2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第85期

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The two paintings by the great artist embody the （ ）style of the times and the impulses that would transform Chinese contemporary art.问题1选项A.iconoclasticB.heterodoxyC.recluseD.phantasmal【答案】A【解析】考查名词和形容词词义辨析。iconoclastic 打破旧习的；偶像破坏的； heterodoxy 异端，异端邪说；recluse 隐居

2、的；phantasmal 幻影的；幽灵的；空想的。句意：这位伟大的艺术家所作的这两幅画体现了这个时代（ ）风格和将彻底改变中国当代艺术的冲动。由the impulses that would transform Chinese contemporary art.这句中的transform Chinese contemporary art“彻底改变中国当代艺术”可知空格处所填单词应具有打破旧习的意思，故答案为A。2. 单选题During periods of social and cultural stability, many art academies are so firmly contr

3、olled by that all real creative work must be done by （ ）the disenfranchised.问题1选项A.managersB.dogmatistsC.impostersD.specialists【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。disenfranchised被剥夺公民权的； manager “经理；管理人员”；dogmatist “教条主义者； 独断家；独断论者”；imposter “骗子；冒名顶替者”；specialist “专家；专门医师”。句意：在社会和文化稳定时期，很多艺术学院如此牢固地被教条主义者控制，以至于所有真正有创造

4、性的工作都由被剥夺了公民权的人来完成。由all real creative work must be done by the disenfranchised. 可知B项符合题意。3. 单选题At the same time, the public will not admit the random, （ ）alteration of plans, nor without complain the changeableness of plans.问题1选项A.capriciousB.randomicityC.unpublicizedD.sedentary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词及名词辨析。c

5、apricious “反复无常的”；randomicity“任意性”；unpublicized “未公布的”；sedentary “静坐的”。句意：同时，民众将不会容许对计划进行任意和反复无常的变更，也不会毫无怨言的容许计划的易变性。由 random及 changeableness of plans可知A项符合题意。答案A。4. 单选题When people are happy, they tend to give （ ）interpretations of events they witness: the eye of the beholder is colored by the emoti

6、ons of the beholder.问题1选项A.charitableB.elaborateC.conscientiousD.coherent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义。charitable “慷慨的；仁慈的”；elaborate “精心制作的；详尽的”；conscientious “认真的；小心谨慎的”；coherent “一致的”。句意：人在快乐时倾向于对自己所见的事情给出仁慈的解释，即旁观者的观点被自身的情绪所影响。由the eye of the beholder is colored by the emotions of the beholder可知A项符合题意。5. 单选题

7、It is usually a good thing when a discussion is taken firmly by the hand and led down from the heights of to （ ）the level ground of hard fact.问题1选项A.ridiculousnessB.fantasyC.audacityD.mountaintops【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。ridiculousness “荒谬”；fantasy “幻想；幻觉”；audacity “厚颜无耻”；mountaintop “山顶”。句意：当讨论以务实严谨的方式进行，并且

8、从幻想的高崖下到事实的平地时，这通常是一件好事。空格处所填单词应与hard fact形成对比，故B项正确。6. 单选题One strategy is simply to persuade people to stay longer, which provides more time for employers to spot and （ ）the best performers.问题1选项A.extinguishB.siegeC.seduceD.estimate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。extinguish“熄灭；偿清”；siege“围攻”；seduce “引诱”；estimate

9、“估计；评价”。句意：一个简单的策略是尽量挽留员工待久点，为雇主提供更长的时间来发掘和评估最优秀的员工。由more time for employers to spot可知D项正确。7. 写作题Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Cultural Difference and Integration according to the idea given below in Chinese.不同文化是各民族社会生活存在和发展的外在表现形式，其差异性表现有适应于其文化个性发展的环境、条件和进程，但是国际化的发展使得文化的融合

10、和整合成为必然的趋势，在这一潮流中文化的融合和民族文化的传承和个性发扬似乎是矛盾的存 在，谈谈你的看法和主张。【答案】范文：Cultural Difference and Integration8. 写作题Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Qualities of Labor and Society Development” according to the idea given below in Chinese.人力资源是社会发展的前提保证，劳动者的素质要求是多元化的。在劳动技能和劳动方式上，社会对大家的要求可能不同

