考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学模拟考试题含答案34

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1、考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is gener

2、ally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industri

3、alized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist;

4、in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason.” I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, lets say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may

5、 sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inhe

6、rent laziness in human nature. Actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from

7、 the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of

8、contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom

9、 in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.1.People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to（ ） .2.Now it is widely accepted that （ ） .3.The writer argues that a system of social insurance should （ ） .4.According to the writer, a system of guaranteed subsistence min

10、imum（ ） .问题1选项A.the slow development of the economyB.the poor and jobless peoples own faultsC.the lack of responsibility on the part of societyD.the large number of people who were not well-educated问题2选项A.the present system of social insurance should be improvedB.everybody should be granted a minimu

11、m of subsistence without any “reason”C.everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the countryD.people have to change their attitude towards the poor问题3选项A.provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployedB.encourage people to take on more social obligationsC.guarantee everyone the right to be

12、 employedD.provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period问题4选项A.demands too much from societyB.makes freedom of contract impossibleC.helps people take interest in their workD.helps bring about changes in the relationship among people【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选

13、项释义】1. People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to _. 1. 过去，人们认为贫穷和失业是因为_。A. the slow development of the economy A. 经济发展缓慢B. the poor and jobless peoples own faults B. 穷人和失业者自己的错误C. the lack of responsibility on the part of society C. 社会责任的缺失D. the large number of people who were

14、not well-educated D. 大量没有受过良好教育的人【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第一段第四句“一百年前流行的观点认为穷人的处境是由于他们的无知和缺乏责任感，现在这种观点已经过时了”，可知，过去，人们认为贫穷和失业是因为穷人和失业者自己的无知和缺乏责任感，B项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“经济发展缓慢”和D项“大量没有受过良好教育的人”没有提到，无中生有；C项“社会责任的缺失”太片面，以偏概全。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Now it is widely accepted that _. 2. 现在人们普遍认为_。A. the present system of soc

15、ial insurance should be improved A. 现行的社会保险制度应该得到完善B. everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any “reason” B. 每个人都应该在没有任何“理由”的情况下获得最低生活保障C. everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the country C. 人人都有分享国家财富的权利D. people have to change their attitude towards the poor D. 人

16、们必须改变对穷人的态度【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第三句“现在人们普遍认为（It is generally accepted that），无论是自然法则还是社会法则，都不应该把任何人排除在国家财富之外”，这也就是说，人人都有权利分享国家的财富。C选项符合题干。【干扰项排除】A项“现行的社会保险制度应该得到完善”和D项“人们必须改变对穷人的态度”没有提到，无中生有；B项“每个人都应该在没有任何理由的情况下获得最低生活保障”，这是作者的观点，属于张冠李戴。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. The writer argues that a system of social in

17、surance should _. 3. 作者认为社会保险制度应该_。A. provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployed A. 为病人、老人和失业者提供福利B. encourage people to take on more social obligations B. 鼓励人们承担更多的社会责任C. guarantee everyone the right to be employed C. 确保每个人都有就业的权利D. provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence fo

18、r a certain period D. 使人人享有某时期最低生活保障的权利【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“我想更进一步，认为即使没有这些条件，每个人都有权利获得生存手段；换句话说，他可以不需要任何理由就主张最低限度的生存。然而，我建议，它应该被限制在一个确定的时间，比如说两年，以避免鼓励一种不正常的态度，拒绝任何社会义务。”，从中可知，作者认为在有限的时间内，每个人都可以领取最低生活保障且无需任何理由。D项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“为病人、老人和失业者提供福利”，这不是作者的观点，属于张冠李戴；B项“鼓励人们承担更多的社会责任”和C项“确保每个人都有就业的权利”在

19、文中没有提到，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. According to the writer, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum _. 4. 据作者介绍，最低生活保障制度_。A. demands too much from society A. 对社会要求太多B. makes freedom of contract impossible B. 使契约自由成为不可能C. helps people take interest in their work C. 帮助人们对他们的工作产生兴趣D. helps bring about chang

