考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学模拟考试题含答案38

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1、考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Courts ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirm

2、ed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “Were talking about admissions programs, scholarships,

3、 any program, only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say theyll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest

4、all this at the ballot box.” Says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of Californias Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Mondays ruling had no practical impact in the st

5、ate. “It may be time for us to .let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushs stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continu

6、e examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions.” Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra DayO Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for sessions in race-neutral programs being tried in California

7、and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate, says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now he

8、lps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body,

9、 while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monda

10、ys ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, may say they dont expect significant ch

11、anges.1.What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that（ ）2.Connerly insists that the Courts ruling should（ ） .3.What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?4.Which of the following is TRUE about affirmative action according to the text?5.It c

12、an be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to（ ）问题1选项A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B.minority applicants based on race should be implemented.C.different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D.selective co

13、lleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.问题2选项A.win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effect.B.be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion poll.C.be applied in some states before it is extended to other states.D.produce the intended prac

14、tical effect before it is widely accepted.问题3选项A.NeutralityB.ObjectionC.ApprovalD.Indifference问题4选项A.A vast majority of people support it.B.The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C.The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D.The Courts decision will certainly change peoples

15、attitude to it.问题5选项A.ensure race-neutral programs are set up in colleges and universities.B.adapt the Supreme Courts ruling to college situations.C.formulate the right policies for college admissions.D.discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissions.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5

16、题:D【解析】1.细节题。第一段：But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies (反对者们提出了更多诉讼的可能性，并承诺继续向教育部民权办公室施压，要求其调查可疑的招生政策)。故选A(不应实施偏向少数民族的入学政策)。2.细节题。定位至第二段Connerly 所说:It may

17、be time for us to .let the (Michigan) voters decideif they want to use race as a factor in admissions (我 们也许应该让密歇根州的选民们来决定他们是否赞同将种族当做录取因素)。故选B。3.推断题。根据题干关键词Department of Education定位至第三段: U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushs stance opposing affirmative action, said the

18、Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions (与布什总统反对赞助性行动的立场(stance)一致，美国教育部长Paige说，教育部将“继续审查并强调有效的种族中立政策，确保公立大学(public institution) 招收学生的广泛代表性和多样化)。故选B。4.细节题。第四段指出:In a Gal

19、lup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites (在判决前几天进行的民意测验中，49%的成年人说他们赞成赞助性行动，43%的人不赞成，黑人和拉美裔比白人更倾向于这种做法)。故选C。5.推断题。支持赞助性行动的人则是担心录取过程会出现种族歧视，因此才要求大学保证招收一定比例的少数

20、民族学生。因此推断他们希望赞助性行为可以减少大学入学时的种族歧视。2. 单选题Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become（ ）to her economy and politics over forty years association.问题1选项A.integralB.unilateralC.rationalD.hierarchical【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 日本依然和西方保持着关系，因为这层关系是他40年社交出来经济和政治的不可分割的一部分。integra

21、l构成整体所必需的，完整的。unilateral单边的；植单侧的；单方面的。rational合理的；理性的。 hierarchical分层的；等级体系的。3. 单选题Although he has become rich, he is still very （ ）of his money.问题1选项A.economicB.thriftyC.frugalD.careful【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。句意: 虽然他已经很富有了，但是他仍十分节俭。economic 经济的；thrifty 节俭的，通常与with连用，例如be thrifty with money 节约用钱；frugal节俭，通常与o

22、f连用，例如be frugal of ones money 节约用钱;careful 小心的。故选C。4. 翻译题“培根-Of Study (论读书)”Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateers and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Some books

23、are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some book are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an e

24、xact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; pets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosoph

25、y deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.【答案】选自培根论读书，王佐良先生译读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者， 少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读， 读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读 诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦

26、理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。5. 单选题A few years ago a lone American campaigner wrote a book in which he set out the main point of his fascinate in go campaignto abolish television. His manifest “Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television” is an American bestseller, and after eight editions is still genera

27、ting great concern and debate in the USA.Jerry Mander, a former advertising expert is convinced that for the sake of our freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to live without TV. Through his advertising background Mander is aware of how much of television is concerned with adverti

28、sing and money making. He sees the planting of values for profit as “a deep, profound and disturbing act by few against the many, for a trivial purpose.” And, even without commercials, he sees TV as disturbing because it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave. Pictu

29、res formed by 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombard their eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. The brain registers and stores all 30 images, but the conscious mind registers far fewer. But, argues Mander, even if you reject or doubt what you see consciously, it

30、 is too late.He further argues that TV is a deadening experience as it is restricted to just two sensessight and sound. Perception is dulled and flattened, says Mander, when you cant feel and smell and totally experience an event. People are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watchi

31、ng a screen and listening to artificial sound. “No culture in history has spent such an enormous amount of time looking at artificial light,” says Mander, “and another worrying fact is that prolonged exposure to artificial light alters human cells, which is why it is being used for certain medical t

32、reatment” Researchers do not know if life-long TV exposure is a physical risk or not, but as Mander would argue, why run the risk? It is important that people get up now and with it off before the harm is donethey might also become brain-washed, or who knows.1.Four Arguments for the Elimination of T

33、edlevision is a book which（ ） .2.Jerry Mander objects to TV advertising mainly because （ ）3.Mander thinks peoples feelings and behaviors are changed because（ ） .4.By watching TV for several hours every night, Mander implies that （ ）.5.Mander suggests that viewing TV over long periods of time （ ）.问题1

34、选项A.caused distress to many AmericansB.achieved great success overseasC.became a very popular book to readD.expressed the views of a fascinating man问题2选项A.the underlying principles concern money-makingB.it is ineffectual in getting its message acrossC.a few people are deeply disturbed by itD.the val

