2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前模拟强化练习题60（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Starting with the（ ）that there is life on the planet Mars, the Russian and American scientists went on to develop their arguments.问题1选项A.premiseB.pretextC.preconditionD.presentation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项premise“前提，假定，假设”；B选项pretext“借口，托辞”；C选项precondition“前提，先决条件”；D选项

2、presentation“展示，描述”。句意：从火星上有生命这一假设出发，俄罗斯和美国的科学家继续展开他们的争论。火星上有生命这只是一个假设，所以选项A正确。2. 单选题One of the major pleasures（1）life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to（2）it. Appetite is the（3）of living: it is one of the（4）that tells you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have a

3、n edge on your longings and want to bite into the world and taste its multitudinous（5）and juices.（6）appetite, of course, I dont mean just the desire for food, but any condition of（7）desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than youve got, and that you havent yet（8）your life. Wilde

4、said he felt sorry for those who never got their hearts desire, but sorrier（9）for those who did. I got mine once only, and it nearly killed me, and Ive always preferred wanting（10）since.For appetite, for me, is this state of wanting, which keeps ones（11）alive. I remember learning this lesson long ag

5、o as a child, when treats and orgies were（12）, and when I discovered that the（13）pitch of happiness was not in actually eating a toffee, but in（14）it beforehand. True, the first bite was delicious, （15）once the toffee was gone one was left with nothing, neither toffee nor lust.So, for me, one of the

6、 keenest（16）of appetite remains in the wanting, not the satisfaction. In this condition, of course, I know that the object of desire is always at its most flawlessly（17）, which is why I would carry the preservation of appetite（18）of deliberate fasting, simply because I think that appetite is（19）to l

7、ose, too precious to be bludgeoned（20）insensibility by satiation and over-doing it.问题1选项A.forB.toC.inD.with问题2选项A.preserveB.deserveC.reserveD.serve问题3选项A.wantingB.interestC.keennessD.wishes问题4选项A.touchesB.hopesC.sensesD.expectations问题5选项A.dishesB.mealsC.smellsD.flavors问题6选项A.ByB.WithC.ThroughD.Of问题7

8、选项A.dissatisfiedB.unsatisfiedC.dissatisfyingD.unsatisfying问题8选项A.used upB.used allC.used overD.finished问题9选项A.moreB.the sameC.evenD.still问题10选项A.to havingB.than havingC.instead of havingD.but not having问题11选项A.wantingB.desiringC.curiosityD.expectation问题12选项A.popularB.manyC.fewD.a few问题13选项A.biggestB

9、.greatestC.mostD.largest问题14选项A.tastingB.imaginingC.bitingD.gazing at问题15选项A.butB.howeverC.andD.for问题16选项A.happinessB.delightsC.pleasuresD.well-being问题17选项A.goodB.bestC.perfectD.most问题18选项A.at a degreeB.to an extentC.to some extentD.to the extent问题19选项A.too goodB.so goodC.too hardD.too easy问题20选项A.f

10、orB.intoC.inD.to【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:A第11题:D第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:A第16题:C第17题:C第18题:D第19题:A第20题:B【解析】第1题:1.考查介词辨析。这里表示“渴望乃生活之一大乐事”，因此选介词in。2.考查动词辨析。A选项preserve“保存；保护；维持”；B选项deserve“应受，应得”；C选项reserve“ 预订” D选项serve“招待，供应”。句意：而心怀渴望则成为一项重要的任务。这里表示 “我们的主要职责之一就是保护好它”，因此A项

11、符合句意。3.考查名词辨析。A选项wanting“缺少的；缺乏的”；B选项interest“兴趣，爱好”；C选项keenness“ 敏锐；锐利” D选项wishes“希望；祝福”。B选项放在空格处比较合适，表示 “渴望意味着对生活充满热情”。因此B项正确。4.考查名词辨析。A选项touches“绝技”；B选项hopes“希望”；C选项senses“感觉；意义” D选项expectations“期望；预期”。句意：这种表明你依然希冀生活。根据句意可知C项正确。5.考查名词辨析。A选项dishes“菜肴”；B选项meals“膳食”；C选项smells“气味” D选项flavors“滋味”。D项放在