20、es in the relationship among people D. 有助于改变人与人之间的关系【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据最后一段中的“，它的主要好处将是改善日常生活各个领域的人际关系的自由（the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life）”，从中可知，作者认为最低生活保障制度有助于改善人际关系。所以选项D符合原文。【干扰项排除】A项“对社会要求太多”没有提到，无中生有；B项“使契约自由成为不可能”，原文倒数第二段最后一句提到“只有当双方都能自由地

21、接受和拒绝契约时，契约自由才有可能”，可知，使契约自由成为不可能的是“双方不能自由地接受和拒绝契约”，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴；C项“帮助人们对他们的工作产生兴趣”，文中并没有提到最低生活保障制度能帮助人们对工作产生兴趣，该项无中生有。2. 不定项选择题From beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space Xs

22、 eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is expl

23、oring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module, or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administr

24、ator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post. The habitats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supp

25、osed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules dont inflate they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The o

26、utside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect form any speeding debris.Inside Space Xs Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of s

27、pace for astronauts. “Itll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” former astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There wont be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts wont be getting inside the

28、module for some time yet. The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and

29、provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASAs partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Boldens desire to help grow a robust private sec

30、tor industry to commercialize aspects of space a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “ The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.1.What is special about the new living module on Space Xs eighth missi

31、on to ISS?2.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?3.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?4.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?问题1选项A.It is expandable.B.It looks like a toy.C.It is going to deep space.D.It will not return to Earth.问题2选项A.It

32、 is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.问题3选项A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a s

33、enseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.问题4选项A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASAs and Bigelows needs.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What is special about

34、the new living module on Space Xs eighth mission to ISS? 1. Space X公司第八次前往国际空间站的任务中，新的生活舱有什么特别之处？A. It is expandable. A. 它是可扩展的。B. It looks like a toy. B. 它看起来像一个玩具。C. It is going to deep space. C. 它要去外太空。D. It will not return to Earth. D. 它不会返回地球。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据原文第一段最后一句“一个压缩的生活舱将被运送并连接到空间站上，在太

35、空中，它将扩展为宇航员的新栖息地（it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts）”，从中可知，新的生活舱的特点是它可以扩展，所以该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选线“它看起来像一个玩具”和D选项“它不会返回地球”在文中没有提及，无中生有；C选项“它要去外太空”并不是其特别之处，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat? 2. 设计充气太空舱的目的是什么？A. It is to find out its potential

36、 capacity. A. 要找出它潜在的容量。B. It is to give a try on a new technology. B. 这是对一项新技术的尝试。C. It is to save time and money in production. C. 这是为了在生产中节省时间和金钱。D. It is to see if it can be applied in deep space. D. 这是为了看看它是否能应用于深空。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词inflatable space habitat定位至第二段“由毕格罗航空航天公司设计的充气太空栖息地是美国宇航局正

37、在探索的潜在深空栖息地和其他高级太空任务的一个领域（exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions）”，可知，设计充气太空舱的目的是探索深空。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“要找出它潜在的容量”、B选项“这是对一项新技术的尝试”和C选项“这是为了在生产中节省时间和金钱”没有提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean? 3. 第5段划线的句子是什么意思？A. The

38、habitat will not be a balloon-like room. A. 这个栖息地不会是一个像气球一样的房间。B. The habitat will not feel like a balloon. B. 这个栖息地不会感觉像一个气球。C. The habitat will be like a senseless balloon. C. 这个栖息地就像一个毫无知觉的气球。D. The habitat will be a different kind of balloon. D. 栖息地将是一个不同的气球。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段最后一句“不会有像气

39、球一样的感觉”，结合第四段第二句“BEAM是远不止像气球一样的房间，宇航员可以在那里寻求庇护”和第三句“该公司表示，从技术上讲，这些模块不会膨胀，而是会扩展”，综合理解可知，“不会有像气球一样的感觉”这句话的意思是表示，这个栖息地虽然像气球一样会膨胀，但是宇航员在那里感觉不到它像气球一样。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“这个栖息地不会是一个像气球一样的房间”与原文中的far more than balloon-like rooms（远不止像气球一样的房间）意思相反，反向干扰；C选项“这个栖息地就像一个毫无知觉的气球”和D选项“栖息地将是一个不同的气球”理解错误，栖息地只是像一个气

