2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第29期

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1、2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题人类文明任何形式的人类文明，都可以说是一种大的信息系统。第一个阶段是语言，有了语言才能共同占有经验，才能集体记忆，才能集体积累知识。然后便是记写，记写提供了一种不太容易消失的、更容易传递的记忆形式。之后便出现了印刷，从而使信息传播大大增加。现代电子学正在为我们提供崭新而功能更强的方法，来收集、加工、处理和传递。正是这种发展的一个非凡特征，才使得能力的巨大提高却没有给能源或稀少的材料造成负担。相反，设备变得越来越小，甚至在同样的工作性能情况下，价格越来越便宜。只需要看袖珍计算器，微型计算机，电子表和电子游戏机，便可知道

2、确实是如此。【答案】It can be said that any form of human civilization is a large information system. The first stage is language. Only with language can we share experience and have collective memory as well as accumulate knowledge collectively. The second step is to write down. Writing has offered a form of

3、 memory that is less likely to disappear and more easily transmitted. Then printing greatly has increased the dissemination of information.Modern electronics is providing us with new and more powerful ways to collect, process, process and deliver. It is a remarkable feature of this development that

4、greatly increases ability without posing burden on energy or scarce materials. Rather, devices are getting smaller and even cheaper under the same performance conditions, which is proved by pocket calculator, microcomputer, electronic watch and electronic game machine.2. 单选题I cannot give you（ ）for t

5、he type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.问题1选项A.an expenseB.a chargeC.a purchaseD.an order【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: an expense “花费”；B: a charge “收费”；C: a purchase “购买”；D: an order “订单、订购”。句意：我不能定购你们出售的这种车，因为没有市场需求。结合此处语境，谈及到没有市场需求，因此D为正确答案。3. 翻译题In contrast to the science o

6、f classical antiquity, modern science is basically unfinished whereas ancient science had the appearance of something completed to which the notion of progress was not essential. Modern science progresses into the infinite.Modern science has realized that a finished and total world-view is scientifi

7、cally impossible. Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the world pretend to scientific validityand then it is a false validity. Those great new unified systems of knowledgesuch as modern physicshave grown up in the scientific times only with

8、single aspects of reality. And reality, as a whole, has been fragmented as never before; whence the openness of the modern world is contrast to the closed Greek cosmos.【答案】和古典时代的科学相比，现代科学基本上是未完成状态，然而古老科学有完成某样东西的表象，而且进步的概念对此非常重要。现代科学进入无限境地。现代科学已经知道，完美无缺的世界观在科学上是不可能的。只有当科学批评因为细节变成绝对而被削弱的时候，僵化自守的世界观才会妄

9、称科学有效性一一然后，这个有效性也是虚假的。那些科学时代中伟大且新统一的知识体系一一比如现代物理只在现实生活的某方面已经逐渐发展。整体来看，现实已经前所未有的支离破碎。于此，现代世界的开放性与封闭自守的希腊世界形成鲜明对比。4. 单选题As civilization（ ）in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life- food, shelter and clothes.问题1选项A.processesB.precedesC.proceedD.ex

10、ceeds【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A: process “加工，处理” ；B: precede “领先”；C: proceed “行进”；D: exceed “超过”。句意：随着文明朝着科技的方向前进，它改变了生活最基本的要素食物、住所和衣服。结合此处题干：朝着科技的方向，判断出C选项为正确答案。5. 单选题The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be all things to all people. In doing so, they have increasingly catered

11、 to a narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than m

12、eans, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials than in providing a quality education for their students. The report conclude

13、s that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.Althou

14、gh the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matte

15、r most. Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree tenure, promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent

16、complaint among young scholars is that “there is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”1.When a college tries to be all things to all people (Lines 1, ParA.1), it aims to（ ）.2.By saying that in too many aca

17、demic fields, the work has no context (Para.1) the author means that the teaching in these areas（ ）.3.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that（ ）.4.Why did American colleges and universities fail to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates?5.I

18、t can be inferred from thepassage that high -quality college education calls for（ ）.问题1选项A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students at the same timeB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than produ

19、ctive ends问题2选项A.ignores the actual dangerB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on humanityD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students问题3选项A.a narrow-minded careerism has come to dominate many collegeB.students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they

20、want to learn.C.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials问题4选项A.Because most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.Because the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.Because there are not enough hard working studentsD.Because they

