2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题30（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The word of science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objec

2、tives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as lon

3、g as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation

4、should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man can not be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end speciali

5、sts in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes

6、-for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate applic

7、ation for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door of the di

8、scovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago: however one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about i

9、gnoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1.Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?2.A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call this approach （ ）.3.Which of the Following

10、 does the author imply?4.Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.It may lead to antiscientific, impure results.B.It necessarily precedes applied science and discovery of the cell.C.It is not always as pure as we suppose.D.It necessarily results from applied science and t

11、he discovery of the cell.问题2选项A.applied scienceB.chemical scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题3选项A.Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveriesB.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to dis

12、tinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题4选项A.On Distinguishing Fact from FictionB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.The nature of Science and Scientists【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由最后一句“The host

13、s of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied. 那些把自己的生命奉献给纯科学的科学家们并没有为忽视了他们的发现中的实用价值而道歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会被应用。”可知纯科学并不总是像人们想象的那么纯粹，它也会被运用。故答案C第2题:细节

14、事实题。由第三段中“One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. 一种是为了满足好奇心，被称为纯科学”，题干中所说的“一个对于氧气的总体知识感兴趣的科学家”，属于这类，故答案C。第3题:推理判断题。由最后一段“The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know fr

15、om experience that most knowledge is eventually applied. 那些把自己的生命奉献给纯科学的科学家们并没有为忽视了他们的发现中的实用价值而道歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会被应用。”可知A项“纯理论科学家忽视了他们的发现的实用性而受到谴责”正确。B项“如今很少有人对科学的定义有一些理解”与原文表述不符；C项“在科学界，区分事实与虚拟不困难”与原文第二段第一句“even in the”不符；D项与原文“Some times practical-mindede”不符。故答案A第4题:主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了科学的定义，以及纯科学与应用科

16、学的对比，这都是属于揭示科学的本质，故答案D。2. 单选题The workers demand are（ ）; they are asking for only a small increase in their wages.问题1选项A.complicatedB.moderateC.abnormalD.commercial【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。complicated “复杂的”；moderate “适度的”；abnormal “不正常的”；commercial “商业的”。 句意：工人们提出了适度的要求：涨一点工资。由后半句的“only a small increase”可知这种

17、要求是适度的。B项符合题意，答案B3. 单选题Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly （ ）to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather sensitive people.问题1选项A.subjectiveB.subordinateC.liableD.vulnerable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。subjective 主观的，个人的；subordinate从属的，次要的；liable有倾向的，易的；vulnerable易受影

18、响的。句意：一些研究人员意识到某些人的神经系统特别易受干燥的热风的影响，我们称这些人为天气敏感症患者。由weather sensitive people可知空格处所填单词应与sensitive意思一致，具有“易受影响的”意思，故答案D4. 单选题The teachers of the college are making great efforts to （ ）in their students the habit of speaking English.问题1选项A.cultivateB.accomplishC.assistD.require【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。cultivate

19、 “培养，陶冶”；accomplish “完成，实现”； assist“帮助”；require“需要，要求”。句意：这所大学的老师花很多努力培养学生说外语的习惯。A项符合题意，答案A5. 单选题There are several （ ）between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.问题1选项A.exaggerationsB.discrepanciesC.breakthroughsD.compliances【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。exaggerations夸张，夸大；discrepancies 偏差，差异；

20、 breakthroughs 突破；compliances 服从，听从。句意：在最初的支出预算和实际账单之间有一些偏差。根据the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills可知，这两者之间的关系只可能是有偏差，答案B6. 单选题You should （ ）to one or more weekly magazines such as Time or People.问题1选项A.subscribeB.orderC.prescribeD.reclaim【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。 subscribe订阅，后接介词to；order定购

21、，预定；prescribe开处方；reclaim改造，感化，回收利用 ；由weekly magazines可知答案为A。句意：你应该订阅一本或更多的周刊杂志，比如时代或人物。答案A7. 单选题What the correspondent sent us is an （ ）news report. We can depend on it.问题1选项A.evidentB.authenticC.ultimateD.immediate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。evident明显的；authentic真实的，可靠的；ultimate 最终的，最后的；immediate 即刻的。句意：那位记者发给

22、我们的是一份内容真实的新闻报道。我们可以相信它。由depend on可推知该信息报道是真实的，答案B。8. 单选题Even though strong evidence has proved the nicotine to be（ ）, the tobacco company still insists that its products are harmless.问题1选项A.solubleB.deficientC.addictiveD.skeptical【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。soluble “可溶解的，可解决的”； deficient “不足的，有缺陷的”； addictive