40、球，但本质并不是气球，该两项曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space? 4. 为什么NASA打算将太空的各个方面商业化？A. It can save NASA time and energy. A. 它可以节省NASA的时间和精力。B. It is necessary for a robust industry. B. 这对一个蓬勃发展的行业来说是必要的。C. It is crucial for further space explorations. C. 这对进一步的太空探索至关重要。

41、D. It meets both NASAs and Bigelows needs. D. 它满足了NASA和毕格罗的需求。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到最后一段第二句“NASA与毕格罗的合作符合博尔登的愿望，即帮助发展一个强大的私营行业，将太空的各个方面商业化，他认为，如果人类想要到达更远的宇宙目的地（if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations），这一过程至关重要”，从中可知，商业化的原因是为了进一步探索宇宙，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“它可以节省NASA的时间和精力”没有提到，无中生有；B选项“这对一个蓬勃发

42、展的行业来说是必要的”理解错误，想要进一步探索宇宙是必要的，但是没有提到这个行业是蓬勃发展的，曲解原文；D选项“它满足了NASA和毕格罗的需求”中的needs不符合原文中的desire，曲解原文。3. 单选题Black holes arent exactly polite eaters.For the first time, scientists observed a black hole both devouring a star and ripping a plasma “burp” as it consumed its mealan incredibly rare find. Scien

43、tists have previously seen a black hole consume a star, and theyve also seen black holes spew superheated matter, but this is the first time theyve seen both events occur so closely together. Viewing this particular disappearing act at the center of a nearby galaxy has shed light on a previously the

44、oretical phenomenon and brought researchers closer to understanding the physics of black holes.Ever since researchers at Ohio State University noticed a star roughly the size of the sun being pulled into a black hole in December 2014, a team of scientists led by Johns Hopkins University professor Sj

45、oert van Velzen fixed its eyes on the hungry black hole, located roughly 300 million light years from Earth. Over the course of several months, van Velzens team watched the black hole siphon material from the doomed star until it was entirely devoured. Using a combination of X-ray, radio and optical

46、 signals, the team tracked the stars demise across multiple wavelengths, which allowed them to piece together a more complete picture of what happens when a black hole snacks on a star.Jets of X-ray and gamma ray radiation emanating from black holes have been documented before, but never as a direct

47、 result of a star being consumed. Black holes periodically emit particles from accretion disks, or rings of particles caught in their gravitational pull. It had been hypothesized that a similar emission would occur if a large body, such as a star, were dragged into a black hole. Scientists, however,

48、 had never been able to observe such an event. So, when researchers noticed an abrupt spike in activity around the black hole back in 2014, they knew they were about to watch something special. The size and intensity of the flare ruled out the possibility that it was caused by the black holes accret

49、ion disk, leaving few other possibilities.“Previous efforts to find evidence for these jets, including my own, were late to the game,” van Velzen said in a news release.Because they caught the black hole in the act this time, researchers were able to confirm the theory that black holes emit flares o

50、f radiation in the process of consuming large quantities of matter. While this phenomenon is still largely a mystery, it is thought that the jets are caused by magnetic fields interacting with the particles swirling around a black hole. The team published their findings in the journal Science.“The d

51、estruction of a star by a black hole is beautifully complicated, and far from understood,” van Velzen said. “From our observations, we learn the streams of stellar debris can organize and make a jet rather quickly which is valuable input for constructing a complete theory of these events.”13. It is

52、the first time that scientists have witnessed（ ）.14. Since December 2014, professor van Velzen and his team have observed and tracked（ ）.15. Before this observation, scientists didnt know（ ）.16. According to professor van Velzen, theory about the events is（ ）.问题1选项A.a black hole consumes large quant

