2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题44（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 写作题Do you think people should buy things made in their own country, even when the price is higher than the same things made somewhere else? Write an essay of noless than 200 words based on this topic.【答案】People Should Choose the Products They Would Like to Buy2.

2、单选题He is the author of this novel with high（ ）in the country.问题1选项A.coherenceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：他是这本小说的作者，在这个国家有很高的（ ） 。coherence统一，连贯性；prestige声望，名望；consequence结果，推论，重要性；commitment承诺，委托。因此，B项符合句意。3. 单选题To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that per

3、son is silly or stu-pid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds brains with stupidity.In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world, psychologists at Brown University in the U

4、SA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans. One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recognize letters of the English alphabet. The birds study in “classrooms”，which are boxes equipped with a computer. After about four days of studying a particular letter, the pigeon has to pick

5、 out that letter from several dis- played on the computer screen. Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish all twenty-six letters of the alphabet in this way.A computer record of the birds four-month study period has shown surprising similar- ities between the pigeons and human performance. Pig

6、eons and people find the same letters easy, or hard, to tell apart. For example, 92 percent of the time the pigeons could tell the letter D from the letter Z. But when faced with U and V (often confused by English chil-dren) ,the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time.The results of the expe

7、riments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something funda- mental about the recognition process. If scientists could only discover just what this recog- nition process is, it could be very useful for computer

8、 designers. The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to do and the programmer must give the computer precise, logical instructions. Maybe in the future, though, computers will be able to think like human beings.1.The writer suggests that the

9、expression “bird-brained” might be out of use soon be- cause it is（ ）2.sychologists have been experimenting with pigeons to find out whether the birds3.U and V are confused by（ ）.4.There are similarities in observing things by pigeons and humans（ ）.5.The research may help（ ）问题1选项A.sillyB.impoliteC.u

10、nnecessaryD.inappropriate问题2选项A.are really silly or stupidB.can learn to make ideas known to peopleC.see the world as human beings doD.learn more quickly than children问题3选项A.92 percent of pigeonsB.many English childrenC.most people learning EnglishD.4 percent of English children问题4选项A.because pigeon

11、s are taught by humansB.because pigeons have brains more developed than other birdsC.because their basic ways to know the world are the sameD.because pigeons and humans have similar brains问题5选项A.computer designersB.computer salesmenC.psychologistsD.teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“

12、bird-brained”定位至第一段：To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds Brains with stupidity（在英语中，如果称某人为“鸟脑”，意思就是这个人非

13、常愚蠢或没头脑。不过最近的一项研究显示，这个叫法可能很快会不再使用。看来英语将鸟的大脑与愚蠢联系在一起是不公平的）。因此，正确答案为D。2.根据题干关键词“Psychologists, experimenting, pigeons”定位至第二段：In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world，美国布朗大学的心理学家将鸟类和人类的行为进行了比较，为了了解不同的生物是怎么领会世界的。据此可知，心理学家用鸽子做实验是为了发现鸟类与人类在领会世界方面是否相同。3.根据题干定位至第三段：But when faced with

14、 U and V (often confused by English children), the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time（当面对字母U和V （英语孩子常常混淆这两个字母）时，鸽子的正确率只有34%）。据此可知B项正确。4.根据题干关键词“observing things by pigeons and humans”定位至第四段：The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans o

15、bserve things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something fundamental about the recognition process.（目前为止，心理学家从这些实验结果得到的结论是，鸽子和人类以相似的方式观察事物。这表明，识别过程具有基本的因素。）据此可知，鸽子和人类在观察事物方面相似是因为他们认识世界的基本方法相同，因此正确答案为C。5.根据题干关键词“research” 定位至第四段，第四段讲的是results of the experiments（试验结果） ：If scientists could

16、only discover just what this recognition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers.”可知，这将给计算机设计师带来很大的益处，A项正确。4. 写作题In the current job market, university graduates are having a hard time finding jobs while many employers are complaining about the shortage of work hands. Write an essa

17、y of no less than 200 words analyzing the phenomenon. Your essay should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】Why Are University Graduates Having a Hard Time Finding Jobs?5. 单选题English is an important foreign language to master because it provides ready（ ）to world scholarship and world trade.

18、问题1选项A.excessB.approachC.solutionD.access【答案】D【解析】句意：英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语，因为它是通向知识世界和商业世界的（ ） 。A选项excess超过；B选项approach接近；C选项solution解决；D选项access入口，进入。选项D符合句意。6. 单选题Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health.

