2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷36（附答案带详解）

《2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷36（附答案带详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷36（附答案带详解）（26页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题An architect of Israeli settlements in the occupied lands, Mr. Sharon gained international （ ） over the years for harsh tactics against the Palestinians over （ ） Israel ruled.问题1选项A.fame . whichB.infamy . whichC.infamy . whomD.fame . whom【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析和语法。f

2、ame “名声”； infamy “声名狼藉”。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入关系代词引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词Palestinians，因为先行词是人，所以关系代词选用whom，句意：Mr. Sharon因为对由以色列人统治的巴基斯坦人的残酷手段在国际上声名狼藉。选项C符合题意。2. 翻译题If there is any truth in what has been said about the need of forming. A theory of experience at education may be intelligently conducted upon the basi

3、s of experience, it is clear that the next thing in order in this discussion is to present the principles that are most significant in framing this theory. I shall not, therefore, apologize for engaging in a certain amount of philosophical analysis, which otherwise might be out of place. I may, howe

4、ver, reassure you to some degree by saying that this analysis is not an end in itself but is engaged in for the sake of obtaining criteria to be applied later in discussion of a number of concrete and, to most persons, more interesting issues.I have already mentioned what I called the category of co

5、ntinuity, or the experiential continuum.This principle is involved, as 1 pointed out, in every attempt to discriminate between experiences that are worthwhile educationally and those that are not. It may seem superfluous to argue that this discrimination is necessary not only in criticizing the trad

6、itional type of education but also in initiating and conducting a different type. Nevertheless, it is advisable to pursue for a little while the idea that it is necessary. One may safely assume. I suppose, that one thing which has recommended the progressive movement is that it seems more in accord

7、with the democratic ideal to which our people is committed than do the procedures of the traditional school, since the latter have so much of the autocratic about them. Another thing which has contributed to its favorable reception is that its methods are humane in comparison with the harshness so o

8、ften attending the policies of the traditional school.The question I would raise concerns why we prefer democratic and humane arrangements to those which are autocratic and harsh.And by “why”, I mean the reason for preferring them, not just the causes which lead us to the preference. One cause may b

9、e that we have been taught not only in the schools but by the press, the pulpit, the platform, and our laws and law-making bodies that democracy is the best of all social institutions. We may have so assimilated this idea from our surroundings that it has become a habitual part of our mental and mor

10、al make-up. But similar causes have led other persons in different surroundings to widely varying conclusions- to prefer fascism, for example. The cause for our preference is not the same thing as the reason why we should prefer it.It is not my purpose here to go in detail into the reason. But I wou

11、ld ask a single question: Can we find any reason that does not ultimately come down to the belief that democratic social arrangements promote a better quality of human experience, one which is more widely accessible and enjoyed than do non-democratic and anti-democratic forms of social life? Does no

12、t the principle of regard for individual freedom and for decency and kindliness of human relations come back in the end to the conviction that these things are tributary to a higher quality of experience on the part of a greater number than arc methods of repression and coercion or force?Is it not t

13、he reason for our preference that we believe that mutual consultation and convictions reached through persuasion make possible a better quality of experience than can otherwise be provided on any wide scale?【答案】如果正如之前所说，对于理论形成的需要是真实的话，教育经验理论可以在过往经验的基础上进行明智的指导，那么很清楚的是，在这个讨论中，接下来要做的就是提出构建这个理论框架最重要的原则。

14、正如我提出的一样，这个原则涉及于每一次尝试区分有教育价值的经历和没有教育价值的经历中。我认为有一点是确定的，推进这项进步运动，在于它似乎比传统学校的程序更符合我国人民所致力于的民主理想，因为传统学校有太多的专制思想。而对于“为什么”，我指的是偏向于后者的原因，而不仅仅是导致我们偏向后者的原因。我们可能已经从周围环境中吸收了这种观念，以至于它已经成为我们心理和道德构成的一部分。我们能找到任何最终不会归结为民主社会促进提升人类经验中的更好品质，这种体验比非民主和反民主的社会生活形式更容易理解和享受这一信仰的原因吗？我们相信通过说服而达成的相互协商和信任，可能比通过其他方式在任何情况下提供更好的经验