11、，但是人的基本社会道德素养和文化修养对于社会而言是共同的一致需求。因此社会的发展要注意人的技能和知识水平提升的同时也要为人的道德和文化素养的培养提供氛围和支持。【答案】Qualities of Labor and Society DevelopmentHuman resource is the premise for social development, and the qualities of labor are diversified. It is vital for improving the overall quality of the workforce to pay attent

12、ion to improve the qualities of these two kinds: skills and methods of labor; social morality and cultural cultivation.In terms of skills and methods of labor, people are required differently. To a qualified physician, one should have a great deal of professional knowledge on medical science and abu

13、ndant in practical experiences. As we know, in order to be a certified doctor, a medical student always has to study in medical institute for several years and then work as an internship for a long period before he can practice independently. A bus driver must have excellent driving skill and great

14、knowledge of transportation. A fashion designer is supposed to be good at drawing and have good sense of beauty. Different kinds of work require different skills and knowledge.But people, regardless of their job, should comply with the basic requirement of social morality and cultural cultivation.So

15、cail morality is a code of conduct about what we should do or not in order to safeguard the social interests and stability of our society. As normal people, no matter what kinds of job we do, we all need to obey the basic social rules, such as fulfilling our filial duties, taking care of children, b

16、eing kind to others, etc.In a word, the development of society not only need put emphasis on the improvement of peoples skills and knowledge but also ought to provide sound environment for laborers moral and cultural development. Only in this way, can our society be progressive and harmonious.9. 单选题

17、When giving any general overview of the development and use of machine translationsystems and translation tools, it is important to distinguish four basic types of translation demands.The first, and traditional type of demand is for translations of a quality normally expected from humans, i.e.，trans

18、lations of publishable quality. This illustrates the use of MT for dissemination. It has been satisfied, to some extent, by machine translation systems ever since they were first developed in the 1960s. However, MT systems produce output which must invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human tra

19、nslators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation. As an alternative, the input text may be regularized (or “controlled” in vocabulary and sentence structure) so that the MT system produces

20、few errors which have to be corrected. Some MT systems have, however, been developed to deal with a very narrow range of text content and language style, and these may require little or no preparation or revision of texts.The second basic demand is for translations at a somewhat lower level of quali

21、ty, which are intended for users who want to find out the essential content of a particular documentand generally, as quickly as possible. This demand the use of MT for assimilationhas been met in the past as, in effect, a by-product of systems designed originally for the dissemination application.

22、Since MT systems did not (and still cannot) produce high quality translations, some users have found that they can extract what they need to know from the unedited output. They would rather have some translation, however poor, than no translation at all. With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems o

23、n the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially.The third type of demandMT for interchangecomes from the need for immediate translation in order to convey the basic content of messages. MT systems are finding a “natural” role, since they can operate virtually or in fact in real-ti

24、me and on-line and there has been little objection to the inevitable poor quality, and are useful in producing spoken language translations, e.g. for telephone conversations and business negotiations. The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tack

25、le, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the futurestill distant, perhapswe may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted domains.The fourth area of application is for translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, information extraction,

26、database access, etc. This field is the focus of a number of projects in Europe at the present time, which have the aim of widening access for all members of the European Union to sources of data and information whatever the source language.1.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that in rend

27、ering publishable translations of literary works,（ ）.2.According to the third paragraph, users of MT for assimilation（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that with the progressive sophistication systems,（ ）.4.Translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, etc, is now

28、 the focus of a number of projects in Europe because（ ）.问题1选项A.MT systems performance is satisfactory to a substantial degreeB.little could be done by MT systems developed so farC.MT systems can do much better than human translatorsD.considerable revision on MT produced texts is needed问题2选项A.are gro

29、wing fast in numberB.complain a lot about its poor qualityC.can get little from the unedited outputD.would rather have no translation at all问题3选项A.one can communicate on the telephone with another who speaks a different languageB.interpreters will no longer be useful in international negotiations or

30、 conferencesC.it will be only natural that people will find little need to learn a foreign languageD.people will find no cause to complain about the quality of texts turned out by MT system问题4选项A.Europeans have little difficulty in oral communicationB.there are more languages spoken in Europe than i

31、n any other regions of the worldC.there is need for all members of the European Union to access data in different languagesD.there is less difficulty in developing MT systems handling languages similar to each other【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。由第二段中 “However，MT systems produce output which mu