19、What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electri-cally charged particles, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before

20、 thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral,Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static elec-tricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or com-puter display screens.When a large numbe

21、r of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue，irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come

22、 out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump aboutunaccountably. This has led the U. S. Geographical Survey to fund a network, of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when l

23、arge numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well- being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of

24、a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also im

25、prove the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative / posi-tive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects onthemselves, or on other

26、s，of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether de-pending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?2.In accordance with the passage, static electricity can b

27、e caused by（ ） .3.A high negative ion count is likely to be found（ ） .4.What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?5.According to the passage, some scientists believe that （ ）问题1选项A.They think they are insane.B.They become rather bad-tempered.C.They become violently sick.D.They are too

28、tired to do anything.问题2选项A.using home-made goodsB.wearing clothes made of natural materialsC.walking on carpetsD.cleaning computer screens问题3选项A.near a parking lotB.close to a slow-flowing riverC.in some barren mountainsD.by a rotating water sprinkler问题4选项A.Ionizers.B.Air-conditioners.C.Exhaust-fan

29、s.D.Vacuum pumps.问题5选项A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismographyB.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be explainedC.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliableD.earthquake cannot be predicted【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出：Wh

30、en a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. 因此，B项“人会变得易怒”正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词“static electricity”定位至第一段：Or it can be caused

31、by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or com-puter display screens（也可能是由于室内地毯或人造纤维制成的衣服或电视机、复印机或电脑显示屏产生的静电积聚所致）。因此C选项“在地毯上行走”是静电产生的原因之一。3.细节题。根据题干关键词“negative ion”定位至第三段：Natural conditions that produce these large a

32、mounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray（产生这些大量负离子的自然条件是靠近大海，靠近瀑布或喷泉，或在喷洒水的任何地方，或形成喷雾剂）, 因此D项“通过旋转洒水车”正确。4.细节题。根据题干关键词 “negative ions indoors”定位至最后一段：To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend

33、the use of ionizers. 由此可知，ionizers（离子发生器）可以制造室内负离子。A项正确。5.细节题。最后一段指出：After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat （依靠地震知识预测地震是否比观察猫更有效还存在争议）, 因此A项正确。7. 单选题Enthusiasts from around the world（ ）on Le Mans for the annua

34、l car race.问题1选项A.coverageB.idiotC.consumeD.converge【答案】D【解析】句意：来自世界各地的狂热分子，因为年度赛车比赛（ ） 勒芒。coverage范围，规模；idiot白痴；consume消耗，挥霍；converge集合，汇聚。因此，D项符合句意。8. 单选题Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes

35、cited as evidence for the（ ）of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry.问题1选项A.autonomyB.vitalityC.purposefulnessD.obsolescence【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：自然科学和生物科学的特殊问题和技术之间的表面差异有时会被用来证明生物学的（ ），并且用来说明自然科学的方法对生物科学的探究是不够的。autonomy自治，自治权；vitality活力，生气

36、，生命力；purposefulness目的性；意志坚强；obsolescence退化，荒废。A选项表示将两门学科之间的一些浅显区别用于证明生物学是独立的，符合题意。9. 单选题Deserts, dry areas with（ ）no vegetation, cover more than one-third of the Earths landsurface.问题1选项A.surprisinglyB.eventuallyC.permanentlyD.virtually【答案】D【解析】副词辨析。句意：（ ）没有植被的沙漠和干旱地区，覆盖超过三分之一的地球陆地表面。surprisingly令人惊

37、奇地，令人吃惊地；eventually最终地；permanently永久地；virtually几乎；事实上。D项符合句意。10. 写作题Directions: “The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held b

38、ack bypractical concerns. ”Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write an essay of no less than 200 words to explain your opinions on this issue.【答案】The Purpose of Education11. 单选题The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been（ ）问题1选项A.identifiedB

39、.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：尽管人们已经 可能导致癌症的某些条件，但是仍不知道根本的原因。Identify鉴别，识别；guarantee保证，担保；notify通知，布告；convey传达，传递。所以，A项identify符合句意。12. 单选题Their view that women are the natural （ ）of morality is not my view.问题1选项A.guardiansB.guardsC.guidesD.soldiers【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：他们认为，女人是道德的天然 ，但

40、我不认同。guardians守护者、保护人；guards守卫、后卫、护卫队、禁卫军；guides引导、向导；soldiers 军人。故选A。13. 单选题The town planning commission said that their financial（ ）for the next fiscalyear was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues.问题1选项A.outlookB.oversightC.notionD.subject【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：城市规划委员会表示，他们对下一个财政年度的财务前景持乐观态度；他

41、们预计税收会增加。14. 单选题Up until that time, his interest had focused almost（ ）on fully mastering theskills and techniques of his craft.问题1选项A.restrictivelyB.radicallyC.inclusivelyD.exclusively【答案】D【解析】句意：直到那个时候，他的兴趣几乎只（ ） 充分地掌握职业的技能和技巧。再根据题干中almost和fully，可知他只关注掌握他的职业的技能和技巧。A选项restrictively限制性地；B选项radically根

42、本地，彻底地；C选项inclusively包含地；D选项exclusively专有地；排外地。15. 单选题If any man here does not agree with me, he should（ ）his own plan for improvingthe living conditions of these people.问题1选项A.put onB.put outC.put inD.put forward【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意：如果这里有人不同意我的意见，他应该提出自己的计划来改善这些人的生活条件。16. 单选题Picture-taking is a techniq

43、ue both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. Tha

44、t is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise fr

45、om a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of c

46、ourse, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals i

47、s a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary in

48、formativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves o

49、r to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been vir

50、tually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.Th

51、is ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currentl

52、y widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographer

53、s in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the foll

54、owing statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewers of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence

55、of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in their work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the con

56、tent of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic originality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each pla

57、ces on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actio

58、ns that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it

59、has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.

60、根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies

61、of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是

62、“文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 17. 单选题The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition amo