair of ever seeing his family again 他再也见不到他家里人的绝望心情. (idm 习语) be the despair of sb make sb give up hope 使某人放弃希望: Your son is the despair of all his teachers, ie They no longer expect to be able to teach him anything. 你的儿子在所有教师的心目中已毫无希望了.12.differentiate v / dfrenet/ v (a) between A and B; A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different (from sth else) 看出或指出(两者)不同; 辨别; 区别; 区分: Can you differentiate between the two varieties? 你能辨别这两个品种吗? * Can you differentiate one variety from the other? 你能将这两个品种区别开来吗? * One character is not clearly differentiated from another. 人物之间的区别没有明显刻划出来. (b) sth (from sth) be a mark of difference between (people or things); distinguish 构成(人或事物)间的差别; 使(人或事物)有差别: The males orange beak differentiates it from the female. 那种鸟雄鸟的喙呈橙色, 与雌鸟不同. between A and B treat (people or things) in a different way, esp unfairly; discriminate 区别对待(人或事物)(尤指不公平地): It is wrong to differentiate between people according to their family background. 根据出身不同而区别待人是不对的. 13.drama n / drm/ n (a) C play for the theatre, radio or TV 戏; 剧; 戏剧. (b) U plays as a branch of literature and as a performing art 戏剧文学; 戏剧艺术: a masterpiece of Elizabethan drama 伊丽莎白时代的戏剧杰作 * (dated or fml 旧或文) lovers of the drama 戏剧爱好者 * attrib 作定语 a drama critic, school, student 戏剧评论家 学校 学者. (idm 习语) make a drama out of sth exaggerate a small problem or trivial incident 小题大做; 夸大其词: He makes a drama out of a simple visit to the dentist. 他把看牙这样一件小事弄得小题大做.14.earnest a / nst/ adj (too) serious; determined; not light-hearted (太)认真的; 坚决的; 不掉以轻心的: a terribly earnest young man 认真得不得了的年轻人.15.estate n / stet/ n C area of land, esp in the country, with one owner 地产; (尤指)庄园: He owns a large estate in Scotland. 他在苏格兰有大量地产. C (esp Brit) large area of land developed for a specific purpose, eg for houses or factories 作某种用途的地区(如兴建房屋或工厂): a housing/a trading/an industrial estate 住宅区商业区/工业区. U, C (law 律) all the money and property that a person owns, esp that which is left at death 个人财产; (尤指)遗产: Her estate was divided between her four children. 她的遗产分给了她的四个子女. 16.ethnic a / enk/ adj of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition 民族的; 种族的; 部落的: ethnic minorities, groups, communities, etc 少数民族的; 族群的; 种族社区的等. (typical) of a particular cultural group 某文化群体的(典型的): ethnic clothes, food, music 民族的服装 食物 音乐 * an ethnic restaurant 具有民族风味的饭店. 17.evolve v / vlv/ v (fml 文) (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually (使)逐渐形成: The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved. 美国宪法是精心制定的, 英国宪法是约定俗成的. * He has evolved a new theory after many years of research. 他经过多年的研究, 逐渐总结出了新的理论. (biology 生) (of plants, animals, etc) gradually develop from a simple form to a more complex one (指植物 动物等)进化: Many Victorians were shocked by the notion that Man had evolved from lower forms of life. 在维多利亚时代, 许多人对於人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊.18.exceed v / ksid/ v (a) be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity) 超过(尤指数量): The price will not exceed 100. 价格不会超过100英镑. * The number admitted must not exceed 200. 容纳的数目不得超过200. * Their success exceeded all expectations, ie was greater than anyone expected. 他们的成功出乎一切预料. (b) go beyond what is allowed, necessary or advisable 超出(所允许的 必需的或合理的)界线: exceed the speed limit, ie drive faster than is allowed 超速(超过驾驶速度限制) * exceed ones instructions/authority, ie do more than one has permission to do 越权.19.exclude v / ksklud/ v sb/sth (from sth) (a) prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out 防止某人进入某处; 阻止某人参加某事等; 把某人排除在外: exclude a person from membership of a society 拒绝接纳某人入会 * Women are often excluded from positions of authority. 女子要想得到有权的职位往往遭到排斥. (b) prevent sth from getting in; keep sth out 防止某物进入; 将某物排斥在外: All air must be excluded (from the bottle) if the experiment is to work. 若要做好这一试验, 不得让空气进(到瓶子里)去. * All draughts must be excluded from the room. 这间屋子不可有风透进. reject (sth) as a possibility; ignore as a consideration 排除(某事)的可能性; 不予考虑: The police have excluded robbery as a motive for the murder. 警方已排除该谋杀案中有抢劫的动机. * We must not exclude the possibility that the child has run away. 