23、 “上瘾的”； skeptical “怀疑的”。句意：即使有力的证据已证实尼古丁让人上瘾，但是这家烟草公司仍然声称它的产品是无害的。由even though表转折及harmless可知空格处意思与harmless性质相反，再根据尼古丁的特点，可知“尼古丁让人上瘾”。答案C9. 单选题In late autumn swallows fly south to much warmer lands, where they can find plenty of the small flying insects on which they（ ）.问题1选项A.are fedB.eatC.relyD.fee

24、d【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。feed on“以为食”，燕子以飞虫为食，两者之间是主动的关系，故排除A。句意：在晚秋时节，小燕子向南飞向更暖和的地方，在那里它们能找到许多可以当作食物的小飞虫。答案D10. 单选题Many proverbs （ ）in ancient Greece and Rome and medieval Europe, spreading from country to country in Latin texts.问题1选项A.designatedB.descendedC.originatedD.created【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。 designated 指

25、明，指派； descend遗传下来，来自；originated 起源，来源，发生；create 创造，创作。句意：许多来源于古希腊、罗马和中世纪的欧洲的格言，以拉丁文字的形式在国家之间传递着。起源于originate in，只有C项符合句意，答案C。11. 单选题Though she was not a professional writer, she became an （ ）member of the Writers Association.问题1选项A.honourB.honourableC.honouredD.honorary【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。honour “荣誉”；h

26、onourable “诚实的，正直的”；honoured “荣幸的”；honorary “名誉的”。 句意：尽管她不是职业作家，她还是成为了作协的名誉会员。D项符合题意，答案D12. 翻译题There are 2 short passages in this part. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English.Passage ACustom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of an

27、y great moment. The inner workings of our brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more

28、astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No

29、man ever looks at the world with pure eyes. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind certain stereotypes. John Dewey has said that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of t

30、he total vocabulary of the mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk.Passage B教育的主要目标之一就是给未来的公民准备好他们在成人社会占有一席之地所需要的一切。当今的成人社会由男人和女人组成，所以男女分开的学校怎么可能为他们的 将来做好恰当的准备呢？男女同校的教育给孩子提供的完全是现实社会的真实缩影。男 孩女孩都有机会互相了解，有机会学着从小在一起生活。在这里，他们可以在学习能力、 体育运动成绩和许多课外活动方面进行相互比较，这些都是学校生活的一部分。【答案】风俗一般不被认为是什么重要的课题。

31、我们认为我们大脑的内部活动特别值得研究。但对于传统风俗，我们却觉得那不过是最平常的行为而已。但事实恰恰相反。全世界的风俗习惯是很多具体行为的集合，这些具体行为不管有多不正常，也比任何个体行为令人惊讶。这只是问题的次要方面。最重要的是，风俗习惯在人们的经验及信仰上扮演的重要角色以及它所体现的多样性。没有人能以纯净的眼睛看待世界。即使在哲学探索中，他也没有彻底抛弃成见。约翰杜威曾经说过，风俗对于个体行为的塑造之于个体对风俗的影响，正如一个人的母语词汇与他的咿呀学语一样。A major goal of education is to prepare everything they need for

32、future citizens to their place in adult society. Todays adult community is composed of men and women, so, how can schools separate men and women to make appropriate preparations for their future? What co-educational education provided to children is completely true microcosm of the real world. They

33、have the opportunity to have mutual understanding and learn to live together. Here, they can compare with each other in learning abilities, sports performance and many extra-curricular activities and all of these are parts of school life.13. 单选题Small farms and the lack of modern technology have （ ）a

34、gricultural production.问题1选项A.blunderedB.tangledC.bewilderedD.hampered【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。 blundered “做错；说错话”； tangled “使纠缠；处于混乱状态”；bewildered “使迷惑，使不知所措”；hampered“阻碍，束缚”。句意：小农场和现代技术的缺乏阻碍了农业生产。联系前半句可知只有D项“阻碍”符合句意。答案D14. 单选题As the old man lay dying he kept （ ）the experiences of his boyhood in Africa.问题1选

35、项A.complaining ofB.entering intoC.rambling aboutD.turning up【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。 complaining of 抱怨，埋怨； entering into 进入； rambling about 漫步，闲逛，闲聊； turning up 调大音量，出现。句意：在老人的弥留之际，他不断闲聊起他童年时在非洲的经历。C项符合句意，答案C15. 单选题“（ ）are visitors allowed to feed the animals. The warning can be seen on the signboard in f

