2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第181期

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1、2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题You will only be allowed to leave early in（ ）circumstances.问题1选项A.exceptionalB.coincidentalC.peculiarD.imperative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exceptional “特殊的；例外的”；coincidental “巧合的”；peculiar “不寻常的；特有的；古怪的”；imperative “紧急的；不可避免的；必要的”。句意：你只有在特殊时刻才被允许提前离开。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题The

2、 assassin hid himself carefully from view before（ ）his future victim.问题1选项A.drawing fromB.drawing upC.drawing withD.drawing on【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。draw from “从中得到”；draw up “起草；停住”；draw with “追上”；draw on “利用；吸收；临近”。句意：在靠近自己未来的目标前，那个杀手小心地隐藏自己。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air

3、from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are（ ）off.问题1选项A.avoidedB.excludedC.screenedD.separated【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。avoid “避免，避开”；exclude “排除，不包括”；screen “筛，拍摄，放映”；separate “分开，隔开”。句意：不同种类的宇宙线从外太空穿透空气，但是大量的太阳辐射都被阻挡了。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Chinese often shake my hand and dont let go.

4、They talk away contentedly, （ ）of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.问题1选项A.obliviousB.patentC.obviousD.pernicious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。oblivious “不知道的；未觉察到的”；patent “专利的；显然的”；obvious “明显的；显著的”；pernicious “有害的；恶性的。句意：中国人经常握住我的手不放。他们非常满意地交流，没有察觉到我的不舒服和试图解开自己的手。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Heavy rains were

5、 causing inundation and much damage throughout the county.问题1选项A.much inconvenienceB.serious concernC.overflow of waterD.human misery【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：暴雨引起了并给整个国家带来的很大的损害。much inconvenience“极大的不便”；serious concern“深切关注”；overflow of water “溢出的水”；human misery “人类的苦难”。根据“heavy rains”可推测出划线单词的意思是“洪水”，

6、选项C符合题意。6. 翻译题在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不好，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。数学能训练人的逻辑思维。 其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。The first beginnings of the theory may be prompted by casual observation and experience. In these first probes toward theor

7、y, description of facts makes up most share of the effort. Increasing sophistication and rigor leads to a growing concern with testing tentative theories using carefully selected data and a variety of statistical techniques. In these later developments, the subject matter of a discipline becomes inc

8、reasingly theoretical and deductive, rather than empirical and descriptive.【答案】Laying a solid foundation for study will work for all your life. In the rudimentary stage of learning, the most important subjects in school education are language and Mathematics. Language is a tool for reading and commu

9、nication. If you are poor in your mother language, you cannot express yourself well. And you will find its difficult to absorb new knowledge from other countries without mastering a foreign language. Mathematics can train peoples logical thinking. Its hard to tell which subject is more important, fo

10、r other subjects also have their own advantages. For instance, physical and music education make contribution to our intelligence development.不经意的观察和经历可能会促进理论的开始。在探究理论之初，描述事实构成了这种探索努力的最大部分。随着理论不断变得复杂和严谨，人们开始使用精心挑选的数据和各式各样的统计方法来测试尝试性的理论。在随后的发展中，学科的主题变得理论化，并且具有推导性，不再是经验和描述的。7. 单选题In the 1950s, the pio

11、neers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for hum

12、anlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the sci

13、entists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up

14、with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they

15、are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural （神经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural int

16、elligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilit

17、ies stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and softwar

18、e are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1.The author says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2.The new trend

19、in artificial intelligence research stems from（ ）.3.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4.Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town” (Line 3, Para.4)?问题1选项A.are ca

20、pable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object.B.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of

21、objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells.问题3选项A.find a

22、 roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.