我们不可排除这孩子离家出走的可能性. leave (sth) out; not include 将(某物)排除; 不包括: lunch costs 5 per person, excluding drinks 午餐费每人5英镑, 不包括饮料. * That price excludes accommodation. 那价钱不包括住宿.20.formula n / fmjul/ n (pl s or, in scientific use 作科技用语, 复数作 formulae / -mjuli/) =Usage at data 用法见data. C (a) (chemistry 化) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of 分子式: The formula for water is H2O. 水的分子式为H2O. (b) (mathematics or physics 数或物) expression of a rule or relationship in algebraic symbols 公式: the formula for converting gallons into litres 加仑与升的换算公式. C fixed arrangement of words, esp as used on social, legal or ceremonial occasions 套语, 惯用语(尤指社交 法律场合或仪式上使用的): How dyou do and Excuse me are social formulae. 你好和对不起是社交中的客套语. * know the formula for addressing bishops 知道对主教的习惯称呼. C list of ingredients or set of instructions for making sth, esp medicines and fuels 配方; 药方; 处方: a formula for a new drug 新药的配方. C set of statements or plans that can be agreed on by two or more persons or groups (双方或各方同意的)方案, 计画: Managers and workers are still working out a peace formula. 劳资双方仍在商谈制订和解方案. C (for sth) method, plan, or set of principles worked out to achieve a desired result (为达到预期目的而制订的)方法, 计画, 原则: There is no sure formula for success. 成功并无一定之规. * a formula for a happy marriage 美满婚姻的信条. U classification of racing cars of a particular size, engine capacity, etc 方程式(根据汽车大小 发动机容量等对赛车的分级): attrib 作定语 Formula 1 racing cars 一级方程式赛车. 21.foundation n / faunden/ n U act of founding (an institution, organization, etc) (机构 组织等的)建立, 创立, 创办: the foundation of the university 大学的创办. C (a) (organization set up to provide) sums of money for research, charity, etc (为研究 慈善事业等提供的)基金, 基金会: the Ford Foundation福特基金 * You may be able to get support from an arts foundation. 你可以从文艺基金会得到资助. (b) institution, eg a college or hospital, that is established by means of such a fund (用基金建立的)机构(如学院或医院). C usu pl 通常作复数 layer of bricks, concrete, etc forming the solid base of a building underground 地基; 房基; 基础: lay the foundations of a building 给建筑物奠基 * The huge lorries shook the foundations of the house. 大卡车驶过时, 连房基都震动了. C, U principle, idea or fact on which sth is based; basis (作为某事的)基本原则 思想或事实; 基础: lay the foundations of ones career 奠定个人事业的基础 * The political scandal shook the nation to its very foundations. 这一政治丑闻从根本上动摇了该国家. * The conclusions must have some solid foundation in reality. 这些结论一定有些牢固的现实基础. * That rumour has no foundation/is without foundation in fact. 那谣言没有事实根据. U (also foundation cream) cream put on the face before other make-up is applied 粉底霜(化妆品).# foundation course course taken at a college, etc that usu covers a wide range of subjects and prepares students for more advanced studies 基础课.foundation-stone n large block of stone laid at a special ceremony to mark the founding of a public building 奠基石(在奠基典礼上放置的大石块, 标志公共建筑物开工).22.gender n / dend(r)/ n C, U (grammar)(in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or feminine (某些语言的)性(名词或代词分为阳性和阴性): There are three genders in German: masculine, feminine and neuter. 德语中有三性: 阳性 阴性和中性. * In French the adjective must agree with the noun in number and gender. 法语中形容词必须在数和性上与名词一致. (fml 文) sexual classification; sex (生理上的)性别分类, 性: the male and female genders 男性和女性.23.grace n / gres/ n U quality of simple elegant beauty (esp in smoothly controlled movement) 优美(尤指动作顺畅协调): the grace with which a ballerina leaps into the air 芭蕾舞女演员腾空起舞的优美姿势. C usu pl 通常作复数 pleasing accomplishment 风度; 魅力; 长处; 才艺: well-versed in the social graces 社交风度潇洒的. 24.imitate v / mtet/ v copy the behaviour of (sb/sth); take or follow as an example 学(某人某物)的样; 仿效: Decide what you want to do; dont just imitate others. 想做什麽自己决定, 不要一味学别人的样. copy the speech, actions, dress, etc of (sb); mimic 模仿(某人的言谈 举止 衣着等): Hes very clever at imitating his friends. 他非常擅长於模仿朋友的言行. be like (sb/sth); look like 与(某人某事物)相似; 好像: The stage was designed to imitate a prison cell. 舞台设计成牢房的样子.25.induce v / ndjus/ v (a) persuade or influence (sb) to do sth 劝诱或促使(某人)做某事: We couldnt induce the old lady to travel by air. 我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去. (b) lead or cause (sb) to do sth 导致或使得(某人)做某事: What induced you to do such a stupid thing? 