12、这里比较合适，taste its multitudinous flavors and juices表示 “历尽世间百味百态”。句意：这种感觉表明你依然希冀生活，热衷梦想，向往探索世界，历尽世间百味百态。因此D项正确。6.考查介词辨析。这里用介词by比较合适，By appetite表示 “说到欲望/渴望”。句意：欲者，并非专指食欲，而乃渴望而不及之状态。7.考查形容词辨析。A选项dissatisfied “不满意的；不高兴的”；B选项unsatisfied“未得到满足的”；C选项dissatisfying“使不满，使失望（dissatisfy 的现在分词）”； D选项unsatisfying“无

13、法令人满足的”。句意：当然，我所说的“渴望”不单指对食物的欲望，而指所有欲求未满的状态。因此B项正确。8.考查短语辨析。A选项use up“用完，耗尽”；B选项use all 无此搭配；C选项use over 无此搭配； D选项finish“完成；结束”。句意：这炽热的激情证明你希望收获更多，你的生命力并未耗尽。因此A项符合句意。9.语义题。Still修饰形容词比较级，表示 “更加；.得多”。句意：王尔德曾说过，对未能梦想成真者，他深表惋惜；而对心愿已遂者，他则倍感遗憾。因此D项正确。10.考查固定搭配。prefer doing to doing表示 “更喜欢，不喜欢”。句意：我梦想成真过一次

14、，这几乎要了我的命，从那以后，比起拥有，我更喜欢向往的状态。因此A项正确。11.考查名词辨析。A选项wanting（want 的现在分词）“想要；需要”；B选项desiring“渴望（desire 的现在分词）”；C选项curiosity“ 好奇” D选项expectation“期待；预期；指望”。句意：对我来说，渴望就是这种想往的状态，它使希望永存。因此D项正确。12.语义题。句意：我记得懂得这一点是在很久以前，还是个孩子的时候，那时有人款待和纵酒享乐的机会几乎没有。按上下文逻辑理解，这里表示 “有人款待和纵酒享乐的机会”在孩提时应是“几乎没有”的，因此C项正确。13.考查形容词最高级。句意

15、：而我发觉最大的幸福不在于吃太妃糖，而在于吃前凝视它的那一段时间。这里表示 “最大程度的幸福”，因此用great的最高级greatest。因此B项正确。14.考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的动名词形式。A选项taste“品尝”；B选imagine“想象；猜想”；C选项bite“咬；刺痛”； D选项gaze at“盯住；凝视”。句意：而在于吃前凝视它的那一段时间。因此D项正确。15.考查连词辨析。句意：诚然，咬第一口时味道不错，但一旦太妃糖吃完了，一切皆化为乌有，无论是太妃糖还是欲望全都没了。空格前后是转折关系，故选A。16.考查名词辨析。A选项happiness“幸福”；B选项delights

16、“高兴”；C选项pleasures“愉快；乐事”； D选项well-being“幸福；康乐”。句意：所以对我而言，欲望的最大乐趣之一在于对之渴求，而非满足感。因此C项正确。17.考查形容词辨析。A选项good“好的；优良的”；B选项best“最好的”；C选项perfect“ 完美的；最好的”； D选项most“多数的；最多的”。句意：在这些情况下，我当然知道渴望的目的通常在于其无瑕疵的完美。因此C项正确。18.考查短语辨析。A选项at a degree“在一定程度上”；B选项to an extent“在一定程度上”；C选项to some extent“ 在某种程度上”； D选项to the e

17、xtent“到程度”。句意：这就是为什么我会刻意禁食来保持食欲。因此D项正确。19.考查固定搭配。句意：仅仅是因为我认为胃口太好了，不能失去，太珍贵了，不能因为饱足和过度进食而变得麻木。Tooto表示 “太而不能”，A项符合句意。20.考查固定搭配。be bludgeoned into在这里表示 “变得，成为状态”。句意：太珍贵了，不能因为饱足和过度进食而变得麻木。因此B项正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:第6题:第7题:第8题:第9题:第10题:第11题:第12题:第13题:第14题:第15题:第16题:第17题:第18题:第19题:第20题:3. 单选题Techniques that

18、create an atmosphere of suspense are commonly used by filmmakers to （ ）their audience.问题1选项A.harassB.applaudC.exciteD.arrest【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项harass“骚扰”；B选项applaud“赞同；称赞”；C选项excite“使兴奋；刺激” D选项arrest“逮捕”。句意：电影制作者经常用制造悬念气氛的技巧来刺激观众。因此C项符合句意。4. 单选题Ethnography is the study of a particular human society