23、B.Its breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.问题5选项A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The onl

24、y way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only game they would like to play in town.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。文章第一段最后两句话提到“尽管电脑很有用，但是它们还不能像早期期待那样拥有像人类一样的行为。更不用说像谈话这样复杂的行为：最厉害的计算机也很难分辨出图形，而这还只是一个十个月大的人类婴

25、儿就能做到的事情”（But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elemen

26、tary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid），由此可知电脑并不会谈话，选项D“不能用语言与人类进行交流”符合题意。第2题:细节事实题。文章第三段最后两句话提到“康纳德认为许多大脑的能力源自于每个脑细胞的单个分子的模式识别能力。制作人工智能设备最好的方法是用大致相同的分子技术”（Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that

27、 make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills），由此可知选项B“认为人工智能不能用一步一步的逻辑来复制”符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。文章第三段最后两句话提到“康纳德认为许多大脑的能力源自于每个脑细胞的单个分子的模式识别能力。制作人工智能设备最好的方法是用大致相同的分子技术”（Specifically, Conrad believ

28、es that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills），由此可知选项C“发现智力在本质上是怎么形成的”符

29、合题意。第4题:细节事实题。文章第二段最后一句话提到“早期努力的结果即充满希望又很奇特，以自然人工智能为基础的研究发展虽然缓慢，但却成为该领域的前沿”（The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field），由此可知，新人工智能的前景不明确，但是依旧是前沿；以及第三段第一句提到“康纳德认为计算机模仿大脑神经网络是朝

30、正确方向的一大步”（Imitating the brains neural （神经的）network is a huge step in the right direction）。因此选项D“这个方向被证明是对的，虽然没人能肯定其前景”符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。文章第三段最后一句话提到“康拉德宣称制造人工智能装置最好的方法是用大致相同的分子技术”（The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular

31、 skills），选项A符合题意。8. 单选题The（ ）of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.问题1选项A.connotationB.denominationC.donationD.denotation【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。connotation “内涵；含蓄”；denomination “面额；名称；教派”；donation “捐款；捐赠物；捐赠”；denotation “符号；表示；意义”。句意：“蛇”的字面意思是：一种有着长而细的身体的无腿爬行动物。选项D符合题意。9. 单选

32、题Research should continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proved practical.问题1选项A.focusedB.concentratedC.agreedD.based【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们应该继续核聚变研究，但是不能把能量项目建立在它存在的.，除非证明它的可行性。focus “集中，聚焦”；concentrate “集中（注意力）”；agree “同意”； base

33、 “以为基础”。根据后文的“on its existence”可推测出划线单词premise的意思是“以为前提”，选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Since our research so far has not produced any answers to this problem, we need to adopt a different （ ）to it.问题1选项A.methodB.mannerC.styleD.approach【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。method “方法，办法”,后+of； manner “方式，态度”，后+of；style “风格，方式”，后+of； a

34、pproach “方法，途径”，后+to。句意：既然我们目前的研究没有得出任何解决这个问题的答案，我们需要换一种方式了。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题The police chief announced that the deaths of two young girls would soon be inquired（ ）.问题1选项A.aboutB.ofC.intoD.after【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。inquire about “询问；查问；打听 ”；inquire of “询问；打听” inquire into “ 调查；追究”； inquire after “问候；询问起”。句

35、意：警察局长宣布着两位年轻女孩的死因将马上被调查。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题The government is seeking to（ ）itself from the latest financial crisis.问题1选项A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.ease【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。detach “使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract提取；提炼；摘录”；derive “源于；得自；获得”；ease “减轻；使安心”。句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题John Fisher, a builder, and hi

36、s wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left their small flat for an old-metre-high castle tower. They have spent five years turning it into a beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes.“I love the space, and being private，” Elizabeth says. “You feel separated from

37、 the world. If Im in the kitchen, which is 25 metres above the ground floor, and the doorbell rings, I dont have to answer it because visitors cant see Im in!”“There are 142 steps to the top, so if I go up and down five or six times a day, its very good exercise! But having to carry heavy things to

38、the top is terrible, so I never buy more than two bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time. Apart from that, its a brilliant place to live.”“When we first saw the place, I asked my fathers advice about buying it, because we couldnt decide. After paying for it, we were a bit worried because it