是什麽促使你做出这等蠢事来的? (a) bring (sth) about; cause 引起或诱发(某事); 产生; 造成: illness induced by overwork 过劳造成的疾病. (b) (medical 医) cause (a woman) to begin (childbirth) by means of drugs 用药物为(孕妇)催产: an induced labour 催生 * Well have to induce her. 我们得给她引产.26.innovate v / nvet / make changes; introduce new things 革新; 改革; 创新; 引入新事物: prepared to innovate in order to make progress 为取得进步准备革新.27.insight n / nsat/ n (into sth) 1 (a) U (approv 褒) ability to see into the true nature (of sth); deep understanding 洞察力; 深刻的了解: a person of insight 有洞察力的人 * show insight into human character 表现出对人性的深刻了解. (b) C instance of this 洞察力; 深刻的了解: a book full of remarkable insights 很有真知灼见的书. C (sudden) perception or understanding of the true nature (of sth) (突然的)领悟, 猛省: She was given an unpleasant insight into what life would be like as his wife. 她恍然大悟嫁给他就要过那种日子, 心里十分难过. * have/gain an insight into a problem 对某问题豁然开朗.28.interact v / ntrkt/ v (with sth) act or have an effect on each other 相互作用; 相互影响: chemicals that interact to form a new compound 相互作用形成新化合物的化学物质 * ideas that interact 相互影响的想法. (with sb) (of people) act together or co-operatively, esp so as to communicate with each other (指人)一起活动或互相合作(尤指为互相联系): a sociologist studying the complex way in which people interact (with each other) at parties 研究人们在聚会中互相交往的复杂方式的社会学家.29.interfere v / ntf(r); ntfr/ v (in sth); (between sb and sb) concern oneself with or take action affecting sb elses affairs without the right to do so or being invited to do so 干涉; 介入; 干预: Dont interfere in matters that do not concern you! 不要干预与你无关的事! * Its unwise to interfere between husband and wife. 夫妻间的事最好不要管. with sth (a) handle, adjust, etc sth without permission, esp so as to cause damage (未得允许)摆弄; (尤指)弄坏: Whos been interfering with the clock? Its stopped. 是谁摆弄这钟来着? 已经不走了. (b) obstruct sth wholly or partially; prevent sth from being done or carried out properly 阻碍; 妨碍; 妨害: interfere with sb elses plans 妨碍某人的计画 * Dont allow pleasure to interfere with duty. 不要让娱乐妨碍了职责. with sb distract or hinder sb 干扰或妨碍某人: Dont interfere with him while hes working. 他工作的时候不要打搅他. 30.intermediate a / ntmidt/ adj (between A and B) (a) situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etc (时间 空间 程度等)介於(两人 物等)之间的, 居间的: at an intermediate point, level, stage, etc 在中间的一点 水平 阶段等 * The pupa is at an intermediate stage of development; it is intermediate between the egg and the adult butterfly. 蛹是蝴蝶发育的中间阶段, 介於卵和成虫之间. (b) between elementary and advanced 中级的: an intermediate course, book, level 中级的课程 书 水平. 31.journal n / dnl/ n newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject 报纸; 定期刊物(尤指涉及某一学科的): a medical, a scientific, an educational, etc journal 医学 科学 教育等杂志 * a trade journal 贸易杂志 * The Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报 * The Architects Journal 建筑师杂志 * subscribe to a journal 订阅报纸. daily record of news, events, business transactions, etc 日记; 日志; 流水帐: He kept a journal of his wanderings across Asia. 他记自己漫游亚洲的日记.32.logic n / ldk; ldk/ n U science of reasoning 逻辑学; 论理学. particular method or system of reasoning 推理的方法或体系. chain of reasoning (regarded as good or bad) 逻辑性, 条理性(合乎逻辑或不合逻辑): You have to accept the logic of his argument. 应该承认他的论据中有逻辑性. ability to reason correctly 正确推理的能力; 逻辑思维的能力. 33.manual a/ mnjl/ adj of, done with or controlled by the hands 手的; 手工的; 手制的; 手控的: Making small models requires manual skill. 制作小模型要手巧. * manual labour 体力劳动 * a manual gear-box, ie one operated by the hand with a gear-lever, not automatically 手动变速箱. Cf 参看 mechanical 1.manually / -jul; -jl/ adv: manually operated 手工操作的.34.overseas a & ad / uvsiz/ adj (at, to, from, etc places or countries) across the sea; foreign (在 向 来自等)海外的, 国外的: ,overseas trade 海外贸易 * an,overseas broadcast 对外广播 * overseas students in Britain 在英国的外国留学生. overseas adv across the sea; abroad 到海外; 在国外: go, live, travel, etc overseas 到海外去 生活 旅行等.35.proportion n / prpn/ n C comparative part or share of a whole; fraction 部分; 份儿; 局部: a large proportion of the earths surface 地球表面的大部分 * The proportion of the population still speaking the dialect is very small. 只有少数居民仍使用这种方言. * A fixed proportion of the fund is invested in- 配套讲稿:
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