19、or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Ethnography, by virtue of its intersubjective nature, is ne

20、cessarily comparative. Given that the anthropologist in the field necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his observations and descriptions must, to a certain degree, be comparative. Thus the formulating of generalizations about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably become component

21、s of ethnography.Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of both the Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork has since become a sort of rite

22、 of passage into the profession of cultural anthropology. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time maintaining an observers objective detachment.This m

23、ethod, called participant-observation, while necessary and useful for gaining a thorough understanding of a foreign culture, is in practice quite difficult. Just as the anthropologist brings to the situation certain inherent, if unconscious, cultural biases, so also is he influenced by the subject o

24、f his study. While there are cases of ethnographers who felt alienated or even repelled by the culture they entered, manyperhaps mosthave come to identify closely with “their people,” a factor that affects their objectivity. In addition to the technique of participant-observation, the contemporary e

25、thnographer usually selects and cultivates close relationships with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information on ritual, kinship, or other significant aspects of cultural life. In this process also the anthropologist risks the danger of biased viewpoints, as those who mo

26、st willingly act as informants frequently are individuals who are marginal to the group and who, for ulterior motives (e.g., alienation from the group or a desire to be singled out as special by the foreigner), may provide other than objective explanations of cultural and social phenomena. A final h

27、azard inherent in ethnographic fieldwork is the ever-present possibility of cultural change produced by or resulting from the ethnographers presence in the group.Contemporary ethnographies usually adhere to a community, rather than individual, focus and concentrate on the description of current circ

28、umstances rather than historical events. Traditionally, commonalities among members of the group have been emphasized, though recent ethnography has begun to reflect an interest in the importance of variation within cultural systems. Ethnographic studies are no longer restricted to small primitive s

29、ocieties but may also focus on such social units as urban ghettos. The tools of the ethnographer have changed radically since Malinowskis time. While detailed notes are still a mainstay of fieldwork, ethnographers have taken full advantage of technological developments such as motion pictures and ta

30、pe recorders to augment their written accounts.1.The last sentence of Para.1 indicates or suggests that（ ）.2.Which of the following may NOT give biases to the ethnographers study of culture?3.The ethnographer shows great interest in all of the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.According to the passage, it was M

31、alinowski who（ ）.5.It is implied in the last paragraph that the method used by earlier ethnographers was（ ）.问题1选项A.ethnography should make theoretical as well as comparative study of cultureB.ethnographers should be on their guard against overgeneralizing about cultureC.ethnographers would inevitabl

32、y bring biases into their study of new culturesD.ethnographic findings should be compared with those made by other sciences问题2选项A.The people who answer his questionsB.His own cultural backgroundC.The kind of information he wants to getD.The changes made by his presence in the culture in question问题3选

33、项A.current conditions that exist with a cultureB.individual behavior as shaped by a customC.behavior patterns common among members of a cultureD.difference existing within a culture问题4选项A.developed ethnography into anthropologyB.used tape recorders to record the desired informationC.studied such uni

34、ts as urban ghettosD.is considered founder of ethnography问题5选项A.detailed note-takingB.random selectionC.tape-recordingD.on-the-spot investigation【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据原文第一段的最后一句“Thus the formulating of generalizations about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably becom

35、e components of ethnography. 因此，对文化概括进行系统的阐述和比较不可避免地成为民族志的一部分。”由此可知，作者认为民族志不仅仅只是理论上的，还要对文化进行比较研究。选项A符合原文。2.判断推理题。根据第三段的第二句“Just as the anthropologist brings to the situation certain inherent, if unconscious, cultural biases, so also is he influenced by the subject of his study. 正如人类学家将某些固有的，也许是无意识的，

36、文化偏见带到这种情况中，他也会受到他研究对象的影响。”A选择“回答他问题的人”属于研究的对象，会造成偏见，所以不正确；而人类学家之所以会有固有的或者说是无意识的文化偏见是由于各自不同的文化背景造成的，所以选项B也不正确；根据第三段最后一句“A final hazard inherent in ethnographic fieldwork is the ever-present possibility of cultural change produced by or resulting from the ethnographers presence in the group. 民族志实地调查的