53、ities of matterB.a black hole spew superheated mattersC.a black hole consuming a star and emitting radiationD.a black hole interacts with another one问题2选项A.a black hole devouring a star bigger than the sunB.a black hole 300 million years from EarthC.the development of the black hole for yearsD.the p

54、rocess of the star being devoured问题3选项A.black holes can emit gamma ray radiationB.black holes can emit X-ray radiationC.black holes emits radiations when consuming starsD.black holes have abrupt spike in activity around itself问题4选项A.complicatedB.innovateC.matureD.embryonic【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D【解析

55、】13.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“first time”可以定位到文章第二段第一句For the first time, scientists observed a black hole both devouring a star and ripping a plasma “burp” as it consumed its mealan incredibly rare find.（科学家首次观测到一个黑洞吞噬了一颗恒星，并在吞噬恒星时撕裂了等离子体的“饱嗝”这是一个极其罕见的发现。），这里的“饱嗝”指的是黑洞吞噬了恒星后发出了辐射。因此C选项“黑洞吞噬了一颗恒星并发出

56、辐射”正确。A选项“黑洞会消耗大量的物质”，B选项“黑洞喷出热物质”，D选项“一个黑洞与另一个黑洞相互影响”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。14.【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“professor van Velzen”可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Ever since researchers at Ohio State University noticed a star roughly the size of the sun being pulled into a black hole in December 2014, a team of scientists led

57、 by Johns Hopkins University professor Sjoert van Velzen fixed its eyes on the hungry black hole, located roughly 300 million light years from Earth. Over the course of several months, van Velzens team watched the black hole siphon material from the doomed star until it was entirely devoured.（自从俄亥俄州

58、立大学的研究人员在2014年12月注意到一颗与太阳差不多大小的恒星被拉入黑洞后，约翰霍普金斯大学的Sjoert van Velzen教授领导的科学家团队就把目光锁定在了这个距离地球约3亿光年的饥饿黑洞上。在几个月的时间里，van Velzen的团队看着黑洞从这颗注定要毁灭的恒星中吸取物质，直到它被完全吞噬。），说明自从2014年12月以来，van Velzen教授及其团队观察并跟踪了黑洞吞噬恒星的过程。因此D选项“恒星被吞噬的过程”正确。A选项“一个黑洞吞噬了一颗比太阳还大的恒星”，由原文可知，这颗恒星与太阳差不多大，所以A错误。B选项“距离地球3亿年的黑洞”，由原文可知这个黑洞距离地球约3亿

59、光年，所以B错误。C选项“观察了好几年黑洞的发展”，由原文可知，他们观察的时间是几个月，所以C错误。15.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第三、四句It had been hypothesized that a similar emission would occur if a large body, such as a star, were dragged into a black hole. Scientists, however, had never been able to observe such an event.（有人曾假设，如果一个巨大的物体，比

60、如一颗恒星，被拖进黑洞，也会发生类似的辐射。然而，科学家们从未能够观察到这样的事件。），说明在这次观测之前，科学家们并不知道黑洞在吞噬恒星时也会产生辐射。因此C选项“黑洞吞噬恒星时会发出辐射”正确。A选项“黑洞可以发出伽马射线辐射”，B选项“黑洞能发出X射线辐射”，D选项“黑洞在自身周围有突然的活动峰值”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。16.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段“The destruction of a star by a black hole is beautifully complicated, and far from understood

61、,” van Velzen said. “From our observations, we learn the streams of stellar debris can organize and make a jet rather quickly which is valuable input for constructing a complete theory of these events.”（“一颗恒星被黑洞毁灭的过程是非常复杂的，而且远未被理解，”van Velzen说。“从我们的观察中，我们了解到，恒星碎片流可以组织起来，并相当迅速地形成喷射流，这对构建这些事件的完整理论非常有价

62、值。”），说明van Velzen教授认为关于这些事件的理论还处于初级阶段。因此D选项“萌芽阶段”正确。A选项“复杂”，B选项“创新”，C选项“成熟”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。4. 不定项选择题“In every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. In a greater number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to pra

63、ctice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.This is the conclusion of anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be

64、 distinguished.If talk and print are considered, it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the ob