2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第180期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the “great classless society”. The idea that the 20th century is the age of the common man has become one of great cliches of our time.The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: Monarchy a

2、s a system of government has completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The p

3、eople rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesnt bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether y

4、ou can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, “survival of the fittest”，and “might is right “are still with u

5、s. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit for “aristocracy” read “meritocracy”； in other respects society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintainedGenuine ability, animal cunning, skill the knack of seizing opportu

6、nities, all brings material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them “a good start in life”. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality. We do not consider this w

7、rong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain ex

8、tent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever

9、 it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality. Privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully

10、and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.1.What is the main idea of this passage?2.According to the author, the same educational opportuniti

11、es cant get rid of inequality because （ ）.3.Who can obtain more rapid success?4.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because（ ） .5.According to the author, “class divisions” refers to（ ） .问题1选项A.Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has no

12、t destroyed the class system.B.Equality means money.C.There is no such society as classless society.D.Nature cant give you a classless society.问题2选项A.the principle “survival of the fittest” exists.B.nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.C.material rewards are for genuine ability.D

13、.people have the freedom how to educate their children.问题3选项A.Those with wealth.B.Those with the best brains. .C.Those with the best opportunities.D.Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.问题4选项A.money decides everything.B.private schools offer advantages over state schools.C.people are

14、 free to choose the way of educating their children.D.wealth is used for political ends.问题5选项A.the rich and the poor.B.different opportunities for people.C.oppressor and the oppressed.D.genius and stupidity.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。A项Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century h

15、as not destroyed the class system (20世纪的机会均等并没有破坏阶级制度)能更好概括本文主旨。2.细节题。作者指出: 自然在分配大脑和能力的时候，完全不考虑平等的原则。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，因此即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。3.细节题。第三段指出:英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。因此推测,有钱人能够快速获得成功。4.细节题。英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。因为有钱,才上得起私立学校。故选A。5.推断题。作者强调穷人,富人在天赋、教育机会等方面的差异造成即使是同

16、样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的阶级分化在于贫富差距。2. 单选题Abraham Lincoln turns 200 this year, and hes beginning to show his age. When his birthday arrives, on February 12, Congress will hold a special joint session in the Capitols National Statuary Hall, a wreath will be laid at the great memorial in Washington,

17、 and a webcast will link school classrooms for a teach-in honoring his memory.Admirable as they are, though, the events will strike many of us Lincoln fans as inadequate, even halfhearted- and another sign that our appreciation for the 16th president and his towering achievements is slipping away. A

18、nd you dont have to be a Lincoln enthusiast to believe that this is something we cant afford to lose.Compare this years celebration with the Lincoln centennial, in 1909, that year, Lincolns likeness made its debut on the penny, thanks to approval from the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Communities

19、and civic associations in every comer of the country erupted in parades, concerts, balls, lectures, and military displays. We still feel the effects today: The momentum unloosed in 1909 led to the Lincoln Memorial, opened in 1922, and the Lincoln Highway, the first paved transcontinental thoroughfar

20、e.The celebrants in 1909 had a few inspirations we lack today. Lincolns presidency was still a living memory for countless Americans. In 2009 we are farther in time from the end of the Second World War than they were from the Civil War; families still felt the loss of loved ones from that awfiil nat

21、ional trauma.But Americans in 1909 had something more: an unembarrassed appreciation for heroes and an acute sense of the way that even Long-dead historical figures press in on the present and make us who we are.One story will illustrate what Im talking about.In 2003 a group of local citizens arrang

22、ed to place a statue of Lincoln in Richmond, Virginia, former capital of the Confederacy. The idea touched off a firestorm of controversy. The Sons of Confederate Veterans held a public conference of carefully selected scholars to reassess the legacy of Lincoln. The verdict - no surprise - was negat

23、ive: Lincoln was labeled everything from a racist totalitarian to a teller of dirty jokes.I covered the conference as a reporter, but what really unnerved me was a counter-conference of scholars to refute the earlier one. These scholars drew a picture of Lincoln that only our touchy-felly age could

24、conjure up. The man who oversaw the most savage war in our history was described- by his admirers, remember-as “nonjudgmental.” “Unmoralistic.” “Comfortable with ambiguity”I felt the way a friend of mine felt as we later watched the unveiling of the Richmond statue in a subdued ceremony: “But hes so