21、attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching问题5选项A.fanatical support from the governmentB.a commitment to students and effective teachingC.the practice of putting learning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge only【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D

22、第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词all things to all people可以定位到文章第一段中 “In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.” 中文翻译为“在这样做的过程中，他们越来越倾向于狭隘的职业主义，却未能在学生中培养出 全球视野。”以及“Students are offered a variety of options and allo

23、wed to pick their way to a degree.”，中文翻译为：“学生们可以选择各种不同的方式，并允许他们选择某种程度的课 程。”可以推断出C选项：鼓励学生研习尽可能多的课程是其目的。2.推理判断题。由题干中的in too many academic fields, the work has no context可以定位到文章第一段中 “skills, rather than means, have become ends” 中文大意为“学习的目的是获得技能，而不是获得某种方法。”进一步解释说明了题干这一部分，因此判断出B选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。读完第一段可知，因为迎

24、合找工作的需要，现在美国的许多大学里出现了教学危机。意味着仅仅为了寻找工作这种狭隘的思想支配了很多大学的教学方向。结合语境，A选项“一种狭隘的职业主义已经占据了许多大学的主导地位”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词可以定位到文章中 “Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching.”，中文翻译为“. 虽然一个好的大学的关键是高质量的教师，卡内基的

25、研究发现，但是大多数大学 很少鼓励良好的教学。”，“In fact, they do much to undermine it.”，中文翻译为：“事实上，它们起到了很大的破坏作用。”以及 “As one professor observed: Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.”，中文翻译为：“正如一位教授所说：我们被告知，教学很重要，但教师们知道，研究和出版是最重要的。”可以得知D选项：因为他们更重视研究和出版，而不是教学，最符合

26、题意。5.推理判断题。由题干关键词high -quality college education可以定位到文章中 “Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty,.” 中文翻译为“虽然要想成为一所好大学的关键是高素质的教师”以及 “As one professor observed: Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.”，中文翻译为：“正如一位教授所说：我们

27、被告知，教学很重要，但教师们知道，研究和出版是最重要的。”可推断出目前正是因为不注重教学注重研究，才会使得一半学生难以毕业。结合语境，B选项：“对学生的义务与有效的教学”最符合。6. 单选题At the drugstore, the pharmacist refused to give me any medicine because she could not read（ ）.问题1选项A.descriptionB.prescriptionC.inscriptionD.subscription【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: description“描绘，描述” ；B: prescri

28、ption“处方（医生开出的）”；C: inscription “铸币上的刻印文字，铭文，碑文”；D: subscription “统一，赞成，订阅”。句意：在药房，医师拒绝卖给我任何的药物，因为她无法辨认医生的处方。由句意可知B为正确答案。7. 单选题The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to pay（ ）to the great achievements of the martyrs.问题1选项A.complimentB.gratitudeC.tributeD.c

29、ommendation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: compliment “恭维；敬意”；B: gratitude “感激”；C: tribute “致敬；悼念”；D: commendation “表扬；嘉奖状”。 句意：总统在纪念碑上放了一个花圈敬给英雄们，然后，发表讲话，以致敬烈士的伟大成就。根据语境和句意，C最合适。8. 单选题The magician picked several persons（ ）from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.问题1选项A.by accidentB.at

30、 randomC.on occasionD.on average【答案】B【解析】考查词组。A: by accident “偶然”；B: at random “随机”；C: on occasion “有时；间或”；D: on average “平均起来”。 句意：魔术师从观众中胡乱挑选了几个人，请他们帮助他进行表演。根据语境和句意，B最合适。9. 单选题Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed ph

31、ysical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times

32、more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern erA.In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who would afford it could live far removed from the old city cent

33、er and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residentia

34、l lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan areA.Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 po

35、tential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty yearslots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residen

36、tial expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanneD.It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly la

37、nd near or outside city, borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.1.With which of the followin

38、g subjects is the passage mainly concerned?2.The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT（ ）.3.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?4.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?5.The author mentions Chica

39、go in the second paragraph as an example of a city（ ）.问题1选项A.Types of mass transportation.B.Instability of urban life.C.How supply and demand determine land use.D.The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.问题2选项A.growth in city areaB.separation of commercial and residential districtsC.cha

40、nges in life in the inner cityD.increasing standards of living问题3选项A.To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.B.To show that mass transit changed many cities.C.To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.D.To contrast their rates of growth.问题4选项A.It was expensive.B.It happ

