2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第109期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Whoever has so far formed his taste, as to be able to relish and feel the beauties of the great masters, has gone a great way in his study; merely from a conscientiousness of his relish of the right, the mind swells with an inward pride, and is almost as powerf

2、ully affected, as if it had itself produced what is admires. Our hearts, frequently warmed in this manner by the contact of those whom we wish to resemble, will undoubtedly catch something of their way of thinking; and we shall receive in our own bosoms some radiation at least of their fire and sple

3、ndor. That disposition, which is so strong in children, still continues with us, of catching involuntarily the general air and manner of those with whom we are most conversant.【答案】那些拥有自己品味，并且能够欣赏和领会大师们作品的人，都在他的学习上取得了很大进步；当能够认真品味这些大师的作品时，内心深处的自豪感会油然而生，心灵为之触动，就好像这些作品是自己创作的一样。我们那颗时常会因为和那些自己期望效仿的人接触而感到无

4、比温暖的心，毫无疑问将捕捉大师们的某些思维方式，而且大师们艺术的火花和光芒会在我们的胸中闪烁。我们这种在孩提时代非常强烈的天性会继续伴随我们，使我们不由自主地为与周围接触过的人的神情和举止所感染。2. 单选题By patient questioning the lawyer managed to（ ） enough information from the witnesses.问题1选项A.evacuateB.withdrawC.impartD.elicit【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项evacuate“疏散；撤退；排泄”；B选项withdraw“撤退；收回；撤销；取钱”；C选项imp

5、art“给予；传授；告知”；D选项elicit“抽出；引起；诱出”。句意：通过耐心的询问，律师设法从证人那里足够的信息。“信息”是证人给出的，律师只有努力去“获取”，综合选项可知D选项正确。3. 单选题Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of peoples social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United Stat

6、es as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, an

7、d prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actu

8、ally constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are bor

9、n. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the Forbes 400the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited, those on the list who could be called self-made were not typically of m

10、odest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into old rich circles.The upper middle class include

11、s those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeedsuccessful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group

12、because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as middle class because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in th

13、e United States.The middle class is hard to define; in part, being middle class is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States

14、is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a t

15、enuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual

16、 labor) and many service workers such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term lower in this class designation refers to the relative po

17、sition of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in

18、 minimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-round and full timea proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic

19、 developments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1.Why does the author mention the Forbes 400” in paragraph 3?2.According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United Stat

20、es?3.What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?4.According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?问题1选项A.To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB.To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their moneyC.To cast doubt on the claim that fam

21、ily income predicts individual wealthD.To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections问题2选项A.They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the countryB.They dont really know how to define their status because it is unclearC.They prefer not to admit that there are cl

22、ass distinctions in the United StatesD.They identify themselves with the majorities who have normal lifestyles问题3选项A.They are not able to find entry-level jobsB.They do not try to find employmentC.They are service workers and manual laborers.D.They work in jobs that require little education问题4选项A.Ch

23、anges in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crimeB.The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previouslyC.The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activitiesD.Minim

24、um-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问为什么作者在第三段提到“福布斯400强”?根据第三段第一句Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. “尽管社会上关于他们的神话总与事实相反，但是预测未来财

25、富只要看你出生的家庭就行了”和第四句Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets. “榜单上那些可以被称为“白手起家”的人并不是典型的出身贫寒；最重要的继承资产。”可以确定B选项 “支持大部分富人都是继承了家庭财产的论点”。 A选项 “解释每年公布财富榜单的意义”没有在文章中提及； C选项 “对家庭收入可以推测个人财富这一观点提出质疑” 和D选项“举例说明大部分富人与家庭之间的关系不多”与原文意思相

26、反。2.细节事实题。题目提问根据第5段，为什么在美国大多数人认为自己是中产阶级? 根据第五段第三句But the idea that the United States in an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. “但是，美国是一个开放的阶级制度，这一观点使许多

27、人认为，大多数人都过着中产阶级的生活方式，因为一般来说，人们不愿意承认美国的阶级差别。”和第四句Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position. “因此，中产阶级成为了普遍存在的规范，尽管许多自称中产阶级的人对这个阶级地位的把握微乎其微。”确定C选项 “人们不愿意去了解阶级的不同”正确。A选项 “他们其他人有着相同的生活方式”与原文的不同阶级划分相反，排除；