32、st invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human translators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation.” “然而，MT系统生成输出总是必须修正或“后编”，翻译人员是否达到质量要求。有时这种修订可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上正在产生一个“草稿”“翻译”可知 D项正确。A项

33、“MT系统的性能在很大程度上是令人满意的”；B项“到目前为止，MT系统所能做的很少”；C项“MT系统可以比人工翻译做得更好”； D项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”2.判断推理题。A项“数量迅速增长”；B项“抱怨质量太差”；C项“从未编辑的输出中可以得到很少的东西”；D项“宁愿不要翻译”。由题干定位到第三段中 “With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems on the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially.” “随着市场上更便宜的基于pc的系统的出现，这种类型的应

34、用已经迅速而显著地增长。”可知A项正确。3.判断推理题。定位到第四段中 “The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tackle, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the futuretill distant, perhaps we may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted

35、domains. 语音识别与自动翻译相结合的问题显然难以解决，但仍在不断取得进展。在未来仍然遥远，或许，我们可以期待在高度受限的领域中实现语音翻译的在线MT系统。”可知A项正确。4.判断推理题。由最后一段中 “This field is the focus of a number of projects in Europe at the present time, which have the aim of widening access for all members of the European Union to sources of data and information whate

36、ver the source language. 这一领域是欧洲目前许多项目中的重点，目的是访问所有欧盟成员国的数据和信息来源的源语言。”可知C项正确。10. 单选题Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of（ ）, is the first step in learning to be creative.问题1选项A.eleganceB.resolutionC.sympathyD.originality【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅

37、；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏 的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。11. 单选题Although the members of Congress wanted to go home, no hope for an early（ ）could be entertained.问题1选项A.postponementB.adjournmentC.adju

38、stmentD.compromise【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项postponement“延期，延缓”；B选项adjournment“休会；延期”；C选项adjustment“调整，调节”；D选项compromise“妥协；和解”。句意：虽然国会议员们想要回家，但不能抱着早点 的希望。国会议员们 “想回家”与no hope存在对立关系，因此B选项的“休会”这一词义更符合句意。12. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.尽管美国的制造业就业岗位长期流失，但由

39、于在飞机和高科技设备等高价值的研发 和生产等方面能力卓越，美国的制造业方面仍处于世界领先地位。与此同时，中国的主 要产品还是低成本的服装和消费类电子产品。在产品价值方面美国的产品占世界制造业 总产值的20%以上，大约是中国的两倍。中国的人口众多，国民人均产值仅为美国的 1/7；在居民生活水平方面，中美两国的差距就更大了，中国家庭产品的平均消费只有美 国的1/14。【答案】Despite a long history of lost manufacturing jobs, the U.S. leads the world in manufacturing because of its abili

40、ty to develop and produce high-value products like airplanes and high-tech equipment. Meanwhile, Chinas main products are low-cost clothing and consumer electronics. In terms of value, the United States produces more than 20 percent of the worlds manufacturing output, about twice as much as China. C

41、hina has a large population and its per capita GDP is only 1/7 of that of the United States. In terms of living standards, the gap between China and the United States is even wider, with the average household product consumption in China being only one-14th of that in the United States.13. 单选题The te

42、achers pride was distraught when he discovered that half his class had （ ）the exam.问题1选项A.reassessedB.disdainedC.flunkedD.redeemed【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。 reassessed 对 再评价；disdained 鄙视，蔑视； flunked 放弃，失败； redeemed 赎回，恢复。句意：当老师发现他班上有一半的学生放弃了考试的时候，他的自尊心受到严重打击。由前后语义可知空格处所填单词为贬义词，与考试搭配的最合适的选项是C项。14. 单选题However

43、, the villagers did not （ ）them the best out of things to entertain us in the most sincere smile to greet the arrival of us.问题1选项A.jealousB.stingyC.reluctantD.begrudge【答案】D【解析】考查动词形容词辨析。jealous妒忌的；stingy吝啬的；reluctant不情愿的，勉强的；begrudge羡慕，吝惜。句意：然而，村民却毫不吝惜地拿出他们最好的东西来招待我们，以最真诚的笑容迎接我们的到来。根据句意可知D项符合题意。15.