25、 smallThe statue in Richmond was indeed small; like nearly every Lincoln statue put up in the past half century, it was life-size and was placed at ground level, a conscious rejection of the heroic-approachable and human, yes, but not something to look up to.The Richmond episode taught me that Ameri

26、cans have lost the language to explain Lincolns greatness even to ourselves. Earlier generations said they wanted their children to be like Lincoln: principled, kind,Compassionate, resolute. Today we want Lincoln to be like us.His helps to explain the long string of recent books in which writers hav

27、e presented a Lincoln made after their own image. Weve had Lincoln as humorist and Lincoln as manic-depressive, Lincoln the business sage, the conservative Lincoln and the liberal Lincoln the emancipator and the racist the stoic philosopher, the Christian. The atheist - Lincoln over easy and Lincoln

28、 scrambled.Whats often missing, though, is the timeless Lincoln, the Lincoln whom all generations, our own no less than that of 1909, can lay claim to. Lucky for us, those memorializes from a century agoand through them. Lincoln himself- have left us a hint of where to find him.The Lincoln Memorial

29、is the most visited of our presidential monuments. Here is where we find the Lincoln who endures: in the words he left us, defining the country weve inherited. Here is the Lincoln who can be endlessly renewed and who, 200 years after his birth, retains the power to renew us.1.The author thinks that

30、this years celebration is inadequate and even halfhearted because （ ）.2.According to the passage, what really makes the 1909 celebrations different from this years?3.In the authors opinion the counter-conference（ ）4.According to the author, the image of Lincoln conceived by contemporary people（ ） .5

31、.Which of the following best explains the implication of the last paragraph?问题1选项A.no Lincoln statue will be unveiled.B.no memorial coins will be issued.C.no similar appreciation of Lincoln will be seen.D.no activities can be compared to those in 1909.问题2选项A.Respect for great people and their influe

32、nce.B.Variety and magnitude of celebration activities.C.Structures constructed in memory of Lincoln.D.Temporal proximity to Lincolns presidency.问题3选项A.rectified the judgment by those carefully selected scholars.B.offered a brand new reassessment perspective.C.came up with somewhat favorable conclusi

33、ons.D.resulted in similar disparaging remarks on Lincoln.问题4选项A.conforms to traditional images.B.reflects the present-day tendency of worship.C.shows the present-day desire to emulate Lincoln.D.reveals the variety of current opinions on heroes.问题5选项A.Lincolns greatness remains despite the passage of

34、 time.B.The memorial is symbolic of the great mans achievements.C.Each generation has its own interpretation of Lincoln.D.People get to know Lincoln through memorializers.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据题干定位至第二段,接下来一段将今年的庆祝活动与1909年100年纪念的时候相比较”。也就是200周年的纪念一点都比不上1909 年的。A和B项都含在了 D项中，C项不客观。2.

35、细节题。今年和1909年纪念活动的区别深层次的原因，出现在第四、第五段中：第4段第一句：the celebrants in 1909 had a few inspirations we lack today;第 5 段第一句：But Americans in 1909 had something more.可以看出现今的人所缺少的inspirations 和something more即A选项中提到的“对伟人和他们的影响的尊敬”。3.细节题。根据题干定位至第8段:令作者更加失望的是随后针对该批判会展开的学者会议。这一会议把林肯描述成了“不急于下判断、不道德、模棱 两可”。4.推断题。倒数第二段

36、中指出:writers have presented a Lincoln made after their own image (各路作家们呈现出了以他们的想法创造出来的林肯), 因此D项(林肯在人们心目中各不相同)正确。5.推断题。在倒数第二段中列出了林肯在世人的各种形象后，作者说缺少一个timeless Lincoln （永恒的林肯）,因此推测A项Lincolns greatness remains despite the passage of time(林肯的伟大不随着时间的消逝而消失)比较符合作者暗含的意思。3. 判断题测试使用的判断题，请勿组到其他试卷中，该试题只用于后台测试，造成不

37、便请多包涵问题1选项A.对B.错【答案】A【解析】试题解析4. 单选题It is noticed that there had a perceptible change in his behavior lately.问题1选项A.pessimisticB.perceivableC.persistentD.perpetual【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 值得注意的是，最近他的行为出现明显变化。pessimistic:悲观的。perceivable:可感知的。 persistent:执着的，坚持的。perpetual:永久的，不断的。perceptible:可察觉的，可感知的,看得出的。故