28、B选项“因为不清楚阶级，所以他们不知道如何去定义自己的位置”没有在文章中提及，排除；D选项 “他们认定自己和大多数人一样有着正常的生活方式”与题干没有关联，排除。3.推理判断题。题目提问关于美国的穷人，我们可以推断出什么?根据最后一段第一句The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. “较低阶级是由无家可归的穷人组成的”和第二句People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in mini

29、mum-wage jobs. “这个阶层的人几乎没有接受过正规教育，经常失业或从事最低工资的工作。”确定D选项 “他们从事的工作不要求高学历”正确。A选项“他们无法找到初级职位” 和B选项 “他们没有尝试找工作”没有在文章中提及。C选项 “他们属于服务行业人员和手工劳动者”根据文章信息，这类人是属于中下阶级，与题干不符。4.细节事实题。题目提问根据第7段，为什么出现了下层阶级?根据最后一段第五句The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic development.“下层阶级包括那

30、些被当代经济发展抛在后面的人。”和第六句 Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. “被排斥在经济体系之外的下层阶级可能会依赖公共援助或非法活动。”确定A选项 “经济体系的变化导致底层的人只能靠社会救济或者违法行为来生存”。4. 单选题As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number

31、of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isnt the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europes new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a

32、 French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans private lives

33、.Europes new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europes shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased c

34、onsumer choice, todays tech-savvy （精通技术的）workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of m

35、arriage-twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice.Living alone wa

36、s conceived to be negative-dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesnt leave much room

37、for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasnt got time to get lonely because he has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult.” Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he say

38、s. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming,” thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships dont last longif they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the morn

39、ings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says shed never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to raise a family. Instead, Ive always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life.1.More and more young Europeans remain

40、 single because（ ）.2.What is said about European society in the passage?3.According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are（ ）.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show that（ ）.5.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?问题1选项A.they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualismB.

41、they have entered the workforce at a much earlier ageC.they have embraced a business culture of stabilityD.they are pessimistic about their economic future问题2选项A.It has fostered the trend towards small families.B.It is getting closer to American-style capitalism.C.It has limited consumer choice desp

42、ite a free market.D.It is being threatened by irresistible privatization.问题3选项A.warm and lightheartedB.on either side of marriageC.negative and gloomyD.healthy and wealthy问题4选项A.some modern women prefer a life of individual freedomB.the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Eu

43、ropeC.some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonelyD.most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable问题5选项A.To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B.To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C.To examine the trend of young people living alone.

44、D.To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。本题需要找越来越多年轻欧洲人单身的原因。第一段第三句说到“The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century. 一位法国社会学家认为，从家庭生活

45、到独居生活的转变是上个世纪“不可抗拒的个人主义势头”的一部分。”A选项“他们被强烈的个人主义所驱使”符合文意。2.判断推理题。A选项“它助长了小家庭的趋势”文章未提及，可排除；C选项“尽管市场自由，但消费者的选择有限”与文意相反，人们现在选择越来越独立自主，并不受限制；D选项“它正受到不可抗拒的私有化的威胁”文中未提及。B选项“它越来越接近美国式的资本主义”，对应文章第二段第二句“The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europes shift from social democracy to the sharper

46、, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. 当前这一代的独居者是在欧洲从社会民主主义向更尖锐、更个人主义的美国式资本主义气候转变的过程中成长起来的”，The current generation of home-aloners现在这一代的独居者正代表了欧洲社会的趋势，因此B选项符合文意。3.事实细节题。由题干关键词“the newest group of singles最新的单身群体”定位到第三段第二句“While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a l

47、arge proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. 尽管领养老金的人，尤其是老年女性，在独居人群中占了很大比例，但最新一批单身人士都是三四十岁的高收入者，他们越来越把独居视为一种生活方式的选择。”且在第四段补充说到“They were young, beautiful, strong! 他们年轻，美丽，强壮！”说明最新的单身群

48、体是D选项“身心健康者与高收入者”4.作者意图题。由关键词Eppendorf定位到文章最后一段中“Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says shed never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to ra