41、ened too slowlyC.It was unplanneD.D.It created a demand for public transportation.问题5选项A.that is largeB.that is used as a model for land developmentC.where land development exceeded population growthD.with an excellent mass transportation system【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句提出“Mas

42、s transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways.” 中文翻译为大众运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。后文分别对这三个方面进行了介绍。因此答案为D选项：公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。2.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent

43、 instability of urban life. ” 中文翻译为：它促进城市实物性的扩张，它把人和土地分类，加速了城市生活的内在不稳定性。可以得知D选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词Boston and Chicago可以定位到文章第一段中“By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two

44、 to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era.” 中文翻译为：公共汽车、马铁、通勤列车和电动手推车把大 片空置的土地开放给居民居住，使他们的居住地向外移动，距离市中心的距离是前现代时期的2至4倍。然后文章分别以芝加哥和波士顿为例子。因此，B最符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词one disadvantage of residential expansion定位到原文第二段 “These excesses underscore a feature of residenti

45、al expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanneD.It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users.”，中文翻译为：“.这些过度行为突出了与大众交通增长有关的住宅扩张的一个特点：城市的扩张基本上是没有计划的。这是由数以千计的小投资者进行的，他们对协调的土地使用或未

46、来的土地使用者漠不关心。”故C最符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位 “Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.” 中文翻译为：芝加哥就是这一过程的主要例子。那里的房地产细分比人口增长速度快得多。可以得知C项最为符合。10. 单选题The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally（ ）because of t

47、he bad weather.问题1选项A.set offB.broke offC.worn offD.called off【答案】D【解析】考查词组。A: set off “出发；（使）开始” ；B: broke off “突然停止”；C: worn off“磨损”；D: called off“取消”。句意：原定于上星期五举行的运动会，由于天气不好，最终取消。结合语境，可知D为正确答案。11. 单选题We sincerely hope you will soon be（ ）to health.问题1选项A.restoredB.recoveredC.returnedD.renewed【答案】A

48、【解析】考查固定搭配。restore （to） “恢复，恢复成（某个样子），及物动词，多用于被动语态，强调用外力来恢复原状”。句意：我们真诚地希望你们不久就能恢复健康。根据句意，A为正确答案。12. 单选题The salmon is one of our most valuable fish. It offers us food, sport and profit. Every year commercial fishing （1）a harvest of over a billion pounds of salmon from the seA.Hundreds of thousands of

49、 salmon are caught each year by eager（2）fishers.In autumn, the rivers of the Northwestern United States come（3）with salmon. The salmon have left the ocean and are（4）their yearly run up river to spawn. Yet today, there are far fewer salmon than（5）, because the salmon , （6）has suffered from many peril

50、s of the modern age.Water pollution has killed many salmon by（7）them of oxygen. Over-fishing has further decreased their number. Dams has another（8），because they lock migration paths. Fish ladders,（9）stepped pools, have been built so that salmon can swim（10）over the dams. But young salmon swimming t

51、o the ocean have trouble（11）the ladders. Often they（12）their deaths over the dam or are killed in giant hydroelectric turbines.（13）America will continue to have plenty of salmon, conservationists have planned several ways to（14）the salmon population. Conservation officials have had some success（15）s

52、almon in hatcheries and stocking salmon rivers with them. Salmon are also being（16）into new areas. In 1996, hundreds of thousands of young Coho salmon were planted in streams off Lake Michigan. The adults were expected to migrate to the lake and（17）an undesirable fish. The Cohoes（18）so well on this

53、kind of fish in Lake Michigan（19）Cohoes are being planted in other Great Lakes.Thanks to the foresight and（20）of conservationists, the valuable salmon should be around American shores, rivers and lakes for a long time to come.问题1选项A.results inB.results fromC.results atD.resulted in问题2选项A.commerceB.s

54、portsC.salmonD.kindness问题3选项A.aliveB.activeC.liveD.about-问题4选项A.atB.inC.onD.by问题5选项A.ever soB.ever sinceC.ever afterD.ever before问题6选项A.productionB.populationC.familyD.growing问题7选项A.forbiddingB.exploitingC.robbingD.endangering问题8选项A.dangerB.obstacleC.problemD.element问题9选项A.made up forB.made up toC.m

55、ade upD.made up of问题10选项A.properlyB.safelyC.quicklyD.frequently问题11选项A.discoverB.to climbC.findingD.measuring问题12选项A.fall toB.fall backC.fall acrossD.fall away问题13选项A.So thatB.So far asC.So much asD.So long as问题14选项A.explodeB.developC.increaseD.catch问题15选项A.supportingB.raisingC.keepingD.resulting问题1