38、B符合句意。5. 单选题Mary sat at the table, looked at the plate and（ ） her lips.问题1选项A.smackedB.openedC.partedD.separated【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。句意: 玛丽坐在桌旁，盯着盘子里的美食垂涎三尺。Smack ones lips “舔（或砸）嘴唇（表示赞赏、满意或垂 涎）；发谗”。6. 单选题For most allergies, the best treatment is（ ） of the bothersome substances from the sensitive persons e

39、nvironment.问题1选项A.dissipationB.deviationC.eliminationD.pacification【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意: 对于大多数过敏者，最好的治疗就是消除过敏源一一些敏感人群环境的东西。dissipation浪费；消散；物损 耗。deviation偏差；误差；背离。elimination消除；淘汰。pacification和解; 平定；讲和。7. 单选题The teams efforts to score were（ ） by the opposing goalkeeper.问题1选项A.frustratedB.preventedC.disc

40、ouragedD.accomplished【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。句意: 该队队员试图得分的努力被对方守门员 （ ）了。frustrated和effort搭配表示“挫败.的努力”；prevent一般与from搭配表示“被.阻止”；discourage阻拦, 阻止; accomplish完成, 实现。8. 单选题Although he has become rich, he is still very （ ）of his money.问题1选项A.economicB.thriftyC.frugalD.careful【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。句意: 虽然他已经很富有了，但是他仍十分节俭。ec

41、onomic 经济的；thrifty 节俭的，通常与with连用，例如be thrifty with money 节约用钱；frugal节俭，通常与of连用，例如be frugal of ones money 节约用钱;careful 小心的。故选C。9. 单选题He was very （ ）to the old lady and did everything for her.问题1选项A.attentiveB.observantC.earnestD.considerate【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他很 那位老妇人，什么都替她做。attentive:留意的，细心的。observan

42、t:善于观察的，观察力敏锐的。earnest:认真的，诚实的。considerate:体贴的，体谅的。故D项符合句意。10. 单选题In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly（ ） if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.问题1选项A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意:在那个国家，假如客人们在宴会前3-

43、4天才收到邀请，他们会觉得主人对他们不够 （ ）。admire:赞美，羡慕; regard:尊重，重视; expect:期望，指望; worship:崇拜，礼拜，爱慕。因此B项符合句意。11. 单选题The Olympic Games （ ）in 776 B.C.in Olympia, a small town in Greece.问题1选项A.originatedB.stemmedC.derivedD.descended【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 奥林匹克运动会起源于公元前776年希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的小镇。originated in 起源于，通常后面接地点; steemed 一般与介

44、词from连用表示 “源于”; derived from 由衍生而来; descend from 由传下来，通常后面接某人。12. 单选题Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major （1） to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful （2）on the economy in at least four ways.Direct Services. The posta

45、l system, for example, is a federal system （3）the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and ,（4）of most highways is the（5）of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primari

46、ly（6）for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation （7）are also the responsibilities of local government.Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private （8）in many ways, for the（9）of assuring that business serves the best （10）of the people as a wh

47、ole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a（11）, such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable （12）but limits their ability to raise prices （13） , since the public depends on their services. Often control is （14） t

48、o protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of（15）in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Con

49、gress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by （16） tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit They can also（17） the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself.Dire

50、ct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to（18）and individuals. For example, tariffs （19）certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to （20）better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different a

51、rea, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system to help the unemployed and retirees.问题1选项A.economyB.horrorC.magnifie

52、rD.element问题2选项A.elevationB.emotionC.effectD.election问题3选项A.drippingB.servingC.divergingD.clamping问题4选项A.clearanceB.combustionC.commenceD.maintenance问题5选项A.commonplaceB.responsibility.C.conductivityD.consequence问题6选项A.consoledB.compactedC.paidD.bracketed问题7选项A.servicesB.boycottsC.budgetsD.charters问题

53、8选项A.banquetB.boomC.arenaD.enterprise问题9选项A.assertionB.purposeC.assetD.assumption问题10选项A.admirationB.interestsC.adoptionD.accuracy问题11选项A.monopolyB.acceptanceC.abolitionD.morality问题12选项A.proximityB.blendC.breastD.profit问题13选项A.fairlyB.unfairlyC.friendlyD.unnecessarily问题14选项A.exercisedB.broadenedC.ba