49、ise a family. Instead, Ive always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life. 埃彭多夫是一名金发碧眼的柏林人，皮肤被晒得黝黑，她上午在小学教书。下午她晒日光浴或睡觉，休息后去跳舞。年仅50岁的她说，她从来没有想过要做她母亲曾经做过的事放弃职业来养家糊口。相反，我一直在做自己想做的事：过一种自主的生活。”这是为了说明像Eppendorf一样的现代女性正过着自己喜欢的自由自主的生活。因此A选项“一些现代女性更喜欢个人自由的生活”符合文意。5.作者意图题。本文主要讲述的是欧洲年轻人倾向于独身主义这一现

50、象，且花了大篇幅探索其原因。C选项“调查年轻人独居的趋势”符合作者意图。A选项“回顾女性成为高收入者的影响”文章未提及；B选项“思考个人主义背后的哲学”与第一段第二句“this isnt the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplation这不是悲观的哲学思考”相悖；D选项“强调重建人际关系”文中未提及。5. 单选题Fortune-tellers are good at making（ ）statements such as Your sorrows will change.问题1选项A.literalB.ambiguousC.invalidD.phi

51、losophical【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。literal“文字的，逐字的，无夸张的”；ambiguous “模糊不清的，引起歧义的”；invalid “无效的，有病的，残废的”；philosophical “哲学的”。由空格后“Your sorrows will change”确定本句句意是算命者擅长做如“你的悲伤将改变”等模糊不清的声明。 B选项正确。6. 单选题All the students of this university have free（ ） to the Internet via a broadband connection.问题1选项A.accessB.entr

52、anceC.permissionD.passageway【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：大学的所有学生通过连接宽带都可以免费上网。access “进入；机会”；entrance “入口”；permission “允许，许可”；passageway “通道，走廊”。根据句意，选项A符合题意。7. 单选题You have probably heard about elite universities offering free online courses through Coursera. In just the past few weeks, Coursera has added 1

53、2 universities, including Princeton, Duke and Johns Hopkins.The companys website says its goal is to “give everyone access to the world-class education that has so far been available only to a selected few, and much of the news coverage has focused on how this will democratize learning. Two weeks af

54、ter Coursera announced its initial round of partnerships, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced a plan to invest $60 million in a similar course platform called edX, and a third company, Udacity, announced that it too would join the fray.Despite near universal en

55、thusiasm for such projects, its important to take a few steps back. First, although the content is free now, its unlikely that it will remain that way for long. According to Courseras contracts, both the company and the schools plan to make a profitthey just havent figured out the best way to do tha

56、t yet. But more important, Im concerned that computer-aided instruction will actually widen the gap between the financially and educationally privileged and everyone else, instead of close it.In terms of learning on the college level, the Department of Education, looked at thousands of research stud

57、ies from 1996 to 2008 and found that in higher education, students rarely learned as much from online courses as they did in traditional classes. In fact, the report found that the biggest benefit of online instruction, came from a learning environment that combined technology with traditional metho

58、ds, but warned that the uptick had more to do with the increased amount of individualized instruction students got in that environment, not the presence of technology. For all but the brightest, the more time students spend with traditional instruction, the better they seem to do.Supporters of onlin

59、e learning say that all anyone needs to access a great education is a stable Internet connection. But only 35% of households earning less than $25,000 have broadband access to the Internet, compared with 94% of households with income more than $100,000. In addition, according to the 2010 Report on M

60、obile Access, only half of black and Latinos primarily use then- cell phones to access the Internet, a much more expensive and less-than-ideal method for taking part in online education. In shorty the explosion of this type of education, though free now, may leave behind the students who need educat

61、ion the most.Its not hard to understand why the chance to watch lectures, pass tests and even get a formal certificate from an elite school would stir excitement. But the recently released report on the American Dream makes clear, a four-year college degree is the only type of educational interventi

62、on that promotes upward mobility from the lower-middle class. If we really want to democratize education, finding creative ways to realistically open up colleges to different communities will do more to help than a model that is more beneficial for students who are already wealthy, academically prep

63、ared and highly motivated. We ought to make sure that everyone has access to the same opportunities, or we will further widen the opportunity gaps we mean to close.1.It can be inferred from the research studies from 1996 to 2008 in paragraph four that in online instruction, （ ）.2.According to the au

64、thor, which of the following is Not the reason why computer-aided instruction will actually widen the educational gap?3.The author concludes that if we want to democratize education, we should（ ）.4.Which of the following best describes the authors development of the passage?问题1选项A.students can benefit the most from the presence of technologyB.what matters is the increased amount of individualized instructionC.students can learn more compared with in traditional oneD.the more time the