2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第150期

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1、2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow- growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now somethin

2、g similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do n

3、ot attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals

4、）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their

5、 prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines woul

6、d have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks aft

7、er they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that o

8、f the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped

9、from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms

10、 paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worms comment of “these figures are conservative”（Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries（ ）.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species su

11、rvived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the oldB.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%C.the catch si

12、zes in new fisheries are only20% of the original amountD.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago问题3选项A.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedB.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossC.the data collected so far are out of dateD.fishing technology has impro

13、ved rapidly问题4选项A.people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.B.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeC.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomassD.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level问题5选项A.technological appli

14、cationB.management efficiencyC.catch-size limitsD.biomass level【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is

15、reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了 80% 。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了 90% ；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出。故本题正确答案为B选项。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因

16、为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了。故本题正确答案为C选项。4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义。因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一

17、段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量。而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是一种糟糕的经营方式。由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomass level（生态量）。故本题正确答案为D选项。2. 单选题The president pointed out that a college degree has never been more（ ）, with the average tuition at a public four-year college increasing more than 250% as the average

18、student loan debt hits $26,000.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productive【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。imaginative富于想象力的；expensive昂贵的；sensitive敏感的 productive能生产的，多产的。由后半句“四年学费上涨了250%”可知上大学的费用比之前昂贵了，成本增加。故B项正确。句意：总统指出，获得大学学位从来没有像现在这样昂贵，四年制公立大学的平均学费上涨了超过250%，而学生贷款的平均债务达到26000美元。3. 单选题When prehistoric man

19、 arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are

20、 being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of livi

21、ng biological matter ）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 ye

22、ars of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available

23、50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals woul

24、d therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, becau

25、se there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have f

26、ailed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species i

27、s about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred form Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worms comment of “these figures are

28、conservative”（ Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries（ ）.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals ma

29、y face the same threat todayD.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the oldB.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amountD

30、.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago问题3选项A.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedB.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossC.the data collected so far are out of dateD.fishing technology has improved rapidly问题4选项A.people should adjust the fishing basel

31、ine to the changing situationB.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeC.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomassD.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level问题5选项A.technological applicationB.management efficiencyC.catch-size limitsD.biomass

32、 level【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of

33、 exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了80% 。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了90% ；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出。故本题正确答案为B选项。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生

34、物被捕捞了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了。故本题正确答案为C选项。4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义。因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量。而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是

35、一种糟糕的经营方式。由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomass level（生态量）。故本题正确答案为D选项。4. 单选题You have to be careful with the disposal of the chemical. Toxic chemicals may（ ）the soil, threatening the environment.问题1选项A.permeateB.intrudeC.trespassD.seep【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。permeate渗透，弥漫；intrude侵入，闯入；trespass非法侵入；seep（液体）渗透，渗漏

36、。前一句提到要小心处理化学药品，后一句说明了原因，因为这些有毒化学品可能会渗透到土壤中。有毒化学品有可能是液体也可能是固体，所以A项符合题意。句意：你必须小心处理这些化学药品。有毒化学物质可能会渗透到土壤中，威胁环境。5. 单选题（ ）that this region was so rich in natural resources.问题1选项A.Little he knewB.Little did he knowC.Little he did knowD.Little he had known【答案】B【解析】考查倒装结构。 little这个否定副词前置，引起主谓的部分倒装。故B项正确。句意

37、：他一点都不知道这个地区的自然资源如此丰富。6. 单选题“Under no circumstances（ ）the senates raising the debt ceiling with just 50 votes.” The senator said, insisting meaningful spending reforms before raising the debt ceiling.问题1选项A.will I agree toB.I will agree toC.agree to I willD.I, will agree to【答案】A【解析】考查倒装句的用法。分析句子结构可知

38、，题目中包含倒装结构，Under no circumstances置于句首，句子出现部分倒装，这时will应提前到主语之前。因此本题正确答案为A选项。7. 单选题Lucy changed her major from physics to computer,（ ）.问题1选项A.with hopes to be able to locate employment more easilyB.hoping she can easily get a jobC.with the hope for the ability to find a better jobD.hoping to find a jo