39、 looked awful. But we really loved it, and knew how we wanted it to look.”“Living here can be difficult-yesterday I climbed a four metre ladder to clean the windows. But when you stand on the roof you can see all the way out to sea on a clear day, and thats a wonderful experience. Im really glad we

40、moved.”1.What is the writer trying to do in the text?2.From this text, a reader can find out（ ） .3.Which of the following best describes Elizabeths feelings about the tower?4.What problem does Elizabeth have with living in such a tall building?5.How will John and Elizabeth advertise their tower if t

41、hey sell it?问题1选项A.Describe how to turn an old tower into a house.B.Recommend a particular builder.C.Describe what it is like to live in a tower.D.Explain how to win prizes for building work.问题2选项A.why visitors are not welcome at John and Elizabeths houseB.why Elizabeth exercises every dayC.why Eliz

42、abeth asked her father to buy the towerD.why John and Elizabeth left their flat问题3选项A.She wanted it as soon as she saw it.B.She likes most things about it.C.She has been worried since they paid for it.D.She finds it unsuitable to live in.问题4选项A.Her visitors find it difficult to see if she is at home

43、.B.She feels separated from other people.C.She cannot bring home lots of shopping at once.D.It is impossible to clean any of the windows.问题5选项A.B.C.D.E.png style=max-width: 100%;D.E.png style=max-width: 100%;D.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了John Fisher和他的妻子Elizabeth买了一座城堡，并且花了五年时

44、间将它改造成为一栋六层楼的房子；接着介绍了他们在这栋房子里的生活体验，比如可以不用理会门铃是否会响，买东西不能买太重，因为台阶太多等等。由此可知文章主要在讲述生活在城堡塔的经历，选项C符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段第一句话提到“建筑工人John Fisher 和妻子Elizabeth想生活的空间变大一点，所以他们离开了之前的小公寓到了这座又古老又高的城堡”（John Fisher, a builder, and his wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left their small flat for an old-m

45、etre-high castle tower），由此可知选项D符合题意。第3题:细节事实题。文章第二段第一句话提到“我爱这个空间，有私人空间”（I love the space, and being private）；第四段最后一句提到“但是我们真的很爱它”（but we really loved it），由此可知，Elizabeth喜欢这座城堡的大部分东西。选项B符合题意。第4题:细节事实题。文章第三段第二句话提到“但是拿重物上顶楼太恐怖了，所以我一次去超市购物不会超过两袋东西”（But having to carry heavy things to the top is terrible,

46、 so I never buy more than two bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time），选项C符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。文章第一段提到“他们花了五年的时间把这座城堡改建成了一座精美的六层楼房子，这栋房子的设计获了三次奖”（They have spent five years turning it into a beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes），由此可知选项A中的“需要改进”（needs some improvement）

47、不符合，排除；选项C中的“海景”（with sea views）不符合，排除；选项D中的“改造成六个小公寓”（turned into six small flats）不符合，排除。因此选项B符合题意。14. 单选题130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute（ ）to the Revolution of Paris Commune in 1873.问题1选项A.testimonyB.memoryC.tributeD.evidence【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。testimony “证词；证据”; memory“记

48、忆；内存”；tribute “致敬；悼念”；evidence “证据；证明”。句意：130年后，这面墙仍然站在那里默默见证1873年的巴黎公社革命。选项A符合题意。15. 单选题It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and（ ）knowledge.问题1选项A.extensiveB.expansiveC.intensiveD.expensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。extensive “广泛的，大量的”；expansive “广阔的”； intensive“密集的，加强的”；expe

49、nsive“昂贵的”。句意：一个合格的老师要有良好的修养和广博的知识，这是非常重要的。选项A符合题意。16. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Singles Day was begun by Chinese college students in the 1990s as a version of Valentines Day for people without romantic partners. The timing was based on the date: Nov. 11, or “11.11” four single