15、质量，这难道不是我们偏向的理由吗？3. 问答题Identity is about how we define who we are. Literally, both identity and the self mean “the same as”. In cultural theory identity is used to describe the consciousness of self found in the modern individual. The modern self is understood to be autonomous and self-critical. The

16、 German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel saw individualism, the right to criticism and autonomy of action as the three main characteristics of modern subjectivity. This self-reflexive aspect of identity means that, in the modern age, identity is understood to be a project. It is not fixed. The autobiographi

17、cal thinking that characterizes modern identity creates a coherent sense of a past identity, but that identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future. The constant remaking of identity reveals that the sense of self is to some extent an illusion, because the making of the self r

18、equires a constant interaction with the not-self or non-identity: the external world. In modem Western societies, certain identities have been privileged over others. Men have been privileged over women. White Europeans have been privileged over non-whites. Certain modes of sexual behavior have defi

19、ned normal against deviant sexual identities. “Identity politics” is the term used to describe the emergence into the political arena of identities other than those of white, European, heterosexual men. The assertion of alternative identities has followed a number of different strategies which Jonat

20、han Dollimore divides into four types of “reverse discourses”: (1) the assertion of a positive identity as normal and natural as the dominant “norm”; (2) the assertion of a negative identity, which is abnormal, but can be explained and assimilated by recourse to legitimating (for example, medical or

21、 scientific) discourses; (3) the assertion of a different identity as more natural and normal than the dominant norm; (4) the strategy of transgression, where the very categories that define what is normal and abnormal are subverted. The first of these four can be described as essentialist strategie

22、s. They assert oppositional identity as essentially unchangeable. An example would be the cultural movement known as “negritude” which emerged at the end of the French Empire. One of its leading proponents, Leopold Senghor argued that African culture is “more sensitive to the external world, to the

23、material aspect of beings and things”. However, the result of such strategies is often anti-essentialist. An assertive African culture will in fact change the nature of both African and European identities. The fourth reverse discourse is explicitly anti-essentialist. Identity is understood to be pe

24、rformative, not based on any essential characteristics, but rather is a performance based on cultural expectations. Dollimores example of an anti-essentialist identity is Oscar Wilde, who famously argued for the primacy of culture in his statement that “life imitates art”. One of the most interestin

25、g developments in identity politics emerging from this insight has been queer politics. This has developed from lesbian and gay politics; but queer politics resists the division of sexuality into a binary opposition of essentialist homosexual or heterosexual identities. Instead, Judith Butler argues

26、 that identities are the products of the discourses that define sexuality. We perform masculinity or femininity, homosexuality or heterosexuality according to a script already written as the cultural conventions of our society. In this view, identities are cultural constructions rather than pre-set.

27、 1.What is the passage mainly about?2.Why does the author say that “in the modern age, identity is understood to be a project” in Paragraph 1?3.In whose interests is the term “identity politics” put forward in Paragraph 2?4.Why does the author mention the example of Oscar Wilde in Paragraph 2?5.What

28、 is the author likely to talk about in the following paragraph?【答案】1.The passage is about (the definition of) identity.2.Because the past identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future.3.People who are not privileged in modern Western society.4.Because he argued for the primacy

29、 of culture in his statement, which subverted the very categories that define what is normal and abnormal.5.The following paragraph will discuss the influences on identities that social culture brings.4. 单选题The existing child protection laws in China do allow for abusive parents （ ）of their custody

30、rights, but they do not include details on implementation.问题1选项A.depriveB.to be deprivedC.to depriveD.being deprived【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，The existing child protection laws为句子的主语，allow for作谓语，所以空格的部分应该要填入非谓语动词，用来修饰前句的名词laws，因为动词deprive与其逻辑主语laws之间存在被动关系，选项A和C可排除。又根据空格中的动作发生在将来，所以选用动词不定式表将来。选项B符合题意。5.

