2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第33期

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too（ ）for anyone to appreciate.问题1选项A.drasticB.dullC.obscureD.distinct【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项drastic“激烈的；猛烈的”；B选项dull“钝的；迟钝的；无趣的；呆滞的”；C选项obscure“昏暗的；晦涩的；不清楚的；隐蔽的”；D选项distinct“明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的”。句

2、意：她对她诗人朋友的提及尽管令人关注，但是却太晦涩而没有人能理解。根据句中“but too但是却太”可知“晦涩的”符合语境，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题You are exposed to obtrusive ads that _seemingly from nowhere even when you are disconnected from the Net, and your personal information gathered and sent off without you being aware of it.问题1选项A.size upB.dwindle awayC.conju

3、re upD.pop up【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“size up”意为“打量；估计的大小；判断；（使）符合要求或规格；评估”；B选项“dwindle away”意为“减少；消失”；C选项“conjure up”意为“用魔法召唤；使想起”；D选项“pop up”意为“突然出现”。句意：你接触着冒失的广告，它们似乎可以从任何地方突然冒出，甚至当你不在线时，你的个人信息也被收集和发送，而你没有意识到它。由题干可知，obtrusive ads（冒失的广告）和from nowhere（不知从什么地方）说明这些广告会突然从某个地方冒出来。因此D选项符合题意。3. 不定项选择题The age

4、 at which young children begin to make moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis

5、that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, chil

6、dren under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on t

7、he effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Kensey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings see

8、m to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Kenseys research raises two key questions for developmental ps

9、ychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might incl

10、ude public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty; five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Anns pretend house” depending on whether Bonni

11、e did it “so somebody wont fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have deter

12、mined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for

13、which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. Darley found that after seven months

14、of kindergarten six year olds acquired the ability of（ ）.3. According to the passage, Piaget and Kensey would not have agreed on（ ）.4. The term “public duty”（in line 5 of paragraph 2）in the context of the passage means（ ）.5. Kenseys findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-

15、old children?问题1选项A.An outline for future research.B.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.C.An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.D.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.问题2选项A.differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harmB.identifying with t

16、he perpetrator of a harmful actionC.justifying harmful actions that result from provocationD.evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules问题3选项A.the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.the age at which children begin to discriminate b

17、etween intentional and unintentional harmC.the intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts问题4选项A.the necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.the responsibility to punish transgressorsC.an obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.the assignment

18、 of punishment for harmful action问题5选项A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.B.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.C.They do not understand the concept of public duty.D.They make arbitrary moral judgments.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。结合选

19、项和题干可知，本题需从全文整体分析。第一段中Kensey和Piaget两人提出了有关儿童心理发展的不同观点，随后的二三段都是在对Kensey的观点进行讨论和论证。A选项“An outline for future research”意为“未来研究的大纲”，原文并未提及未来研究的大纲；B选项“An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms”意为“对常见误解术语的扩展定义”，原文不是对误解术语的扩展定义，是提出了两个不同观点；C选项“An analysis of a dispute between two theorists”意为“对两

20、个理论家之间争论的分析”，原文二三段主要论证了Kensey的观点，并没有就两者的争论进行分析；D选项“A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry”意为“对正在进行的调查中研究结果的讨论”，符合原文，此处指的就是对Kensey研究结果的讨论。因此D选项符合题意。第2题:事实细节题。由seven months of kindergarten定位到文章最后一段最后一句“Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both

21、distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous”，然而，七个月后，达利发现，同样是这些孩子已经可以做出两种区分，从而表明他们在道德上是自发的。由此可知，进入幼儿园七个月后，孩子们已经能区别可预见和不可预见的伤害。A选项“differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm”，意为“区分可预见和不可预见的伤害”，与原文相符；B选项“identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action”

22、意为“辨认有害行为的作恶者”，原文未提及；C选项“justifying harmful actions that result from provocation”意为“为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护”，原文是这不是Darley的研究发现，是针对Kensey观点的研究结果；D选项“evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules”意为“评估因违反规则而产生的负面后果的大小”，原文中这是Piaget的观点，不是Darley的发现。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。结合选项

23、和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit”意为“孩子们为他们所做的有害行为找的种种借口”，这只是针对Kensey观点的研究结果，但不代表二者就此有分歧；B选项“the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm”意为“儿童开始区分故意伤害和无意伤害的年龄”，与原文相符，原文第一段第四句，然而， Kensey发现，6岁的儿童能区分意外伤害和

24、故意伤害。由此可推测这就是两者观点的不同之处；C选项“the intentions children have in perpetrating harm”意为“孩子们实施伤害的意图”，原文两者争论的重点不是孩子实施伤害的意图，而是孩子究竟何时开始辨别有意与无意的伤害；D选项“the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts”意为“儿童惩罚有害行为的情形”，这是Nesdalc和Rule的研究发现，不是Piaget与Kensey之间的分歧。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由public duty定位到文章第二段第三句“Fo