36、rom every cage.问题1选项A.In any timeB.In no timeC.On no accountD.On any account【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。in any time 在任何时候；in no time 立刻；on no account 绝不；on any account任何情况下。句意：“决不允许游客给动物喂食”，每一个笼子前面都可以看到这种警示语。C项符合句意，答案C16. 单选题The thieves （ ）the waste paper all over the room while they were searching for the ring

37、.问题1选项A.spreadB.scratchedC.scatteredD.burned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。spread传播，散布；scratch搔，抓；scatter all over the floor 满地皆是；burn燃烧 。句意：小偷找钻戒的时候，把废纸弄得满屋都是。由“searching for the ring”可知小偷为了找到戒指会满屋子翻箱倒柜，把废纸弄得到处都是。答案C17. 单选题Since John has such an （ ）to flying, I am certain that he will not want to go to Britain wi

38、th us.问题1选项A.aviationB.aviatorC.aversionD.avocation【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。aviation “航空，飞行术”； aviator “飞行员”； aversion “厌恶，反感”；avocation “副业，业余爱好”。句意：既然约翰那么讨厌乘飞机，那我可以肯定他将不会愿意和我们一起去英国。根据前后句关系可知答案C18. 单选题Without the friction between the feet and the ground, people would （ ）be able to walk.问题1选项A.in no timeB.b

39、y all meansC.in no wayD.on any account【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。in no time立即，马上；by all means无论如何；in no way 决不； on any account 无论如何。句意：如果脚和地面之间没有摩擦，那么人类不可能会走路。C项符合句意，答案C19. 单选题When it comes to teaching（ ）, many parents believe that if they teach their children and treat them kindly, the kids will know how to b

40、ehave.问题1选项A.mentalityB.moralityC.complicatedD.majority【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。mentality 心理，智力；morality道德，品行，美德；complicated 复杂的； majority 多数。句意：说到道德教育，许多家长相信如果他们温和地教育孩子，对待孩子，孩子们就知道如何守规矩了。下文提到的内容属于道德品行范畴，故B项符合题意。答案B20. 单选题In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts

41、 to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many

42、companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with es

43、tablished business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to pull customers into sites. In the past

44、 year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and adve

45、rtisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starling to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product off

46、ering，or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the We

47、b and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the ri

48、ght mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the onli

49、ne plunge.1.What do we learn about the present web business?2.Established partners are preferred in web business because（ ）.3.Net purists are most worried that（ ）.4.What can be inferred about A?问题1选项A.Web business is no longer in fashionB.Business-to-business sales are the trend.C.Web business is pr

50、osperous in the consumer market.D.Many companies still lack confidence in web business.问题2选项A.they are more creditable than othersB.they specify the products they wantC.they have access to the companys private intranetD.they are capable of conducting online transactions问题3选项A.only the requested info

51、rmation conies to the screenB.the net is filled with commercial promotionC.the difference between the Wed and TV will fadeD.push technology will dominate the screen问题4选项A.Its success is attributed to push strategies.B.It is prosperous without push strategies.C.It is highly concerned about the cost o

52、f computing power.D.It is a good example of the flourishing online business.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。第2段开头的Nonetheless表明该句与首段提到的内容有转折关系：Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because（尽管如此，许多公司仍然对使用网络犹豫不决，因为），因此D项“许多公司对网络商务依然缺少自信”正确。第2题:细节事实题。由第二段because of doubts abou

53、t its reliability.及最后一句“Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. 一些公司通过只与已建立业务的伙伴进行在线交易来限制风险，这些业务伙伴可以访问公司的私有内部网。”可知商家为了减轻风险，会选择与建立了合作关系的固定合作伙伴交易，因为他们更值得信赖。”答案A第3题:细节事实题。第3段末句开

54、头的Thats a prospect表明前面提到的内容就是使网络净化者觉得担忧的问题，上文说网络广告不应像电视那样不请自来，由此可见，网络净化者最担心的是以后电脑屏幕会被不请自来的广告占据，因此D为本题答案。关键不在于“网络中满是商业促销”，而是“push technology（广告推送）”。第4题:推理判断题。由第四段首句“But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.不靠推销策略赚钱也是可行的。”接着例举亚马逊的成功案例，可知答案B