31、单选题Around the world, rumbles of complaint about globalization are growing louder. In East Asia, the financial crisis of 1997 left a jaundiced sense of what globalization entails, though robust economic recovery has tempered that. Globalizations standing has also been badly damaged in Latin America b

32、y the meltdown of the Argentine economy in 2000 and financial crises in Brazil in 1999 and 2001. New fears about globalization are surfacing in Europe too. In France and Germany, working people link globalization with pressures to dismantle the social democratic state.These developments have raised

33、concerns about the durability of globalization even among its supporters. In the final section of his new book Global Capitalism: Its Fail and Rise in the 20th Century，the Harvard professor Jeffry Friedenwho is in favor of globalizationruminates on the possibility that todays globalization, like tha

34、t of the 19th century, might falter.It can be highly instructive to look back at what some historians call “the first globalization”. When people do so, however, they often tend to identify its end as the beginning of World War I in 1914. This is wrong, and leads to misunderstandings about todays gl

35、obalization.The first globalization ended with the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression. The worlds response to the crash, however, was profoundly affected by the political conditions that World War I had created. In the United States, Britain and France, the war created politi

36、cal and social conditions that fostered a turn to social democracy. In Germany, the onerous economic burdens of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles fostered a turn to Nazism.This history has enormous significance for understanding todays predicament. The first lesson is that the economic crisis of 1929not

37、 politicsbrought down the first globalization, suggesting that an economic crisis, and not politics, will bring down todays globalization.The second lesson is that while political developments before 1929 did not cause the crash, they mattered enormously for the international response. After World W

38、ar I, governments substantially recreated the prewar economic system, but the reconstructed system distributed prosperity extremely unevenly. In the United States, wealth and income inequality grew during the Roaring Twenties. In Britain, the industrial midlands and the north suffered from persisten

39、t stagnation because of an overvalued exchange rate. And prosperity simply bypassed Germany.Additionally, there was a popular turn to isolationism in response to the carnage wrought by the war. The global economic system was therefore unpopular, and consequently it had few defenders when the crash c

40、ame. That lesson holds for the current globalization, which is also unpopular and feared.After the first globalization crashed because of inherent financial fragility, the ensuing New Deal era created a system that remedied that fragility. The New Deal era also created a social democratic, mass-cons

41、umption economy in which income was more broadly shared because of unionization, minimum wages and social security provisions. But such an economy is expensive for individual capitalists, giving them incentive to evade its costs. That has been a driving force behind globalization since 1980, and tha

42、t is the contradiction in todays system.1.The financial cries in Brazil are mentioned in the first paragraph to （ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT true about Jeffry Frieden?3.Why does the author advocate looking back at the first globalization?4.Which of the following is the lesson learnt from the

43、history of the first globalization?5.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that （ ）.问题1选项A.show the trend of globalization in recent yearsB.analyze the causes of financial crises in the worldC.illustrate how to resolve financial crises in the worldD.show peoples negative attitudes toward global

44、ization问题2选项A.He is a professor in Harvard University.B.He might believe that the disadvantages of globalization outweigh its advantages.C.He is the author of the book Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the 20th CenturyD.He thinks that todays globalization might probably crash.问题3选项A.Because it

45、 can make us identify the end of the first globalization correctly and avoid misunderstanding.B.Because it can help us find out the causes of the Wall Street crash of 1929.C.Because it can make us understand why the war fostered a turn to social democracy in Britain, while a turn to Nazism in German

46、y.D.Because it can help us understand the current globalization and get some instructive experience.问题4选项A.It is the economic crisis or inherent financial fragility that may contribute to the crash of globalization.B.In Britain, wealth and income inequality grew during the “Roaring Twenties”，which m

47、attered for globalization.C.After World War I, the reconstructed system distributed prosperity extremely unevenly, which was a driving force behind the first globalization.D.The first globalization crashed because of inherent financial fragility and the following social democratic, mass-consumption

48、economy.问题5选项A.the New Deal contributed to the crash of the first globalization to some extent.B.unionization, minimum wages and social security provisions can relieve wealth and income inequality to some extent.C.individual capitalists were optimistic about a social democratic, mass-consumption eco

49、nomyD.since 1980, there has been a controversial trend about globalization【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Globalizations standing has also been badly damaged in Latin America by the meltdown of the Argentine economy in 2000 and financial crises in Brazil in 1999 and 2001.”，可知2000年阿根廷

50、经济的崩溃、1999和2001年巴西的经融危机严重损害了全球化在拉丁美洲的地位。可推断出人们对全球化存在消极的态度。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“In the final section of his new book Global Capitalism: Its Fail and Rise in the 20th Century, the Harvard professor Jeffry Friedenwho is in favor of globalizationruminates on the possibility that todays globalizat