44、单选题While many people utilize homeopathic remedies to treat health problems, other people do not countenance such alternative treatments, （ ）conventional medical treatments instead.问题1选项A.relying onB.envisioningC.eschewingD.turning from【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。rely on依靠，依赖；envision想象，预想；eschew避免，避开；turn from对

45、 感到厌恶。 句意：尽管很多人利用顺势疗法治疗健康问题，另外一些人并不满意于这样的替代治疗，相反他们依赖于传统的医疗方法。由前后句关系可知，A项符合题意。16. 单选题A major goal of law of any country, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.deceptiveD.cred

46、ible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。serious “严肃的；危急的”；coercive “强制的；胁迫的”；deceptive “欺骗性；虚伪的”；credible “可靠的”。句意：当惩罚很少被执行，因而它已经不再是一种可靠的震慑时，任何国家法律的主要目标一一通过惩罚做坏事的人来阻止潜在的犯罪就没有得到保证。由关键词A major goal is not served.可知法律不再是一种有效的震慑。D项符合语义。17. 单选题A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist,

47、managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what pra

48、ctical application will come of this?”“I dont know,” replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them”.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness wit

49、h which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian impo

50、rt and export firms, to Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C, with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 elephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deepl

51、y involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerginprofession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century

52、 England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785.1.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that （

53、）.2.According to the passage, management is defined as（ ）.3.In the passage we can see that management came into its own（ ）.问题1选项A.politicians tax everythingB.people are skeptical about the value of pure researchC.taxes are uppermost in scientists mindsD.he was rejected by his government问题2选项A.accomp

54、lishing wondersB.the creator of the Industrial RevolutionC.the art of getting things doneD.supervising subordinates问题3选项A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsB.in the development of the early Christian ChurchC.at the time of Michael FaradayD.in the eighteenth century【答案】第1题:B第2题:

55、C第3题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。定位到第二段中 “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this? 年轻人，这是一个令人着迷的演示，但它究竟会产生什么实际应用呢？”可知B项“人们对纯研究的价值持怀疑态度”正确。2.判断推理题。定位第四段中 “The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of mana

56、gement, the art of getting things done. 采取这些步骤的速度和效率与管理的历史即完成工作的艺术密切相关。”可知C项“完成工作的艺术”正确。3.细节事实题。定位到最后一段中 “Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes它起源于18世纪的英国，由一系列经典的发明和新工艺引发。”可知D项正确。18. 单选题Based on hundreds of face-to-face interviews a

57、nd surveys with students, sociologist Robert Manning of Georgetown University（1）both the number with credit card debt and their indebtedness（2）“systematically underreported” in previous studies which failed to reflect the “survival strategies” many used to（3） their debts. These included the use of f

58、ederal student loans to pay（4） credit cards, effectively shifting the debt,（5） parents for loans, cutting back on course work to increase time at paid jobs or even（6） altogether to work full time. “Official drop-out rates include growing numbers of students who are unable to cope with the stress of

59、their debts and/or（7）jobs for servicing their credit cards,” the study said.（8） , debts can haunt students. “Student credit card debts are increasingly（9）during the recruitment process and may be an important（10）in evaluating prospective employees.” it noted. And the（11） can also manifest in far mor

60、e（12 ） ways.”Janne ODonnells 20-year-old son, a junior at the University of Oklahoma,（13） .ODonnell and Manning agreed students should（14）some responsibility for reckless use of credit,（15）said credit card companies also had to be held（16）for making it so easy for them to get into debt. Manning said

61、 one of the most（17） aspects of the student credit card issue was “the（18）of college and university administrators by the credit card industry.” Card issuers were（19）school programs, funding activities and even entering into business （20）with schools involving college-branded “affinity” cards, he sa

62、id. “As a result, rather than protecting the economic and educational interests of their students, college administrators are playing an active and often disingenuous role in promoting the prominence of credit cards in collegiate life.”问题1选项A.indicatedB.informedC.repliedD.concluded问题2选项A.had beenB.wasC.beenD.were问题3选项A.manageB.cope withC.attemptD.deal问题4选项A.offB.withC.outD.down问题5选项A.needsB.applies forC.appeals toD.requests问题6选项A.falling downB.dropping outC.withdrawingD.retracing问题7选项A.part timeB.