25、r example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty”，例如，Nesdalc和Rule的结论是，儿童有能力考虑侵犯者的行为是否符合公共义务；五岁的孩子对邦妮破坏了安的假房子的反应非常不同，这取决于邦妮这么做是为了防止别人摔倒，还是因为邦妮想让安难过。由此可知，这个事例是对公共义务的解释，所以公共义务就是防止他人受损害的义务，如防止他人摔倒。A选项“the nec

26、essity to apprehend perpetrators”意为“逮捕罪犯的必要性”，与原文不符，原文未提及逮捕罪犯；B选项“the responsibility to punish transgressors”意为“惩罚犯规者的责任”，原文Nesdalc和Rule的结论中儿童并没有对犯规者进行惩罚；C选项“an obligation to prevent harm to another”意为“防止损害他人的义务”，与原文相符；D选项“the assignment of punishment for harmful action”意为“对有害行为的惩罚分配”，该结论中并没有谈到惩罚。因此

27、C选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。由Kenseys findings定位到文章第一段最后一句“Both of these findings seem to indicate that in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage”，这两项发现（Kensey的发现）似乎都表明，儿童比皮亚杰所说的更早进入道德发展的第二阶段，即道德自主。由此可知，儿童已经能自主做出道德判断。A选项“They have the ability to make

28、autonomous moral judgments”意为“他们有能力自主做出道德判断”，符合Kensey的理论；B选项“They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy”意为“他们把道德绝对主义看作是对他们道德自主权的威胁”，原文未提及道德绝对主义；C选项“They do not understand the concept of public duty”意为“他们不理解公共义务的概念”，与原文不符，就Nesdalc和Rule的结论而言，孩子已经理解公共义务的概念；D选项“They make arbitrary

29、moral judgments”意为“他们武断地做出道德判断”，与原文不符，原文是进入道德自主阶段的儿童认为规则武断，而不是儿童武断地做出道德判断。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题He does nothing that violates the interests of the collective.问题1选项A.runs forB.runs againstC.runs overD.runs into【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。violate“违反；侵犯，妨碍”，A选项run for“竞选；匆匆去取；赶紧去请”；B选项“run against 撞上；偶遇；违反”；C选项“run over

30、 辗过；匆匆看；复查”；D选项“run into 遭遇，陷入；撞到；偶然遇见”。句意：他不做任何违背集体利益的事。根据句中“the interests of the collective集体的利益”可知violate在这里的意思为“违反”，因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to their ability an

31、d persuasiveness.问题1选项A.futileB.susceptibleC.feasibleD.flexible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词vulnerable意为“易受攻击的，易受的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的”；A选项“futile”意为“无用的；无效的；没有出息的”；B选项“susceptible”意为“易受影响的；易感动的；容许的”；C选项“feasible”意为“可行的；可能的；可实行的”；D选项“flexible”意为“灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的”。句意：每一个现代政府，无论是自由的还是不自由的，在思想领域都有一个特定的位置；它的稳定性易受批评家的影响，与他

32、们的能力和说服力成比例。由题干可知，its stability（政府的稳定性）与critics（批评家）之间应该是被影响的关系，也就是批评家的能力和说服力越强，政府的稳定性越容易受影响受伤害。由此可知，vulnerable在此处最可能是“易受伤害的”的意思。因此B选项符合题意。6. 不定项选择题There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human c

33、haracteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longe

34、r aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to

35、students of society. This is one of the problems that induce us to lay particular stress upon the study of culture that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human

36、 societies only.Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view: relations to the organic and inor

37、ganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, bea

38、utiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group

39、 include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found

40、 among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of v

41、aried structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?1. Which of the following statements is true?

42、 Our social behavior is （ ）.2. Why is social behavior difficult to change?3. In order to answer the question: “which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics?” we have to emphasize on the study of （ ）.4. The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are

43、（ ）.5. Form the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that （ ）.问题1选项A.more based on learned reactions than natural tendencyB.more inherently determined than early impressedC.more spontaneous than inbornD.more based on inherent than constitutional behavior问题2

44、选项A.Ones behavior is inborn so that nothing can be done about it.B.Ones behavior is instinctive so that he/she cant act differently.C.Ones behavior is taught from childhood so that it is fixed as normal in his/her childhood.D.If one never changes his/her geographical dwelling, his/her social behavio

45、r can never be changed.问题3选项A.human behaviorB.human organsC.cultureD.environment问题4选项A.relations characterized by natural development; relations that are culturally determined; socially accepted behavior among the groupB.relations to natural and unnatural world; relations among people; conditioned r

46、elationsC.relations to organic and inorganic outer world; relations among human behavior; objectively conditioned relationsD.relations to living environment; relations among members of the same social group; subjectively conditioned relations问题5选项A.conditioned relations are acquiredB.relations to th

47、e organic and inorganic outer world are instinctiveC.relations among members or the same social group are learnedD.all of the above【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impresse

48、d upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上，也就是说，条件反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“更多的是基于习得的反应，而不是自然倾向”；B项“更多的是内在的决心而不是早期的印象”，与原文不符；C项“自发的多