56、6选项A.invadedB.introducedC.foundD.given问题17选项A.live onB.feed inC.feed uponD.feed back问题18选项A.activateB.growC.thrivedD.developed问题19选项A.in whichB.thatC.whereD.which问题20选项A.objectivesB.planningC.inventionD.arrangement【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:B第7题:C第8题:A第9题:D第10题:B第11题:C第12题:A第13题:D第14题:C第15题:B第

57、16题:B第17题:C第18题:C第19题:B第20题:B【解析】1.考查词组。此处大意为：每年商业捕鱼都会从海里收获超过10亿磅的三文鱼。结合句意得知正确答案为A:result in “导致；引起”。2.考查词汇。此处大意为：急不可耐的 _ 渔民每年都会捕捉成千上万的三文鱼。最符合语境句意的选项为B，与eager搭配最为合适的是sports娱乐”，即“消遣性渔民”。3.考查词组。本句大意为：秋季，美国西北部的河因三文鱼而热闹起来。come alive “热闹起来，活跃起来”，只有A选项合适。4.考查介词。本句大意为：三文鱼离开海洋，每年都会回流到河面上产卵。根据句意，C项为最佳答案。5.考查

58、逻辑关系。结合前文的yet“然而”可知此处表达的是现在与过去的对比，最符合语境句意的选项为D“ever before 以前”。6.考查词义。根据上文far fewer salmon可知三文鱼的整体数量减少，结合句意，最佳答案为B population“（生物）种群；数量” 。7.考查词义。rob sb./sth.of sth. “剥夺某人/物所需或应得之物”，本句句意为：水污染夺走了许多三文鱼的氧气，使它们死亡。因此最佳答案为C。8.考查词义。前文谈及“水污染杀死了很多三文鱼”，结合上下文及空格之前的内容，判断出最佳答案为A。9.考查短语。A: make up for “弥补；补偿”；B: m

59、ake up to sB.“献媚；奉承”；C: make up “编造；化妆”；D: be made up of表示“由构成”。此处大意为：由阶梯式游泳池构成的鱼梯，因此答案为D。10.考查副词，此处大意为：建造鱼梯是为了三文鱼能（ ）游过大坝，结合上下文语义，最符合的答案应是选项B“安全地”。11.考查搭配和语义。根据前文have trouble in doing sth.可知答案在CD两项中，结合句意，判断出正确选项C。12.考查词组。根据前文大意，游入海洋的小鱼在发现梯子方面有些困难判断出后半句是说明这种结果，因此A选项和后文构成“fall to their deaths over th

60、e dam”为最佳答案，意为“掉到大坝上而摔死”。13.考查逻辑关系。此处后文大意为：“生态环境保护者规划一些方案以增加三文鱼 的数量”，空格处应起到连接的作用，结合句意，最佳答案为D so long as “只要”。14.考查词汇。前文的用词“decrease their number”可以判断出此处填入选项C“增加族群数量”符合句意。15.考查搭配。根据并列的部分stocking salmon rivers可知，“raise salmon in hatcheries在孵化场饲养三文鱼”符合语境，最佳答案为B。16.考查动词。introduce into “引进”，此处句意表达大意为：三文鱼

61、被引进到新区域中。故答案为B。17.考查词组。根据“the adults”以及“an undesirable fish不受欢迎的鱼”可知，此处表示“以为食”。根据语境及句意，C为最佳答案。18.考查固定搭配。thrive on“靠吃长壮；因某事而有成”。故选C。19.考查固定搭配和结构状语从句。so.that.“如此以致于”，B为最佳答案。20.考查名词。根据空格后关键词conservationists可以定位到上段第一句中“conservationists have planned several ways to.”，故答案为B planning 。13. 单选题（ ）to some par

62、ts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.问题1选项A.OrientationB.AccessC.ProcessionD.Voyage【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 orientation“方向，方位，定位”；B选项 access “出口，接近，进入”，常与to搭配；C选项 procession “行列，队伍，前进，推移”；D选项 voyage “航海，航行”。句意：南美洲的某些地区仍然很难进入，因为该大陆的某些地区仍然被茂密的森林所覆盖。根据句意，判断出B选项正确。14. 单选题The boys smoked（ ）because they f