37、最后一个固有风险是，由于民族志学者的存在而产生或导致文化改变的可能性一直存在。”因为在这个过程中，他们总会听到持有偏见的一些观点。所以选项D也不正确。只有选项C他自己想要得到的信息不会对文化研究带来偏见，所以正确。3.细节事实题。根据最后一段的内容，当代民族志通常拥护群体，而不是个人，由此可知B选项“由于习惯形成的个人行为”不是民族志学者感兴趣的；民族志关注和专注于描述当前的情况，而不是历史事件，由此可知A选项“与文化共存的当前的情况”是民族志学者感兴趣的。传统上，群体成员之间的共性一直被强调，然而最近的民族志已经开始对文化系统中差异的重要性产生了兴趣，由此可知，C选项“在一种文化中成员之间常

38、见的行为模式”和D选项“存在于文化中的差异”都是民族志学者所关注的内容。所以本题选B。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后两句“The tools of the ethnographer have changed radically since Malinowskis time. While detailed notes are still a mainstay of fieldwork, ethnographers have taken full advantage of technological developments such as motion pictures and tape r

39、ecorders to augment their written accounts. 自马林诺夫斯基时代以来，民族志学者的工具已经发生了根本的变化。虽然详细的笔记仍然是现场工作的主要手段，但民族志学者已经充分利用了技术的发展，如电影和录音机，以增加他们的文字记录。”所以选项B“用录音机记录所需信息”符合原文。5.判断推理题。根据上一题可知，自马林诺夫斯基时代以来，民族志学者的工具已经发生了根本的变化。虽然详细的笔记仍然是现场工作的主要手段，但民族志学者已经充分利用了技术的发展，如电影和录音机，以增加他们的文字记录。由此可以推断出早期民族志学者用的方法是记录详细的笔记，所以选项A正确。5. 单

40、选题I would do anything for her except（ ）what she cooks.问题1选项A.to eatB.eatC.eatingD.eaten【答案】B【解析】考查动词的形式。句意：我可以为她做任何事，就是不要吃她做的饭。Except在这里表示并列关系，前面是would do，后面同样也是用动词原形，所以选项B正确。6. 单选题Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such rea

41、sons is smallPruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees

42、 have a desired shape or sizeThe object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shapeSecondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthierYou may cut out diseased or dead wood,

43、or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing woundsThe health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are locking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open would is left on the tree and this provides an easy e

44、ntry for diseases, but it is a wound that will healOften there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, or that there is a period when the tree is at riskIt should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possibleIt is essential to make

45、the area which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughnessYou should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purposePruning is usually done in winter, for the

46、n you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference from the leaves and it is, too, very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleedIf this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.1.Pruning is probably usually done to （ ）.2. Trees become unhealthy if the gard

47、ener ( ).问题1选项A.make the small branches thicker.B.get rid of the small branches.C.improve the shape of the tree.D.make the tree grow taller.问题2选项A.damages some of the small side branches.B.forces them to grow too quickly.C.does not protect them from the wind.D.allows too many branches to grow in the

48、 middle.问题3选项A.To help a wound to dry.B.To cover a rough surface.C.To prevent disease entering a wound.D.To make a wound smooth.问题4选项A.regularly every winter.B.occasionally when necessary.C.as quickly as possible.D.at intervals throughout the year.问题5选项A.To discuss different methods of pruning.B.To

49、explain how trees develop disease.C.To give a general description of pruning.D.To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段第一句指出：First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size (首先，修剪可以确保树有一个理想的形状或大小)。由此可知，修剪通常是为了“改善树的形

50、状”，故选C。2.判断推理题。第二段最后一句指出：The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are locking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air (修剪掉挡在中间而阻止了空气自由流通的树枝，可以让树更健康)。由此可知，如果园丁让太多的树枝在中间生长，树就会不健康。D选项正确。3.判断推理题。最后一段第一句指出：One result of pruning is that an open would is left on

51、 the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases, but it is a wound that will heal(修剪的一个后果是树上留下一个缺口，这为疾病提供了一个容易的入口，但这是一个可以愈合的伤口)。因此树被涂上一种特殊材料终究是为了“防止疾病通过修剪口侵入”。B项和D项都是干扰项，虽然后面提到：It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughnes

52、s (修剪过的区域必须光滑干净，因为粗糙会减缓愈合速度)。但它们并不是最终原因。因此本题选C。4.判断推理题。第一段指出：Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and (只有在有充分和明确的理由时才应该修剪树木)。由此推断，B项“必要时偶尔修剪”正确。5.主旨大意题。本文开头讲了修剪的原因，方法，后面讲了修剪的后果极其处理方法，因此C项“概述修剪”比较能概括本文主旨。7. 单选题None of this is（ ）surprising, nor are these quest