51、ion, like that of the 19th century, might falter.”，从这一段对Jeffry Frieden的介绍中可知，他是哈佛大学的教授，选项A可排除。他确实是Global Capitalism: Its Fail and Rise in the 20th Century这一书的作者，选项C可排除。他是支持全球化的，他反复思考了今天的全球化像19世纪全球化那样不景气的可能性，所以他认为今天的全球化也可能会面临崩溃，选项D可排除。所以选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“It can be highly instructive to look ba

52、ck at what some historians call “the first globalization.”，可知，让人们回顾第一次全球化是很有意义的。根据文章第五段，“This history has enormous significance for understanding todays predicament.”，可知这些历史对于度过今天的困境也有很大的意义。所以回顾第一个全球化有助于我们理解今天的全球化形式并且获得一些有益的经验。选项D符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第五段，“The first lesson is that the economic crisis of 19

53、29not politicsbrought down the first globalization, suggesting that an economic crisis, and not politics, will bring down todays globalization.”，可知第一次全球化表明是经济而不是政治击败今天的全球化。根据文章最后一段第一句，“After the first globalization crashed because of inherent financial fragility, the ensuing New Deal era created a s

54、ystem that remedied that fragility.”，可知全球化崩溃的原因是金融的脆弱性。综上可推断出经济危机或内在的金融脆弱性可能会导致全球化的崩溃。选项A符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一段第二句，“The New Deal era also created a social democratic, mass-consumption economy in which income was more broadly shared because of unionization, minimum wages and social security provisions.”

55、可知新政时期创造了一个社会民主的大众消费经济，因为公会化、最低工资和社会保障，使得收入分配平均一些。可推断出工会化、最低工资和社会保障规定可以在一定程度上缓解财富和收入不平等。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Moscow seems to be moving past its old fear of an expanded NATO. Though Russia does not want to join NATO Putin and other politicians have made it clear that they consider Russia capable of ensuring

56、 its own security - it is placing a new （ ）on fostering tie with its NATO neighbors.问题1选项A.premiumB.preludeC.preponderanceD.preamble【答案】A【解析】形近异义词辨析。premium “额外费用”；prelude “前奏，序幕”；preponderance “优势，多数”；preamble “序文，先兆”。又根据固定搭配place a new premium on “鼓励，重视”，句意：普京和其他政客已经明确表示，他们认为俄罗斯有能力确保自己的安全-俄罗斯注重加强与

57、北约邻国的关系。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题If sanity and insanity exist, how shall we know them?The question is neither capricious nor itself insane. However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling. It is commonplace, for example, to read a

58、bout murder trials wherein eminent psychiatrists for the defense are contradicted by equally eminent psychiatrists for the prosecution on the matter of the defendants sanity. More generally, there are a great deal of conflicting data on the reliability, utility, and meaning of such terms as sanity,

59、insanity, mental illness, and schizophrenia.Finally, as early as 1934, Benedict suggested that normality and abnormality are not universal. What is viewed as normal in one culture may be seen as quite aberrant in another. Thus, notions of normality and abnormality may not be quite as accurate as peo

60、ple believe they are.To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd. Murder is deviant. So, too, are hallucinations. Nor does raising such questions deny the existence of the personal anguish that is often associated wi

61、th mental illness. Anxiety and depression exist. Psychological suffering exists. But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.At its heart, the question of whether the sane can be distinguished from the

62、 insane is a simple matter: Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the environments and contexts in which observers find them? From Bleuler, through Kretchmer, through the formulators of the recently revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

63、the American Psychiatric Association, the belief has been strong that patients present symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly, that the sane are distinguishable from the insane. More recently, however, this belief has been questioned. Based in part on theoretical and anthro

64、pological considerations, but also on philosophical, legal, and therapeutic ones, the view has grown that psychological categorization of mental illness is useless at best and downright harmful, misleading, and pejorative at worst. Psychiatric diagnoses, in this view, are in the minds of the observe

65、rs and are not valid summaries of characteristics displayed by the observed.Gains can be made in deciding which of these is more nearly accurate by getting normal people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and then determining whether they were discovered to be sane and, if so, how. If the sanity of such pseudo patients were always detected, there woul