39、b more easily【答案】D【解析】考查语义衔接。空格处所填内容表示一种目的，用不定是表目的，排除B项。AC两项中的be able to及for the ability to与不定式在意思上重复。故答案为D。句意：Lucy把她的物理专业换成了计算机专业，希望能更容易找到工作。8. 单选题It appeared to me that they were not doing anything for the patientthey did not ask me to help,（ ）say a word.问题1选项A.they did notB.nor did theyC.they did

40、D.didnt they【答案】B【解析】考查语法。在英语中，两个简单句之间若有逗号连接，必须要用连词或引导词。故只有B项符合题意。句意：在我看来，他们没有为病人做任何事他们没有请我帮忙，也没有说一句话。9. 单选题Wrestler Jake “The Snake” Robert told TMZ.com that he will（ ）emergency surgery to remove a cancerous tumour.问题1选项A.upholdB.undergoC.transferD.trigger【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项uphold表示“支撑，鼓励，赞成”；B选项

41、undergo表示“经历，经受，忍受”；C选项transfer表示“转让，转移”；D选项trigger表示“触发，引起”。由句意可知，这位摔跤手告诉TMZ.com网站说，他将进行紧急手术，切除癌症肿瘤。因此，只有undergo的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B选项。10. 单选题Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year（ ）than automobile accidents.问题1选项A.seven more timesB.over seven timesC.seven times more

42、D.seven times【答案】C【解析】考查倍数的表达。由句意可知，吸烟对个人健康的危害如此之大，每年导致的死亡人数是汽车事故的7倍。而倍数的常用表达形式为：A+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than+B，由此可知，本题正确答案为C选项。11. 翻译题For all you space buffs who like to keep track of where the water is, it looks like you can add our very own moon to your list. Because according to a trio of papers appearin

43、g in the journal Science, the lunar surface is wetter than we realized.Forty years ago, Apollo astronauts brought a bunch of moon rocks back home. For the most part those samples showed no traces of water whatsoever. Those that seemed even the slightest bit moist were thought to have been contaminat

44、ed by water from Earthbecause the containers they were stored in turned out to be leaky.But now scientists say theyve spotted water right on the moons surface. Using instruments on three different spacecraft, the scientists detected the chemical signature of good old H2O. And they think the water sp

45、rings from the moon itself. The lunar soil is nearly 50 percent oxygen, and the scientists think that hydrogen comes from the solar wind that pounds the moons surface.Put the two together and you get wet. Not too wet, of course. Theres probably only about a quart of water in every ton of lunar soil.

46、 Thats dryer than the Sahara, but wetter than we thought.【答案】对于你们这些喜欢追踪水在哪里的太空迷来说，看起来你们可以把我们自己的月球加入你们的名单。因为根据发表在科学杂志上的三篇论文，月球表面比我们想象的要潮湿。40年前，阿波罗宇航员带回了一堆月球岩石。在大多数情况下，这些样本没有任何水的痕迹。那些看起来哪怕是最轻微的潮湿都被认为是受到了来自地球的水的污染因为它们储存的容器原来是漏水的。但现在科学家称他们已经在月球表面发现了水。科学家们在三艘不同的宇宙飞船上使用仪器，探测到了古老的H2o的化学特征。他们认为水来自月球本身。月球的土壤

47、中有近50%是氧气，科学家们认为氢气来自撞击月球表面的太阳风。把这两者放在一起，你就湿了。当然不会太湿。每吨月球土壤中大概只有一夸脱水。那里比撒哈拉沙漠干燥，但比我们想象的要潮湿。12. 单选题The mysterious spokes in Saturns（土星）rings may be created by massive thunderstorms in the planets atmosphere. If the theory is right, these faint features are the signature of awesome events: lightning st

48、rokes are ten thousand times more energetic than those on Earth releasing beams of electrons that surge up from Saturn s surface to whack（重击）into the rings and blast out jets of electrically charged dust.The idea, proposed by Geraint Jones of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Kat

49、lenburg-Lindau, Germany, and his colleagues in Geophysical Research Letters, remains speculative. No one has ever seen storm-induced electron beams on Saturn. But the researchers say that the theory would explain some puzzling features of the spokes, and that it fits with what is known about the eff