35、ues it conveys are accepted by all问题3选项A.the brain is able to make conscious decisionsB.the conscious mind is affected by TV imagesC.their eyes scan a TV screen 10 times a secondD.the conscious mind is unable to reject the images it sees问题4选项A.people would lose their other sensesB.people would be ve

36、iy imaginativeC.people will become very passiveD.people would come to depend on only watching问题5选项A.could lead to deathB.might cause brain damageC.could endanger peoples healthD.would make cells malignant【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段：after eight editions is still generating great concer

37、n and debate in the USA：这本书自从几年前出版以来已经出了八版。并且还在引起 广泛的关注和激烈的争论。由此可知，C项(成为了很受欢迎的书)为正确答案。A:给美国人带来了痛 苦。与原文不符。B:在海外取得很大成功。文章只提到在美国引起人们的关注与争议，故与原文不符。D:介绍一个有魅力者的观点。与原文不符。2.细节题。第二段：.how much of television is concerned with advertisingand money making. .； He sees the planting of values for profit as “a deep,

38、 profound and disturbing act by few against the many, for a trivial purpose.杰里反对电视中的广告并不是因为电视广告带来的利润太少。而是他认为对于以利益为导向的 价值观的灌输是少数人对于公众的不负责任的行为。3.推断题。第二段：.it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave （电视使人们的脑子里充斥着大量的画面和形象）。故选B项(意识受到电视画面的影响)。4.推断题。第三段指出: Perception is dull

39、ed and flattened, .when you cant feel and smell and totally experience an event. People are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watching a screen and listening to artificial sound (感觉会变得迟钝，人也变得没精打彩，也就不能感受与体会到整个事件的过程。这样人们就只能被动的一个晚上坐在那达四个小时，看着电视屏幕，听着人工的声音),因此选C项(人会变得很被动)。5.推断题。最后一段指出：.

40、prolonged exposure to artificial light alters human cells, which is why it is being used for certain medical treatment (长期暴露在人造光下会改变人体细胞，这就是为什么它被用于某种医学治疗的原因), 不难看出长时间暴露在电视人工的 光线也有可能威胁人们的健康。6. 单选题Producing elastic through chemical synthesis is a tedious process consuming three months.问题1选项A.the bette

41、r half ofB.for the better ofC.all the better forD.the better part of【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 通过化学合成生产弹性是很烦的一个过程，会花费大约三个月的时间（三个月大部分的时间）。the better part of大多数。7. 翻译题The undeniable fact is that climate is global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed en

42、ormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the United States, must take significant steps immediately.Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by k

43、ey developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the worlds leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions.In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other

44、landuse practices that have raised carbon concentrations.Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future，80% of

45、 new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies.【答案】不容否认的事实是气候变化是一个全球问题，需要在全球范围内加以 解决。毫无疑问，北半球的工业化对温室气体量的增多负有很大责任。包括美国在内的 发达国家应该立即釆取措施。不过，发达国家孤军奋战并不能抑制全球温室气体的增多。从科学角度来看，主要发展中国家的参与是必要的。几个最大的发展中国家很快就会

46、成为世界上 最大的排放国。发展中国家化石燃料排放量已经占到全球排放量的44%。不仅如此，发展中国家还要对过度砍伐森林和其他引起碳浓度增加的土地使用行为负责任。尽管现在已经拥有了发达国家在工业化时还没有发明的清洁技术，一些发展中国家的人均能源消耗强度仍在持续快速增长。不远的将来，80%的新建发电项目会出现在发展中国家。我们所有人都希望这些项目将采用最新的尖端技术。8. 单选题Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I，seventeen sta

47、tes west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), following the states lead and permitted women to take part in national elections

48、 for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as men,

49、 they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live wit

50、h a man outside marriage, often saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the “home” a

51、s the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes a

52、n active interest in her childrens education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawye

53、rs, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same jobalthough there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to e

54、xplain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1.When

55、were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?2.American feminists believe that women（ ） .3.What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?4.During their free-time, American women are usually engaged in （ ）.5. Which of the following can b

56、e the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.In 1869B.During World War IC.In 1920D.In recent years问题2选项A.have made great progress in obtaining both political and social equalityB.have achieved both social and economical equalityC.have not got enough social and economical equality as well as political one

57、D.have not had the same self-confidence as the men have问题3选项A.Most of them still believe in marriage and romantic loveB.Their marriage should be able to bring them money and home.C.Extreme feminists are ready to live with a man outside marriageD.The younger generations of women prefer to have a unif

58、ied family问题4选项A.helping with political movementsB.learning how to fight to protect themselvesC.doing housework and taking care of childrenD.both A and B问题5选项A.American FeministsB.American Women and Their Struggle for EqualityC.American GirlsD.Women and Rights【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实。

59、第一段中提出直到1920年女性取得了议会和总统选举的投票权，故选C。2.细节事实。第二段: they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts(他们应该受到同样的尊重，享有同样的社会权利，和他们的男性同事一样的待遇)。故选C:美国女权主义者认为她们没有足够的社会经济平等和政治平等。3.判断推理。第三段第一句提出很少的美国女孩不赞成女权主义者嘲笑婚姻和恋爱。故选A。4.细节事实。根据题干关键词定位至第五段: She hel

60、ps with political campaigns. She sits on committees,故选D。5.主旨大意题。全文主要介绍了美国妇女维护自己的权利和公平。9. 单选题When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progres

61、s, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our val

62、ues and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general under

63、standing of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i, e, in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences