表达的多样性

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1、多样性相同意思的多种表达多样性（variety）究竟选用哪种表达方法要以文章的连贯性为前提。英语词汇讲究生动，富于变化。如果在文中需要不止一次表达同一概念，应使用各种同义词以达到殊途同归的目的。（这同时也是保证语篇连贯的一个手段。）词汇的多样性短语搭配的多样性句型的多样性可以从词汇的变化、短语的变化、和句法的变化这三方面阐述。Varietyisthespiceofwriting.（写作富于变化才会妙笔生花。）所谓变化，一是避免相同的文字在文章中的反复使用（可用同义词代替），二是避开庸俗老套的语言，追求富有新意、充满活力的表达。俗话说，“言之无文，行之不远。”语言干瘪平淡，让人看了面目可憎。语言

2、是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响着作文水平的高低。在写作当中，我们要多多制造语言的闪光点，这体现在小到一个词，大到一个短语甚至句子，优秀的作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多学生用词面太狭窄，一提到“我认为”就用Ithink，此外别无其他表达。其实，英语中这类表达俯拾皆是：Ibelieve/maintain/agree/assert/insist/claim/emphasize/pointout/reckon/assume/clingtotheideathat等等。越来越多的人：moreandmorepeople，尽管这种表达没有错误，但往往不能形成表达中的“闪光点”。Peopleing

3、rowing/mounting/increasing/expandingnumbers要表达目的是：inorderto,soasto太口语化了不妨试试更好的表达：inabidto,inanattemptto,withaviewto,aimto,aimat,forthepurposeof等等。“说”法种种：Admit,acknowledge,add,affirm,allege,analyze,argue,assert,boast,caution,challenge,claim,complain,concede,conclude,confess,contend,continue,contradic

4、t,declare,deny,disclose,dwellon,elaborate,exclaim,explain,goon,imply,insist,maintain,note,object,observe,pledge,proclaim,propound,protest,reaffirm,reiterate,recount,remark,reply,refute,retort,reveal,state,suggest,tell,urgethinktclaim/suggest/believe/advocatemaintain/supposegoodtbeneficial/profitable

5、/helpful/sound/decent/positivebadtharmful/detrimental/hazardous/negativeadvantagetmerit/virtue/benefit/profit/prodisadvantagetdemerit/drawback/flaw/shortcoming/cnos比如说表示因果关系的词语和词组就有十几种现分为两类说明：表示因果关系的英语主动词1. 英语中，用于表示因果关系的方式很多。比如：介词from,at,through,dueto,becauseof,owingto;连接副词hence,therefore,thus;从属连词：

6、because,as,nowthat,inthat,seeingthattherefore,sincethen/inthatcase,ontheground（s）that,byreasonthat.另外，主动词（分为单词动词和词组动词两类）也可以表示逻辑上的因果关系。现分述如下1）单词动词：arose,cause,elicit,engender,evoke,ignite,impel,induceHerstrangebehaviorarousedoursuspicions.2. Thecoldweathercausedmanyanimalstodie.3. Lungcancerelicitedt

7、hedeathofthosetwopeople.4. Hisstirringperformanceengenderedourtension.5. Hisfailureevokedmysympathy.6. Hisprovocativeremarksignitedtheiranger.7. Mybrotherssuccessimpelledmetogreaterefforts.8. Hisillnesswasinducedbyoverwork.1. 2）词组动词：ariseoutof/from,bringabout,bringforth,bringon,contributeto,givebirt

8、hto,giveoccasionto,giveriseto,leadto,resultfrom,resultin,setoff,stemfromHermentalproblemsaroseoutof/fromherhusbandsdeath.2. Thefallinoilpricesbroughtabouttheincreaseinbusinessactivity.3. Eatingtoomuchbroughtforthhersickness.4. ThefactthathehaddiedfromAIDSbroughtonapanicamongthepatientsinhisformerpat

9、ients.5. Eatingcontaminatedfoodcontributedtohisillness.6. Thefloodgavebirthtothecollapseofthatdam.7. Hisnegligencegaveoccasiontotheaccident.8. Herdisappearancegaverisetotheiranxiety.9. Doyouknowwhatledtoherfailure?10. Hismothersdeathresultedfromacanceronherbreast.11. Theheavyrainresultedinthecancell

10、ationofthatfootballmatch.12. Theinclementweathersetoffthespreadofthatdisease.13. Theirdiscontentstemmedfromlowpayandpoorworkingconditions.1. “根据”说法种种常见表达:accordingtoaccordingasinaccordaneewith惯用短语：inlinewithinkeepingwithinagreementwithinconformitywithinunisonwithinthespiritofinviewofinthelightofinco

11、nsiderationofwithreferencetoonthegroundofInviewoftheabove-mentionedfacts,wewishtomakethefollowingproposals.2.量词的搭配量词“口”译为下列单词之一Drink,breath,morsel,mouthful词语搭配上的多样化表现Enjoy/winareputationasMakeareputationasaclassicalscholarHave/possessagoodreputationLoseonesreputationBlacken/damage/destroy/hurt/injur

12、e/wound/impair/ruin/smear/sully/soil/tarnishsbsreputationAcquire/gain/get/obtain/secure/receiveinformationCollect/gather/accumulate/assembleinformationShare/exchangeinformationLeak/spillinformationUpdateinformationBreak(off)/sever/terminaterelationwithDamage/impair/endanger/affectbilateralrelationsM

13、end/repairrelationswithOpen/create/buildup/formrelationwithRe-establish/re-open/renewrelationswithEnjoyfriendlyrelationswithAdheretoaprincipleObserveaprincipleAccept/hole/maintainaprincipleEstablish/formulate/laydownaprincipleApplyaprincipletoViolatetheprincipleofAbandon/desert/forsaketheprincipleof

14、Putintopracticeaprinciple1.至于，关于Withrespectto/asregards/regarding/concerning/inpointof/inrelationtoWithrespecttothequestionwhethersmallchildrenshouldstaywiththeirgrandparents,manypeopleholdontotheviewthattheyoungshouldliveapartwiththeoldastheyaremoreoftenthanspoiledwithover-protection.关于小孩子是否应该与祖父母一

15、起生活的问题，很多人都认为老人往往娇惯孙辈，所以他们不要住在一起。Thepoliceaskedusmanyquestionsconcerning/regardingthetrafficaccidentbutwefailedtonoticeclearlywhathadhappenedbecausewewerestandingratherfarawayfromthespot.Inpointofherability,knowledgeandbehavior,sheissuperiorbutwhatsheisshortofisasenseofresponsibilitywhichisofgreatim

16、portanceforanyadmirablepersons.说到她的能力、学识和行为方式，她很出众，但是她缺乏责任感。而这一点对于任何值得尊敬的人都很重要。同意，赞赏Agreewith/appreciate/beallfor/expressagreementwith/infavorof/support/haveeveryreasontobelieve/speakhighlyof/admitthatIspeakhighlyoftheselflessnessIfindintheheroes,butastofilmstarsIusuallygivesomecommentsontheirperfor

17、mancewhichisonlytheircareer.IdothisjustasIcommentonateachersactivity.我高度赞赏英雄身上的无私精神。至于对电影明星我总是评价他们的表演而已，那是他们的职业。我评价他们的表演就像我评价老师的教学一样。值得称赞Wintheapprovalof/beworthyofpraise/deservecommendationOfferinghelptothosewhoareindireneedofaidisworthyofpraise,whichisagoodexampleofwhattruelivemeans.主动帮助急需帮助者的做法值得

18、称赞。这样做才体现出什么是真正的爱。有道理Itstandstoreasonthat/thereisnodenyingthat/itiswisetodo/itisaneffectivewaytodoActually,itstandstoreasonthatwhenonewillthinkandbehaveindifferentwaysifoneisgivensomeresponsibility.实际上，如果一个人被赋予责任，他考虑问题和做事就会不一样。这种说法有道理。无道理Itisdoubtfulthat/itisnotpracticaltodo/itseemsfar-fetched（牵强）/b

19、eoffensiveto（有悖于）/thereisnodenyingthatThehenspromiseseemedfar-fetched.Therefore,wearenotsurewhethershereallymeanswhatshepledged.母鸡的承诺显得勉强。因此，我们不能肯定她是否会言不由衷。11-11-16句法方面的多样化中国的英语学习者写英文句子时习惯用指人的名词开头，导致句子在形式上千人一面，缺少变化，这也是汉语思维习惯产生的结果，汉语多用人称开头。而英语的开头方式多种多样，不拘一格。追求句法方面的多样化，关键在于学会用灵活的方式开头。下面的例子当中，明显地第一句的表达

20、都没有第二句表达地道。a.Hesaysonethingbutdoesanother.b.Whathedoesisnotconsistentwithwhathesays.他言行不一。a.Hestillkeepsthinkingofthehungerhesufferedinhischildhood.b.Thememoryofhungerinhischildhoodstillhauntshim.儿时忍饥挨饿的回忆仍萦绕在他心头。a.Weknowverylittleaboutthenatureofhumanbeings.b.Littleisknownaboutthenatureofhumanbeing

21、s.我们对人性知之甚少。a.ManypeoplethinkbirthcontrolisessentialinChina.b.ItiswildlyheldthatbirthcontrolisessentialinChina.人们普遍认为，在中国实行计划生育非常必要。a.Moreandmorepeopleareawarethatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.b.Thereisagrowingawarenessthatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.越来越多的人认识到，妇女应该和男人完全平等。a.Hefailedind

22、oingthings,whichoftenmadehimdepressed.b.Hisfailuresoftenlefthimdepressed.他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。a.Isuddenlyhaveasplendididea.b.Asplendidideasuddenlyoccurstome.我突然有了一个好主意。a.Heisalwaysquick-witted.b.Quick-wittednessneverdesertshim.他总是很机智。a.Hebegantolookveryalarmed.b.Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.他开始变得

23、惊恐万状。Theworldhistoryhasseenmoretearsthanlaughter.在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多。Thenewcenturywillseeasignificantandfar-reachingchangeinChina.中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化。Theyear2003witnessedanunprecedenteddisastrousfloodinHuairiverbasin.2003年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾。SeptemberfindsagreeableweatherinShanghai.九月的上海天气宜人。June19,1999beganasaus

24、ualSaturdaymorningwithusontheroad,melookingforthesignsandFredtryingtofindaddresses.1999年6月19日，像以往的每个周六一样，我们又上路了。我寻找各种招牌，男友弗莱德则努力寻找它们的位置。Saturdaymorningswouldfindmeinmycar,newspaperinhand,huntingdownsites.每逢星期六早晨，我都会坐在车里，手里拿着报纸，到处寻找出售廉价货品的庭院。FromthemomentwesteppedintothePeoplesRepublicofChina,careand

25、kindnesssurroundedusoneveryside.(HewlettandNowellJohnson,ToChinaatNinety)一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。Xiaomeiskindlyandgentlenaturecouldnotbutrevoltatherfriendcasllousbehavior.句型的多样性和复杂性（varietiesandcomplexitiesofsentencestructures）:要学会使用不同的句型，平时要注意多收集。写作中应使用简单句、并列句、复

26、杂句及综合句。以下例句比较生动，要多模仿练习：1）强调句F.D.Rooseveltwasamanconfinedtothewheelchair,butitwashewhoputAmericaagainonitsfeet.2）介词短语Only2.2kgofproteincanbelostwithoutdeathoccurring.Hesatinanarmchairnoddingwithanewspaperinthehand.Withregardtodriving,thelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstr

27、ictenough.3）分词Theyhaveconductedinvestigationafterinvestigation,therebyobtaininganenormousamountofdata.4）倒装句Notonlydidtheylosealltheirmoneybutalsocameclosetolosingtheirlives.5）比较Today,asanoldorderpasses,thenewworldismorefreebutlessstable.6）关键词重复Earthprovidesenoughforeverymansneed,butnotforeverymansgr

28、eed.Thereisnoobjectiverealitywhichcanbelookedatobjectively.7）习惯表达Wearelivinginahighlychallengingworld,andwearealwaysreadytochallengechallenges.Accordingtotheinformationavailabletous,thesuccessofourtaskdependsontheavailabilityofmoney.8）平常学习的时候可以积累的好句型。例如：Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthestate-runenterprises

29、shouldtryeverymeanstoimprovetheirqualityandservicesinordertosurviveintheeconomicglobalization.Supposedyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelythatyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Itdoesnotsurpriseustodiscoverthatsuccessismeasuredintermsofthemoneyyouearn.AnancientChinesesayingthat“Thosewhoconstantlyfeelsatisfiedtendtobehappy”isillustrativeinthisrespect.