50、ects of thunderstorms on Earth.The spokes of Saturns rings were first discovered by the Voyager I and II spacecraft when they passed close to the gas giant planet in 1980 and 1981. The spokes are “a very complex phenomenon, and a difficult thing to untangle”, says Carolyn Porco of the Space Science

51、Institute in Boulder, Colorado, who was the first person to work on these mysterious features back in the Voyager days.The spokes appear as bright or dark streaks about 100 km wide and up to 20,000 km long that cross the rings, making them look as though they have been smeared by a giant finger. The

52、y are transient, building up over a period of a few hours and then disappearing again several hours later. And they arent always there at all: between 1998 and 2004, when NASAs Cassini spacecraft reached the planet, there was no sign of any. Spokes reappeared in September 2005, when Cassini took sna

53、pshots of them.Researchers agree that the spokes are made of dust grains that have become electrically charged and are pushed up out of the rings in long streamers by electrostatic repulsion（静电排斥）.But they dont know what causes the charging.One theory is that this happens when meteorites plow into t

54、he rings and whip up a cloud of charged plasma（等离子区），which then charges up the rings dust particles. But this, says Jones, cant explain why the spokes build up gradually-its implausible（难信的）that several meteorites would strike the rings in the same place in close succession.An alternative explanatio

55、n is based on the way that thunderstorms on Earth can generate electron beams in the upper atmosphere. While regular lightning bolts travel between clouds and the ground below, high-energy particles streaming from space called cosmic rays can trigger electron discharges above the clouds. These elect

56、rons stream outwards into space along the field lines of the Earth magnetic field. This can produce flashes of gamma rays as well as glowing atmospheric features called sprites.Thunderstorms are also known to happen within the thick atmosphere of Saturn, and Jones and colleagues say that these are l

57、ikely to have the same effectcosmic rays coming in towards Saturn should likewise form outgoing electron beams that could hit the rings, charging up dust grains.1. Which of the following statements may be the authors view?2. It was Carolyn Porco who first worked on（ ）.3. Why didnt Cassini get the si

58、gn of spokes when it reached Saturn between 1998 and 2004?4. If the first theory about charging is true,（ ）.5. It is believed that thunderstorms（ ）.问题1选项A.Thunderstorms have great destructive force.B.Saturns spokes may be made by lightning.C.Saturn exploration will be continued.D.Spokes are a common

59、 phenomenon in galaxy.问题2选项A.the mysterious phenomena in the universeB.the features of space scienceC.voyager spacecraftD.the spokes of Saturns rings问题3选项A.Because the spokes are transient.B.Because the spokes can hardly be seen.C.Because Cassini was not close enough to Saturn.D.Because the spokes w

60、ere too dark to be seen at that time.问题4选项A.there must be charged dust particles around the rings of SaturnB.there must be a cloud of charged plasma created by several meteoritesC.there must be meteorites plowing into the rings of SaturnD.there must be several meteorites striking the rings in the sa

61、me place in close succession问题5选项A.can create flashes of gamma raysB.may happen within the thick atmosphere of SaturnC.may interfere with the magnetic field of SaturnD.can blast out jets of electrically charged dust【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一二段对土星外的那层光环进行了一些猜测，但是这些也仅仅是猜测，并没有任何证据能证实

62、，因此选项C“对火星的探索还将继续”符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第二段倒数第一句话提到Carolyn Porco是第一个在关于土星光环这个神秘特征上做工作的（the first person to work on these mysterious features back in the Voyager days）。选项A符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第四段第二句提到这些光环是短暂的，一会出现，一会又不见了（ they are transient, building up over a period of a few hours and then disappearing again sev

63、eral hours later），因此选项A符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章倒数第三段提到这些理论不能解释这些光环为什么逐渐出现（But this, says Jones, cant explain way the spokes build up gradually its implausible that several meteorites would strike the rings in the same place in close succession），因此选项D符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章倒数第二段提到宇宙射线能够引发电子在云层之上放电（high-energy particles streaming from space called cosmic rays can trigger electron discharges above the clouds），选项D符合题意。13. 单选题According to BTs fut