50、s. Unattached young people would treat each other to dinner or give gifts to woo that special someone and end their single status.That gift-giving helped to turn it into a major shopping event as sellers of everything from jewelry to TVs to cars saw a marketing opportunity and launched Singles Day s

51、ales. It is Chinas answer to Cyber Monday in the United Statesthe day after Thanksgiving weekend, when online Christmas shopping beings and merchants have their busiest sales day.【答案】光棍节源于上世纪90年代的中国大学生中，对于没有浪漫伴侣的人来说，这是另一个情人节。时间是11月11日或者11114个单身。单身的年轻人彼此之间聚餐或者送礼物给那个特别的人来结束他们的单身状态。送礼物把光棍节变成了一个重要的购物活动，

52、从珠宝到电视到汽车等的销售商们都从中看到了商机，并推出了光棍节销售活动。光棍节相当于美国的“网络星期一”，即感恩节周末后的一天，网上圣诞节购物开始，商人们开始了他们繁忙的销售日。17. 单选题Children are getting so fat that they may be the first generation to die before their parents, an expert claimed yesterday.Todays youngsters are already falling prey to potential killers such as diabetes

53、because of their weight. Fatty fast-food diets combined with sedentary lifestyles dominated by televisions and computers could mean kids will die tragically young, says Professor Andrew Prentice, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.At the same time, the shape of the human body is

54、 going through a huge evolutionary shift because adults are getting so fat. Here in Britain, latest research shows that the average waist size for a man is 36-38 inch and may be 42-44 inch by 2032. This compares with only 32.6 inch in 1972. Womens waists have grown from an average of 22 inch 1920 to

55、 24 inch in the fifties and 30 inch now. One of the major reasons why children now are at greater risk is that we are getting fatter younger. In the UK alone, more than one million under-16s are classed as overweight or obese double the number in the mid-eighties. One in ten four-year-old are also m

56、edically classified as obese. The obesity pandemic - an extensive epidemic which started in the US, has now spread to Europe, Australia, Central America and the Middle East.Many nations now record more than 20 percent of their population as clinically obese and well over half the population as overw

57、eight. Prof Prentice said the change in our shape has been caused by a glut of easily available high-energy foods combined with a dramatic drop in the energy we use as a result of technology developments. He is not alone in his concern. Only last week one medical journal revealed how obesity was fue

58、lling a rise in cancer cases. Obesity also increases the risk factor for strokes and heart disease. An averagely obese persons lifespan is shortened by around nine years while a severely obese person by many more. Prof Prentice said: “So will parents outlive their children?” as claimed recently by a

59、n American obesity specialist. The answer is yes-or-no. Yes, when the offspring become grossly obese. This is now becoming an alarm-reduced quality of life in terms of both their physical and psychosocial health. So say NO to that doughnut(油炸圈饼)and burger.1.What does the word “sedentary” (Para.2) me

60、an?2.It is known from the passage that（ ）.3.According to Prof Prentice, what are the reasons for the change in our shape?4.Obesity increases the risk factor of（ ）.5.What does the author mean by “So say NO to that doughnut and burger” (Para. 4)?问题1选项A.Sitting stillB.Eating too muchC.Studying very har

61、dD.Passive thinking问题2选项A.the average waist size for a man is 36-38 inchB.the average waist size for a woman is 30 inchC.in the mid-eighties, more than half a million under-16s in the UK were classed as overweightD.the obesity pandemic has now spread to South America问题3选项A.We eat too much and refuse

62、 to do physical exercises.B.High-energy foods are easy to get and technology develops fast.C.High-energy foods are the main diet and we use technology.D.High-energy foods are easy to get and we consume less energy.问题4选项A.diabetes, short sight, cancer and strokesB.diabetes, cancer, strokes and psychosocial illnessC.cancer, strokes, fatty and heart diseaseD.strokes, heart disease, diabetes and headaches问题5选项A.Answering the question “Will parents outlive their children?”B.The doughnut and burge