49、于天生的”，与原文不符；D项“更多地基于天生而不是本质的行为”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or

50、 possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上，也就是说，条件反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“一个人的行为是与生俱来的，因此没有什么可以改变它。”，与原文不符；B项“一个人的行为是本能的，所以他/她不会有不同的行为。”，与原文不符；C项“一个人的行为是从小就被教导的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下来，作为正常的行为。”；D项“如果一个人永远不改变他/她的居住地，他/她的社会行为也永远不会改变。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第3题:推理判

51、断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only. 他们的研究使我们能够确定哪些倾向是全人类共有的，哪些只属于特定的人类社会。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“人类行为”；B项“人类器官”；C项“文化”；D项“环境”，因此C选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。最后一段中提及的三个观点：relations to the organic and inorg

52、anic outer world、relations among members of the same social group和conditioned relations（有机和无机外部世界的关系、同一社会群体成员之间的关系和条件关系），B、C、D三个选项均不符合题干要求，所以A项与原文相符。A项“以自然发展为特点的关系；由文化决定的关系；群体间被社会所接受的行为”；B项“与自然和非自然世界的关系；人们之间的关系；条件关系”，与题意不符；C项“与外部世界有机和无机的关系；人类行为的关系；客观条件的关系”，与题意不符；D项“与生活环境的关系；同一社会群体成员之间的关系；主观条件关系”，与题意

53、不符，因此A选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities我用这个术语意指那些通过赋予活动价值和意义而逐渐产生的态度”，可知A项“条件关系是获得的”与原文相符；由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of s

54、ustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. 与有机和无机外部世界的关系主要是通过获得食物、抵御严酷的气候和各种地理限制来建立的。”可知B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”与原文相符；最后一段提到“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining”，即成员与群体间的关系是习得的，C选项正确。所以D项“

55、以上各选项”正确。A项“条件关系是获得的”；B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”；C项“成员或同一社会群体之间的关系是习得的”；D项“以上各选项”，因此D选项正确。7. 单选题Too much sunlight might impress upon me the idea of how much more agreeable it would be out of doors rather than hunched over a sheet of almost blank paper.问题1选项A.sympatheticB.enjoyableC.amendableD.approving【答

56、案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。agreeable“令人愉快；适合的；和蔼可亲的”；A选项sympathetic“同情的；赞同的”；B选项enjoyable“快乐的；有乐趣的；令人愉快的”；C选项amendable“可修正的”；D选项approving“赞成的，满意的”。句意：太多的日光或许让我产生了这种想法，即去户外而不是弓着腰对着一张几乎空白的纸张会是更令人愉快的。题干说到“Too much sunlight太多的日光”与“out of doors去户外”，由此可知agreeable在这里有“令人愉快的”的意思，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题They are meticulous in wor

57、k, well aware a careless mistake will cost the company millions of pounds.问题1选项A.rather casualB.pretty slowC.very carefullyD.really considerate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。meticulous“小心翼翼的；A选项rather casual“非常随便的”；B选项pretty slow“相当慢的”；C选项very carefully“非常小心地”；D选项really considerate“确实体贴的”。句意：在工作中，他们小心翼翼，很清楚一个粗

58、心的错误将花费公司数百万英镑。由题干中的“well aware很清楚”可知meticulous在这里为“小心翼翼的”的意思，因此C选项正确。9. 单选题These two firms are so big and powerful that they monopolize between them the production and sale of cigarettes in this country.问题1选项A.governB.influenceC.superviseD.dominate【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词monopolize意为“垄断；独占；拥有的专卖权”；A选项“

59、govern”意为“管理；支配；统治；控制”；B选项“influence”意为“影响；改变；支配”；C选项“supervise”意为“监督；管理；指导；主管”；D选项“dominate”意为“控制；支配；占优势；在中占主要地位”。句意：这两家公司势力巨大，垄断了这个国家香烟的生产和销售。由题干可知，These two firms are so big and powerful（两家公司势力巨大）所以可推测出这两家公司在这个国家的香烟生产和销售中占据主导地位。由此可知，monopolize在此处最可能是“垄断”的意思，四个选项中dominate具有“在中占主要地位”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符

60、合题意。10. 单选题John says that his present job does not provide him with enough（ ）for his organizing ability.问题1选项A.scopeB.spaceC.capacityD.range【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scope“范围；余地；视野”；B选项space“空间；太空”；C选项capacity“能力；容量；资格”；D选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”。句意：约翰称他现在的工作没有为自己的组织能力提供足够的发展空间。根据句中“organizing ability组织能力”可知“空间”符合

61、语境，因此B选项正确。11. 单选题The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible（ ）.问题1选项A.altitudeB.latitudeC.longitudeD.multitude【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项altitude“高地；高度；海拔”；B选项latitude“纬度；行动自由”； C选项longitude

62、“经度；经线”；D选项multitude“群众；多数”。句意：对任何一个民主社会的考验不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由。由题干中“freedom of thought and expression思想和表达自由”的提示可知“行动自由”符合语境，因此B选项正确。12. 不定项选择题The Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift

63、. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest books, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s,