54、nkruptedD.exemplified问题15选项A.facultyB.quantityC.qualityD.fragment问题16选项A.applaudingB.assessingC.ascendingD.adjusting问题17选项A.affectB.accommodateC.adhereD.affirm问题18选项A.beverageB.businessesC.bondageD.botany问题19选项A.perplexB.permitC.perturbD.plunder问题20选项A.compensateB.confrontC.consoleD.compete【答案】第1题:D

55、第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:B第10题:B第11题:A第12题:D第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C第16题:D第17题:A第18题:B第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）逻辑分析。文章开头第一句就讲到消费者与生产者会对经济产生影响，由此可以推出文章接下来要讲另一个影响因素，只有D选项element(要素)符合题意。（2）名词辨析。powerful effect：强大的影响力。故选择C。（3）动词辨析。此处为动词的现在分词形式作后置定语修饰federal system。邮政系统属于服务行业，故选择B。（4）名词辨析。此处为and连接cons

56、truction和空格,因此此处应该填与construction并列的名词。高速公路除了建设，还需要对其进行保养，才保证正常使用。故选择D:保养、维护。（5）名词辨析。高速公路建设与保养问题，涉及一个各个州归属与责任的问题。由此可知选B:责任。（6）动词辨析。the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government：公共教育系统大多数的资金由联邦政府提供。由此推测接下来继续谈论费用的支付问题。故选择C:支付。（7）固定搭配。service:局、部。Police and fire

57、protection and sanitation services：警察局、消防部门、卫生局。（8）名词辨析。句意: 政府在许多方面监管和控制私营企业。故选D: 企业。（9）名词辨析。句意: 政府实施对企业的管理是为了达到某一目的，故选择B:目的，企图。（10）名词辨析。句意: 政府指导企业的发展，让企业在盈利的同时，也需要满足全社会的利益，故选择B:利益。（11）名词辨析。句意: 在私营企业被垄断的地区，监管调控是必要的。故得知选择A:垄断。（12）逻辑分析。企业要生存就必须盈利，故选择D:利润。proximity:接近，邻近。blend:混合。breast:胸怀，乳房。（13）副词辨析。

58、企业为了赚得更多的利润，会打价格战，会恶意提高价格，故选择B:不公平地。fairly:公平地。friendly:友好的。unnecessarily: 不必要地。（14）动词辨析。control：此处理解为调控，而这一行为是需要实施，故选择A:运用，实施。broaden:扩大，变宽。bankmpt:破产。exemplify: 例证，例示。（15）名词辨析。the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of 65 in food：食品药品管理局禁止生产有害药品，提出食品加工的质量标准，由此可知选

59、择C:质量。faculty:科，系。quantity:量，数量。fragment: 碎片，片段。（16）动词辨析。.control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation.：调控经济过热和过度衰退，抑制通货膨胀。要解决这些问题需要采用一些经济手段，如：调整税率，货币发行量（the money supply）,故选择D: 调整。applaud:赞同，鼓掌。assess:评定，估计。ascend:上升，攀登。（17）动词辨析。运用经济手段（调整税率、货币发行量），会对经济产生一定影响，故选择A:影响。accommodate:适应，调解。adhere:

60、坚持。 affirm:肯定，断言。（18）语义连接。individual:个人，政府要保证个体利益也需要照顾全局，由此可以得知选择B:企业。beverage:饮料。bondage:束缚，奴役。botany： 植物学。（19）动词辨析。tariffs certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition;为了企业的更好的发展，可以允许减免某些企业的税收，故 选择B:允许。perplex:困惑，为难。perturb:扰乱。plunder:抢夺，抢劫。（20）动词辨析。.American products .with ce

61、rtain foreign goods:美国产品、外国产品，可得知国内产品与外国产品为了争得市场，必然存在竞争，故选择D:竞争。compensate:补偿、赔偿。confront:面对，遭遇。console: 安慰。13. 单选题The key to this new material development is researchers increasing ability to （ ）substances at the molecular level.问题1选项A.formulateB.manipulateC.regulateD.stimulate【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 这种新材料开发的关键在于研究人员需要提升如何在分子水平上合成物质的能力。formulate:规划，制定，用公式表示。manipulate:控制，操纵,影响。regulate: 约束，管理，控制。stimulate：使兴奋，促进，激励。因此A项符合句意,在句子中语义为 “合成”。14. 单选题Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War