53、ionable industry machination limited to the frenzied search for the so-called pink pill.问题1选项A.at the leastB.the leastC.the least bitD.in the least bit【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项at the least“无论如何”；B选项the least“最少”；C选项the least bit“半点，毫厘”；D选项in the least bit“一点，丝毫”。句意：这些丝毫不令人感到惊讶，这些可疑行业的阴谋也不仅仅局限于疯狂地寻找所谓的“粉色药

54、丸”。选项D符合句意。8. 单选题In Western history, work was not only a useful activity, but（ ）which carried with it a profound satisfaction.问题1选项A.the oneB.oneC.activityD.work【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。当先行词是不定代词the one，something等时，不能用引导词which而应该用that，所以A选项可首先排除；填空处应填入代词来指代前面提到的work，所以选项B正确；填入D选项重复，所以不正确。句意：在西方历史上，工作不仅是一种有用的

55、活动，而且还带来了一种深深的满足感。本题选择B选项。9. 单选题In the past forty years, weather forecasting has become almost（ ）computerized.问题1选项A.centrallyB.totallyC.nationallyD.extremely【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项centrally“在中心”；B选项totally“完全地”；C选项nationally“全国性地” D选项extremely“非常，极其”。句意：在过去的四十年里，天气预报已经几乎完全计算机化了。因此B项符合句意。10. 单选题The car

56、engine may（ ）as we go up the hill.问题1选项A.extinguishB.stallC.ceaseD.start【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。extinguish“熄灭，压制，消灭”；stall“熄火，拖延”；cease“停止，结束”；start“开始”。句意：当我们上山时，汽车发动机可能会熄火。B项符合题意。11. 单选题Practicing mindfulness and meditation is becoming increasingly popular among lawyers in order to（ ） so much of the stres

57、s that goes along with a career as an attorney.问题1选项A.aggravateB.alleviateC.deteriorateD.diminish【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项aggravate“加重，激怒”；B选项alleviate“减轻，缓和”；C选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；D选项diminish“减少，缩小”。句意：练习专注和冥想受到了越来越多的律师欢迎，他们以此来减轻伴随律师这个职业的诸多压力。选项B符合句意。12. 单选题Mr. Gore says the increasing（ ）of bush fires in

58、 Australia is an example of how quickly the climate is changing.问题1选项A.viciousnessB.ferocityC.maliciousnessD.malevolence【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项viciousness“邪恶，恶意”；B选项ferocity“凶猛，残忍”；C选项maliciousness“恶意”；D选项malevolence“怨恨，狠毒”。句意：戈尔说，澳大利亚越发肆虐的丛林大火是气候变化速度之快的例证之一。这里是指火势很猛，所以选项B符合句意。13. 单选题Microsoft reigned f

59、or years as the wealthiest technology company primarily（ ） its ownership and cultivation of Windows the universal platform for applications on the PC.问题1选项A.by force ofB.by right ofC.by dint ofD.with the assistance of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项by force of“用的手段”；B选项by right of“凭借，由于”，多指凭借权利；C选项by dint of“用，凭

60、借”，多指凭借某一事物；D选项with the assistance of“在的援助下”。句意：微软多年来一直是世界上最富有的科技公司，这主要是凭借其对Windows的所有权和发展。Windows是个人电脑应用程序的通用平台。这里凭借的是Windows这一事物而不是权利，所以选项C正确。14. 单选题The health administrative department of a city with districts shall designate at least one（ ）medical institution to take and treat AIDS victims and A

61、IDS virus carriers.问题1选项A.illegibleB.legibleC.eligibleD.ineligible【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项illegible“字迹模糊的”；B选项legible“清晰的”；C选项eligible“合格的，符合条件的”；D选项ineligible“不合格的”。句意：设区的市卫生行政部门应当指定至少一家符合条件的医疗机构，接收和治疗艾滋病患者和艾滋病病毒携带者。选项C符合句意。15. 单选题Flats were almost unknown in Britain until the 1850s when they were developed, along with other industrial dwellings, for the laboring classes. These vast blocks were plainly a（1）means of（2）social conscience by housing large numbers of the ever-present poor on（3）city sites. During the 1880s, however, the idea of living in comforta